Axum was an ancient kingdom located in what is now Ethiopia. It spoke the Geez language, which blended African and Jewish cultures, and traded goods like ivory, gold, and animal skins with Asia and Europe. Axum converted to Christianity and had problems with Muslims from North Africa. Ethiopia expanded out of Axum in the same location and was also Christian, practicing some Jewish holidays. King Lalibela of Ethiopia built 11 amazing churches carved out of rock. Trade between East Africa and Arabia led to the development of the Swahili culture and language along the East African coast. Great Zimbabwe traded beads and porcelain with Asia, showing trade connections, and declined possibly due to overpopulation or competition from Portuguese gold traders