The hypothesis that earthworms increase soil pH and decrease density was supported. Tests showed that soils with earthworms increased in pH from 7 to around 7, while control soils remained at pH 7. The density of soils with earthworms decreased as well. This is because earthworm digestive tracts produce molecules that act as natural buffers, and earthworms aerate the soil by leaving air pockets, increasing volume and decreasing density. Earthworms are known to regulate soil pH, density, and provide nutrients by adding calcium carbonate to soils, aerating soils, and producing nutrient-rich casts that provide favorable conditions for beneficial microbes.

1. Earthworms Lab Report
The hypothesis was supported because the density of soils with the presence of earthworms had decreased
and the pH of the soil changed, becoming increasingly neutral. It was hypothesized that if earthworms are
placed into a container of soil, then the pH of the soil will become increasingly neutral and the density of the
soil will decrease because the digestive tracts in the worm produce molecules that are natural buffers and
because worms aerate the soil, leaving pockets of air in the soil, increasing the volume of the soil.
The tests on soil pH showed that the pH of the soils in both positive and negative controls, which started at a
pH of 7 remained at 7, while the pH levels of the 6 pH increased to 7 (see Figures 7 and 8) and the pH of ...
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Earthworms are known as "natural plowers" since earthworms regulate soil pH, density and provides a
surplus of nutrients to the soil (CuriosMinds). Earthworms regulate soil pH by adding granules of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) ("Earthworms"). Calcium carbonate is a natural occurring salt that is used as a pH
neutralizer in soil as well as in lactic fermentation. If the pH of soil is too acidic (below 6 pH), the growth of
important bacteria would be inhibited since the low levels of pH hinders the ability of the bacteria to
decompose organic matter. Additionally, if the pH of soil is too low, it is common for the soil to contain high
amounts of metals such as aluminum and manganese (Soil pH: What it Means). Earthworms help solve this
problem by bringing the pH closer to 7, allowing for microbial growth of bacteria. After an earthworm
consumes organic matter, it releases casts, the which are the feces of the worm. Earthworm casts have higher
available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents at a ratio of 3.2–1.1–1.5, than surrounding soil and
contain helpful microbial enzymes. The earthworm casts have higher micronutrient content or higher contents
of nitrogen and phosphorus due to the bacteria residing in the digestive tracts of the earthworms. The bacteria
in the digestive tracts of earthworms speed up the decomposition of organic material such as decaying plant
matter and unlocks the minerals that were trapped. The earthworm casts contain NH4+ (Ammonium) which
is crucial to the nitrogen cycle since it can be converted to nitrates and recycled through plants (Nitrogen
Transformations Associated with Earthworm Casts). Additionally, earthworms casts provide living conditions
for various stands of bacteria that are beneficial to the soil, while adding microbial enzymes that indirectly
limit the growth of bad pathogens (Kumar). Earthworm casts not only provide preferable living conditions for
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5. Supply Deterioration Of Soil Health During Past Three Decades
Introduction
Constant deterioration of soil health during past three decades is one of the most serious second generation
problems of Green Revolution in India, causing not only stagnation in food production but also threatening
the nutritional and economic security. The problem is more acute in high productivity areas of Indo–Gangetic
Plain Region i.e., Trans–Gangetic Plains (TGP, representing Punjab and Haryana) and Upper Gangetic Plains
(UGP, representing Delhi and Western U.P.), where intensive cereal–cereal cropping systems are
predominantly followed with indiscriminate use of nutrients and irrigation water, and also with excessive
tillage using heavy machinery (Yadav et al. 1998). Major soil health problems emerged due to continuous
adoption of this kind of farming are depletion of soil organic matter (SOM) both in terms of quality and
quantity, emergence of multi–nutrient deficiencies and deterioration of soil physical properties – especially
sub–surface compaction and poor aggregation (Hobbs and Morris 1996). The sustenance of high yields in
these otherwise productive areas is becoming increasingly difficult owing to soil–related constraints. Hence,
the farmers have started using greater than recommended rates of N fertilizers, particularly in the most
prevalent rice–wheat cropping system, in order to maintain the yield levels that were attained previously with
relatively less fertilizer. Such emerging trends of indiscriminate N fertilization need to be curbed, for
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9. intensive day
Study Questions: 1.) Why is sub–soiling needed in soils with hard pans?
Sub–soiling is essential especially to hard pan layer because it will help the roots penetrate deep and be able
to explore and obtain water and nutrients from larger volume of soil. Hard span obstructs root's downward
proliferation and restricts root growth of crops (of crops that have vertical root growth). With sub–soiling, the
needed soil depth, at least 80cm will be met . With sub–soiling, we can break hard pan without inversion and
with less disturbance of top soil.
2.) Show that a triangular system has 15% more plants than a square system using the same distance of
planting by computing the number of plants in each system.
If we give certain values for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These includes in sequence, plouging, clod crushing, leveling, discing , harrowing, manure mixing &
compacting the soil and implements to be used are ploughs, clod crushers, disc ploughs or harrow , bladed
harrow etc.
It includes primary & secondary tillage:
a) Primary tillage: It mainly includes the ploughing operation which is opening of the compacted soil with the
help of different ploughs. Ploughing is done to:
1) Open the hard soil,
2) Separate the top soil from lower layers,
3) Invert the soil whenever necessary and
4) Uproot the weeds & stubbles.
The cutting & inverting of the soil that is done after the harvest of the crop or untitled fallow or to bring
virgin or new land under cultivation is called primary tillage. It may be done once or twice a tear in normal or
settled agriculture or once in four to five years in dry land agriculture. b) Secondary tillage : Lighter or finer
operation performed on the soil after primary tillage are known as secondary tillage which includes the
operations performed after ploughing, leveling, discing, harrowing etc.
2. Seedbed preparation: when the soil is brought to a condition suitable for germination of seeds & growth of
crops, called as SEEDBED.
After preparatory tillage the land is to be laid out properly for irrigating crops if irrigation is available for
sowing or planting seeding which are known as seedbed preparation: It includes harrowing, leveling,
compacting the soil, preparing irrigation layouts such as
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13. Soil Analysis : Soil And Soil
Soil Analysis
Introduction– The purpose of this investigation was to identify the texture of the soil we collected, while
learning the different methods used to determine soil texture. I hypothesized the soil we collected from the
North side of the school would be Clay Loam. In the Soil Introduction Power Point we learned about the
pedosphere. We discovered that soil houses both organic (materials containing carbon compounds) and
inorganic matter (materials like minerals: phosphates and nitrates). Also, we found the components that make
up the ideal soil. (Diagram A below). It must have pore space for the exchange of gases and water movement
to keep it healthy. Then we talked about the five factors that make soil, or how it forms. A ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The last part of the Power Point was the layers soil forms as it develops including duff, topsoil, subsoil, and
bedrock. Duff is top layer of organic matter, which isn't always there because it could have been mowed or
washed away. Topsoil is the second layer and the most fertile layer with a lot of nutrients where most of the
plant's roots are. The third layer, also called subsoil, is less nutrient rich and has less organic material; it is
possible for some roots to reach this layer. The final layer is bedrock, a solid layer of rock beneath some soils.
(Note: Some soils not all soils; these layers can vary at different locations) During the Soil Water Absorption
Power Point on the other hand, we learned how a soil's texture could control the amount and how quickly
water can seep into the layers of soil (the duff, topsoil, subsoil, and bedrock). A soil's capability to collect and
store water is vital to the other parts of the ecosystem like the plants growing there and the topography. An
example of that could be erosion. The texture of the soil also affects the other parts of the soil as well, such as
the pore space. Poor space is the bare space between the particles of soil that can be infiltrated by the air and
water. If there is a lot of poor space then the soil can absorb a lot of water but too much poor space is not a
good thing. If there is too much, water will carry through so quickly the plants can't exploit it. Similarly,
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17. Investigating The Relationship Between Molding Water...
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relationship between molding water content and dry unit
weight of soils. This was done by performing the laboratory compaction test using standard effort on the
same soil at different moisture contents. When the density of the soil is plotted over moisture content, a
concave down curve is generated. This is because adding moisture increases density until it reaches its
optimal moisture, then adding further moisture decreases density. Understanding the relationship between
moisture and density is important because density is related to the strength of the soil.
Procedure:
Testing was done in Brookings, South Dakota at Crothers Engineering Hall in Room #121 with the
experiment beginning at approximately 14:15 on November 8, 2016.
Approximately 2000g of a soil sample that passed a No. 4 sieve was measured. Calculations were done for
how much water should be added to reach the desired moisture content. The calculated moisture was added
with a spray bottle and mixed thoroughly in the sample. The sample was then placed in a cover container.
These steps were done prior to the experiment.
The mold, collar, and the base plate were assembled and its weight was measured. Then enough soil was
added so it would equal approximately 1/3 the height of the mold. Compaction was done using a manual
rammer. A total of 25 blows were equally distributed on the surface of the sample. The top of the layer was
scarified with a knife and the above
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21. Soil Analysis Case
Question 1
Low CEC demonstrates that the soil would be a sandy Chromosol
Low pH (4.6), the optimum level between 4.8 and 7.8 (CaCl2). Low because of the white clover
Mg (%) is very high. It can lead to poor drainage which results in compaction and waterlogging limiting
growth
Ca (%) is deficient and low in the soil analysis
S (%) and K (%) are marginal but in soil analysis Sulfate–S and K are low, therefore is recommended to add
fertiliser to rise nutrient to optimum levels
Recommended to use lime to rise pH and calcium levels and add gypsum to drive excess Mg off exchange
sites. High Ca lime is recommended.
It is not recommended to use dolomite as it is high in Mg
Economic for the grazier to put gypsum and lime out together ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is made worse in high pH and high phosphorus soils. Zinc will cause pale leaves because it plays a part in
the chlorophyll function, carbohydrates and starch production which will cause stunting
CEC is high because it is a black vertosol
Mo is slightly high. Mo acts to improve nutrient metabolism in plants so it makes other nutrients like P more
available, which can further reduce the Zn levels
To increase organic carbon as it is low, leaving stubble of previous seasons can increase organic carbon over
time but may increase disease and pest pressures
Recommended to add gypsum to increase S and decrease P which binds P up, although can increase Ca
content which is high, therefore may just need to add S fertiliser
Recommended to foliar apply Zn
Rotating with a legume crop, a leafy crop (eg groundnut) as these pastures has been found to be especially
responsive in high Ca soils and will help balance Zn and P
Question 3
K deficiency as it is localised on the older leaves and the plant is still displaying a green pigment. Although,
the leaves are chlorotic on the outer edges and necrotic spots along the
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25. The Role Of Erosion In Memorial Field
Memorial Field is a deeply underutilized area of land. While the wetland area near the field is under
reconstruction, Memorial Field remains ignored. While this area of land is neglected, it faces many issues and
will face many issues in the future. One problem Memorial Field could potentially face is erosion. This
process occurs when one of the natural agents of erosion wears away at the land or rock. Erosion affects not
only people, but the living organisms, and the overall area of Memorial Field. The processes of erosion are
wind, water, mass movements, glacier ice, and ocean waves. Wind erosion occurs when gusts of wind carry
smaller sizes of sediment to different places. Wind erosion typically takes place in "...mostly in flat,
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29. Vegetable Gardening Is Increasingly Popular For Tennessee...
Vegetable gardening is increasingly popular for Tennessee residents. The value of home gardens includes
financial and nutritional benefits from growing of fresh vegetables. Gardening activities also enhance
personal health and well–being. However, a basic understanding of soils, site selection, and crop maintenance
is required before a gardener can take full advantage of the benefits of home vegetable production. To meet
these needs, this series of factsheets has been prepared by UT Extension to inform home gardeners and propel
them to success in residential vegetable production.
The many functions of soil
Soil is an amazing combination of minerals, water, air, organic matter and living organisms. It can provide the
physical support for plants as well as provide access to water, air, and nutrients that are necessary for plant
survival, growth, and productivity. Much of our success in home vegetable production depends on the proper
selection of sites and soil and management of soil nutrients. Those topics are covered in W 346–A– The
Tennessee vegetable garden: Site selection and soil testing and W–346–C– The Tennessee vegetable garden:
Managing plant nutrition. This factsheet is designed to build upon that information with more in–depth
discussions on managing the quality of garden soil.
Soil management for quality and productivity in the home garden
Stewardship is used here to refer to the ability to meet the needs of the present without sacrificing the ability
to provide
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33. Essay On Web Soil Survey
atory Final Report: Web Soil Survey
Introduction: The location of the land used to determine several projects location was in Floyd county with
the coordinates defined as (34° 6' 21'' N. latitude, 101° 24' 57'' W. longitude), (34° 6' 21'' N. latitude, 101° 23'
29'' W. longitude), (34° 5' 33'' N. latitude, 101° 24' 57'' W. longitude), and (34° 5' 33'' N. latitude, 101° 23' 29''
W. longitude). The major soils located within the area of interest(AOI) were identified as PuA, RaA, and
LoA, with the soils texture identified as clay loam for PuA and LoA, and clay for RaA. The soils identified all
had low slopes ranging from 0–1%. The use of web soil survey allows users to be able to identify soil
properties of a specific area and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ratings of the construction building are based upon the soils capacity to support weight. What affects the
soils capacity to support weight would be the water table, ponding, shrink swell capacity, and compaction.
One of the limitations for builing housing on PuA was found the high shrink swell. High shrink swell is the
capacity clay has to increase once the soil has become saturated which can create foundation problems.
Though this soil was made an ideal location for the construction due to the low slope rate which creates low
errosion potential, as well as the location of the housing being located next to a road can create a high
compaction rate due to traffic. This would help the stability of the housing.
In relation to the sanitary facilities it was found that 'sanitary landfills (area)' was identified to be built on soil
LoA. Sanitary landfills (area) is described as a waste being depositied in successive layers on the surface of
soil (Web soil survey). Figure 6 below, shows the location of the sanitary facility.
Ratings for the sanitary facility are based on trafficability, risk of pollution and flooding. While PuA was
identified as a possible soil that the facility could be built upon it did experience frequent flooding. Therefore,
the soil LoA, would be the most ideal for the sanitary facility because it does not experience frequent
flooding, though it does have the limitation dusty.
Pond
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37. Essay On Compost
Best way to Compost and Making Compost
If you form good healthy soil, your plants which grow in that soil can also be healthy. And also are you aware
that scientific studies are showing that soil helped by compost can also produce plants with fewer unwanted
pests problems?
Money or time devoted to your gardens soil tends to bring the most effective returns: healthy, vigorous plants
in addition to fantastic harvests.
The compost can help hold in moisture, to provide valuable nutrients to the roots of developing plants. In
addition the compost act as an excellent mulch, holding moisture in addition to weeds out – in addition it adds
valuable nutrients when it breaks–down in the soil.
With time, adding good quality compost to your garden ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Healthy soil is the foundation of any fruit and vegetable garden, whether or not we're referring to the growing
in the earth, in grow bags along with containers, and also raised beds plus planters.
For flower beds and also vegetable gardens, till about three inches of the compost into the top six inches of
fairly dry garden soil.
For all our tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers and also other vegetable plants – we fill each hole with a decent
shovel full of compost before we drop in the plants.
To Mulch or Not
I did previously believe that I really needed an inch or two of this bark mulch all around, many gardening
resources really preach making use of woody mulches, having said that the compost is really a superior mulch
on its own so a sprinkling of the pretty bark mulch would suffice to beautify the bed.
Making use of the natural and organic methods, include a little mulch or compost, and you'll be headed in the
right direction to create good soil for your home–grown vegetables.
We mulch every one of our annual plantings using an inch or two layer of compost around each individual
plant.
Simplest Composting Methods
Most every gardener who's used mulches is familiar with how it works: You will put down a thick layer at the
start of the season, you'll suddenly

38. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

42. A Report On The Ruse
The Ruse is situated to the north of Norwich near North Barningham. The elevation in 65m in the North West
and slopes to 50m in the south east. This site includes 2 soil series, these are Freckenham and Sheringham.
Thacker, Chloe, Grid Reference TG140360, Map Date September 2015, Ordnance Survey, GB. Using:
EDINA Digimap Ordnance Survey Service,
Freckenham:–
Sandy or loamy sands with more than 45% medium/coarse sand (Corbett and Tatler, 1970).The topsoil
crumbles easily when it is ploughed and exposed to rain, the upper part of the Bw can become compacted if
heavy machinery is used. It requires liming. The cation exchange capacity is low. Freckenham soils with an
Ah horizon may have moderate cation exchange capacity. Under ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The association provides some of the most valuable land in Norfolk as the soils are flexible to manage and
consistently give high yields. (Cranfield University, 2015).
Soil capability* =1w
Overall Evaluation Site 1, Lodge farm, does not have adequate soils to grow a vineyard on. The soils are
susceptible to waterlogging, and with the lack of sloping, the waterlogging would be exaggerated. This would
make the soil very hard to work with and would mean that more work would need to go into the site to make
it suitable for grape growing. This would amount to a lot of money, and cause the vineyard owner's profit to
decline. Site 2 has too many soils within it and a lot of them are not suitable for vineyard growth. The site
also has many obstacles within it including roads and a small town. This may be difficult to start a vineyard
as residents may not support the change and may be against any environmental effects the vineyard may have
on the land. After covering all of the sites and the soils that appear in them. The best candidate for a vineyard
is Site 3, The Ruse. The topography the land is perfect for growing plants as its slight slope will allow
drainage of extra water with the least impact on erosion. The silt content in the Sheringham soil aids nutrient
availability, allowing the plants to easily take up their required nutrients. The sand content of the soils means
that water can be freely drained and this will prevent the soil becoming
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46. Classification Of Soils As Well As Overcoming Management...
Introduction
"Soil classification is the categorisation of soils into groups at various levels of generalisation according to
their physical, chemical and mineralogical properties" (Boul et al 2011:34). The formation and subsequently
the classification of soil has been at the forefront of geological scientific research since its emergence in the
19th Century.
Over the course of this essay I will be considering the various classifications of soils as well as overcoming
management problems they may entail.
How can soil be classified in the UK?
It is important to be able to distinguish between soil types across farmed landscape, and classification is the
main way this can be achieved (Soffe, 2003:24). One common practice used to record classification is
through mapping; carried out on varying scales by National Soil Resources Institute for England and Wales
based on differences and similarities in soil profile investigations (Soffe, 2003:24; Simpson 1983:47).
Soils can be classified based on their structural and textural properties, formed from Parent material (Soffe
2003:23). The primary components of soil comprise the Texture, this relating to the range of sizes of particles
in the soil and their distribution. (The Macaulay Institute, 2016;Soffe, 2003:3). The texture of specific soil
types will fall into one of 4 classifications; Clay, Silt, Sand or in some cases an equal percentage of each to
form Loam.
Soil Structure is influenced almost solely by Soil Texture (The
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50. Deforestation And Global Climate Change
Human development relies on deforestation as a method to reclaim land, to cultivate more farmlands, to sell
forest products and to increase economic prosperity, but with serious consequences of environmental
degradation and global climate change. The country of Nepal has an alarming rate of deforestation. Due to its
geographical positioning, it is in a prime position to sequester a significant amount of carbon from our
atmosphere with its forests. However, like much of South Asia, Nepal has lost much of the forest that was
once widespread and only 30% of the forest that covered Nepal still remains (Niraula et al. 2013).
Although there are varying definitions of deforestation, this report follows the authority of the UN Food and
Agriculture (FAO) defines deforestation as "forest loss where tree cover is reduced to less than 10% of the
previously forested area" (CITE)
Conceptual Framework
This report seeks to define the causes of deforestation in Nepal based on the works of Geist and Lambin
(2002), who developed a framework for understanding deforestation as resulting from broad and complex
underlying causes which in turn enable or encourage the agents of deforestation who embody the direct, or
proximate causes. Proximate causes of deforestation are dominantly results of human action, and can be
understood as being comprised of three main categories, namely agricultural expansion, wood extraction and
infrastructure extension. The factors underlying these can be divided into
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54. Assess The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Impact Of...
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, land care was a major purpose in life for Aboriginal people and although
their approach was entirely sustainable, they were actively intervening in the landscape. They involved
activities such as damming creeks, fire–stick farming and sustainable harvesting methods. (Roberts, 2014)
The damming of creeks created natural watering holes for their own use as well as attracting animals to the
area, which incidentally resulted in a change in Australian landscape. Fire–stick farming was used to promote
the growth of valued plants, with plant species unable to survive fire and declining in numbers, and more
resistant species, such as grass trees, eucalypts and acacias, dominating. The Indigenous harvesting
techniques were also quite sustainable in conserving resources. For example, women dug some varieties of
yams in such a way that a portion which would regenerate was left in the ground. (Williams, 1986, pp. 93–94)
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Indigenous Australians managed their lands in a way that was
sustainable and would ensure biodiversity for the future.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of the impact of 3 European farming ... Show more content on
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However, they left huge impacts on the environment. Whilst the artificial fertilisers provided extra nutrition
and improved yield, it also encouraged weed growth, consequently, causing a demand for herbicides. The use
of artificial fertilisers created runoff which entered rivers and contaminated them, killing both aquatic life and
the animals which relied on the rivers as their main water source. Apart from contaminating the rivers, they
also contaminated groundwater and this greatly changed the pH of the soil in a large area, resulting in the
change of soil acidity and toxic water; which was harmful towards the growing native
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58. Construction Of Roads For Black Cotton Soil
INTRODUCTION :
Construction of roads in black cotton soil areas has been problematic due to their low bearing capacity and
the detrimental effects of volume instability arising from swelling and shrinkage characteristics of such soils
during wet and dry seasons.
Such problems assume greater acuteness where the water table is high and clayey subsoil stratum is thick.
A Perfect example of a case history study can be considered from "Gudivada–Bantumilli" State Highway,
which passes through a plain terrain surrounded with paddy fields, and constructed on a black cotton soil
embankment of 3mts height. The entire stretch of the road is located in the delta region of Godavari and
Krishna rivers, of the south eastern part of India. The pavement on the embankment was in a state of extreme
distress. Lateral shift and settlement in embankment were the common soil failure features observed. TWO
METHODOLOGIES USING LIME :
Method 1 – Injection of Lime Slurry
Method 2 – Placement of Lime Piles
Method 1 : To verify the efficacy of the technique, laboratory experiments were conducted at "Central Road
Research Institute –
India" on a test embankment of 2.5m x 2.0m x 2.5m made from the locally available silty soil having a dry
density of 16 kN/m2. Lime slurry was injected in one side of the embankment. The injected lime contained
30% lime by weight in the mixture of lime–water.
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Group 10 Page : 2
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62. How The Benefits Of Cutting Golf Courses
Golf courses must definitely be maintained properly, so that the golfers can play a good game, without any
sort of unpleasant situations. For further information regarding this aspect, here is how a golf course is
maintained throughout the year.
A riding lawn mower is absolutely necessary
When it comes to golf courses, you obviously need to cut the grass frequently, and also very well. It needs to
be evenly and perfectly cut, so that the golfers don't encounter any difficulties, when it comes to their shots. A
quality riding lawn mower is highly recommended. A machine like this is very easy to maneuver, and it will
certainly do a wonderful job. Furthermore, the whole job will be finished in a short period of time. Keep in
mind that cutting the grass is the most important details to take into account, when it comes to golf courses.
Cutting the grass needs to be done throughout the year, regularly.
Aeration plays a very important role ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aeration definitely plays a very important role and it must be done properly. The condition of the green
actually depends on what it is happening below the surface. Good roots will certainly demand oxygen, and
due to the traffic from golfers' feet, the soil can be compacted under the putting green. If the soil becomes
compacted, then the roots will be left gasping for air. Without the necessary oxygen, the grass will become
weaker and it will die. Therefore, it is essential to aerate the soil very well, in order to have a healthy green,
and it is recommended to do this twice a year, in the early winter and spring as
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66. Small Scale Market Gardening Essay
Small scale market gardening is the way to produce vegetables and some other crops under a design of
sustainable and small garden for market value.
Select your market: A successful business man has some particular characters which are very important for
profit. One should be very much market oriented. The grower should take care of the likes and dislikes of the
customers with all the product and selling lack. The problem of gulf is caused due to lack of planning which
was a failure in horticulture and agriculture of Australia. You must identify the customers who will buy your
products; rather you first grow your crop, then trying to sell. As a good gardener, you should think about the
alternative markets, if your primary market was not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
High production with good returns: To grow high and good quality of crop produces, one should practice
organic production. It is seen that organic method can produce four times more crops per acre than the
production done by using chemicals and mechanized methods. The following factors are responsible for high
yield in organic method:
Use of humus compost
No compaction of soil is done by any tillage, trampling or machinery use.
Tillage should be non–inverting, sometimes deep.
Use of raised bed for well–drainage
Its better to grow plants in blocks, besides growing in rows
Mulches: Mulching is very advantageous while gardening. However, there are some disadvantages like it
may cause slugs with penetration of water. Potatoes can be grown by using hay mulch with promising results.
In summer, it is difficult to retain the water for the plant use, as hay results in water run–off. Sometimes long
time watering may help, but it may cause fugal disease.
Some of the tools required for small–scale gardening:
Wheel Hoe: It is used to cultivate the large areas. It is a tool with one stirrup hoe oscillation. There are
different sizes of oscillations and are available in market.
Gung Hoe: It is a sharp with light–weight pull hoe. It is used to remove weeds quickly in large places.
Ho–mi: It is available with short and long–handle type for all purposes.
Oscillating Stirrup Hoe: It is available in three different types with push–pull
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70. Last Mow Of The Season Research Paper
When living in an area that sees cold winter months, it might be easy to think you can stop thinking about
your lawn for a few months. You've put away the lawn mower, and you're ready to enjoy the months of no
lawn care. While you don't have to care for your lawn in the same way, you can't ignore it when winter starts.
Fertilize before the Snow If you want a beautiful lawn in the spring, you need to fertilize the lawn before the
first big snowfall hits. Cool season grasses nee to be fertilized in the late fall or early winter. In much of
North America, the grass is a cool season one like bluegrass or Bermuda. When you fertilize in the early
winter, the grass is able to lock in that food and use it to strenthen the roots through the entire winter. Fall
Aeration of the Lawn Your lawn's grass needs air to its roots. When you aerate the ... Show more content on
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When fall arrives, you can safely raise the height of the mower to a half inch above the recommended
summer height. It helps to stimulate root growth. Throughout the fall, stick with this height until the last
mowing of the season. For the last mow, reduce a half inch below the summer height. Raking Leaves Leaves
left on the lawn can be detrimental to the grass once the snow hits. Leaves can cover the entire lawn, and they
will not break down into mulch that the grass can use as nutrients. Essentially, leaves can suffocate the lawn.
Before the snow hits, make sure the leaves are completely raked. Cleaning the Lawn Patio furniture, child's
toys and decorations should be removed from the lawn before the snow hits. They can cause increased
pressure on the grass, which will produce dead spots on the lawn. The grass in that area will be dead or
stunted in that area. While you don't have to do lawn maintenance throughout the winter, you should protect
your lawn before the first snow
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74. Shelterbelts In North Dakota
Over many years there has been controversies among farmers in North Dakota about things that may or may
not harm the soil. Such as Drain Tile, shelterbelts, soil salinity, soil compaction, soil erosion, and ect.
First discussion is on drain tile. Farmers in the red river valley are in controversy over if it is or isn't but
according to facts it is actually better for the soil and for farmers due to they can get in the fields faster,get
crops and at the same time control the water table. With the ability to control the water table the farmers can
ensure that they wouldn't lose as many crops to water damage.
The next controversy among North Dakota farmers is the demolition of shelterbelts. For many farmers the
shelterbelts are vital to
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78. Landfill Storage Sites For The Underground Water Resources
Increasing numbers of natural resources are consumed by modern society, causing growing demands of waste
disposals at the same time. Statistical results showed that landfill facilities had been used as a main solid
waste disposal approach in the past decades. Landfill leachate is the one of primary concerns of landfill
operation. Application of reliable barriers underneath waste disposal sites to protect underground water
resources has become an important research subject. However, any defect of liner systems can put
environment at risk due to the possible leakage. A large number of factors could cause the landfill liner
failures in different ways. One of the main factor is provided by not enough interface shear strength of the
composite liner.
Landfills liner is composed of various geosynthetic and soil components (Jogi, 2005). For domestic waste
systems, the basic structure unit of landfill liner is normally regarded as geosynthetic layer in contact with
compacted clay layer (CCLs) for municipal solid waste landfill. Historical statistics show side slope liner
failures caused by liner sliding able to happen at the interface between CCLs and geomembrane when the
interface have a low shear resistance. The shear strength is probably further decreased by the presence of
water (Reddy 1999). Generally the local clay can be used as compacted clay liner for economic
considerations. Leda clay is a typical type of sensitive marine clay which covers major area of eastern Ontario
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82. Rotational Graz Research Paper
Understand the Importance and Benefits of Rotational Grazing Rotational grazing is a topic frequently
discussed among producers. When done well, it is a system that can improve the functionality, sustainability
and profitability of any farm or ranch. Geoffrey Morell, a well–known energy healer and nutritionist with
over 20 years of experience in the field, is the co–founder of P.A. Bowen Farmstead, where he supports and
promotes the idea of rotation crazing as a means to boost grass–fed, natural–raised cattle farming. Rotational
grazing includes moving livestock through a series of compounds so that when they have completed grazing
the last compound in the series, the forage in the first compound has fully recuperated. Rotations are often
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86. Conservation Tillage Farming In California
California is an extraordinarily productive agricultural region with over 350 different crops are grown here
and it has been the highest producing state over the past 50 years. (California Agricultural Production
Statistics) Californian farmers have always proven their quick adaptation to new methods and technology;
however, even after more than a decade of one of the most intensive research efforts, researchers are baffled
on why Californian farmers are proving reluctant to adopt the beneficial conservation tillage farming
practices that originated from the Midwest. First, before addressing the difference between conservation
tillage and the conventional method, I'll talk about some background introduction on what exactly the
conventional
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90. Factors that Affect Plant Growth
Plant growth is based on many different variables. Temperature, amount of sunlight and pH of soil are all
factors that can affect the growth and development of a plant. Environmental factors can either allow plants to
thrive, or leave them unable to grow and die. One important factor is the quality of the soil the plant is
growing in. Urban development of land can have a serious impact on the soil, shaping how healthy a plant
can be, while, understandably, soil in untouched areas of land would be of far better quality and better suited
to grow plants. Seven years ago Ashburn was practically farmland compared to today. Over time it was
developed and houses and buildings began to crop up up all around the area, which had an inevitable effect
on the plant life. Some parts of Ashburn, though, are still very much like they were years ago. This
experiment compares plant growth between soils from both areas in order to support the idea that plant
growth is stunted in areas that have undergone construction.
In the experiment, ten pots of soil from a woodsy area and ten from an area undergoing construction have had
marigold seeds planted in them. Over the weeks that follow, every seven days each of the sprouting plants
will be measured and have its height recorded (in centimeters). At the end of the experiment, the data will be
compared between the growth of the plants in the poor soil, and the growth of the other plants.
Hypothetically, if plants are grown in soil from an area being
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94. Compare How To Dehatch And Aerate A Lawn
How To Dethatch & Aerate A Lawn
Tools needed:
Garden hose, wooden matchsticks, iron rake, thatch rake, dethatching machine, garden fork, hand or machine
aerator and leaf rake.
The lawn must be dethatched if the thatch is more than 1/2" thick and compacted. To assess the level of
compaction of the soil, water the lawn and note how quickly the water is absorbed in various areas of the
lawn. The soil is compacted if the water does not absorb quickly. If a wooden matchstick cannot be easily
inserted into the soil, then it is compacted.
If the lawn needs to be dethatched, use an iron rake or thatch rake to cut through and rake off thatch. Rent a
walk behind dethatching machine for larger lawns. Dethatching should only be done in the fall. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Use an aerator for larger areas to spike the lawn holes. Aerating is easier to do when the soil is wet. Rent
aerating equipment at your local rental outlet.
In sandy soil and small areas, a garden fork will create holes in the lawn. However, for severely compacted
soil, the fork must be inserted into the ground 3–4" deep and moved back and forth to create larger holes. A
hollow–tine fork will pop out multiple plugs of sod and soil at one time. Use a gas–powered plugging aerator
to create larger holes in medium to large areas of severely compacted soil.
NOTE: Professional services will take care of all your lawn care needs. Look for a local contractor to hire if
you didn't want to do it
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98. Soil Stabilization : Soil Adjustment
Soil Stabilization
Soil adjustment a general term for any physical, substance, organic, or joined strategy for changing a
characteristic soil to meet a designing purpose.[1] Improvements incorporate expanding the weight bearing
capacities and execution of in–situ subsoils, sands, and other waste materials with a specific end goal to
reinforce street surfaces.
General information[edit]
The prime goal of soil adjustment is to enhance the California Bearing Ratio of in–situ soils by 4 to 6 times.
The other prime goal of soil adjustment is to enhance site materials to make a strong and solid sub–base and
base courses. In specific districts of the world, normally creating nations and now all the more much of the
time in created nations, soil adjustment is being utilized to develop the whole street.
Before, soil adjustment was finished by using the coupling properties of mud soils, concrete based items, for
example, soil bond, and/or using the "slammed earth" strategy (compaction) and lime.
A percentage of the 'green advancements ' are: proteins, surfactants, biopolymers, engineered polymers, co–
polymer based items, cross–connecting styrene acrylic polymers, tree pitches, ionic stabilizers, fiber
fortification, calcium chloride, calcite, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and that 's only the tip of the
iceberg. Some of these new balancing out systems make hydrophobic surfaces and mass that keep keeps
street disappointment from water entrance or overwhelming ices by
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102. Soil Is A Vital Part Of The Natural Environment
Soil is a vital part of the natural environment. Without soil the land on Earth would be wastelands of barren
rock. Soil is the thin skin of our earth where we plant and grow vital grain crops such as wheat, corn and rice
that feed more than seven billion of us. The future rests on the soil beneath our feet. History is littered with
the remains of civilizations that ignored, exploited and degraded the soil beneath their feet. One–third of the
world's soil has already been damaged by wind and water erosion, deforestation, compaction, nutrient
depletion and pollution. By our own actions we are losing soil faster than nature can create it. Unless we
protect the remaining soil and improve land use and conservation practices, the global amount ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Soils that have a higher percentage of clay will have a higher water holding capacity and a lower hydraulic
conductivity. Sometimes when there is a compacted layer of clay underground it can lead to flooding after
heavy storms. There are 12 different soil types known as orders. Each order is based on one or two dominant
physical, chemical, or biological properties that differentiate it clearly from the other orders (Importance of
soil to agriculture. (2013). The 12 soil orders all end in "sol" which is derived form the Latin word "solum"
meaning soil or ground. Most of the orders also have roots that tell you something about that particular soil.
For example, "molisol" is from the Latin "mollis" meaning soft. The 12 soil orders are presented in the
sequence in which they "key out" in the U.S. Department of Agriculture's dichotomous Soil Taxonomy
system. Gelisols are soils that are permanently frozen or contain evidence of permafrost near the soil surface.
Histosols are dominantly composed of organic material in their upper portion. These soils most often occur in
extremely wet areas. Spodosols are among the most attractive soils. These soils form as rainfall interacts with
acidic vegetative litter such as needles of conifers to form organic acids. Andisols typically form from the
weathering of volcanic material such as ash, resulting in mineral in the soil with poor crystal structure. These
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106. The Effects of Grazing and Trampling Behaviors of...
The Effects of Grazing and Trampling Behaviors of Large–Sized Livestock on the Formation and Weathering
Patterns of Soils
Introduction
Walter Coppinger, a Professor of Geosciences at Trinity College in San Antonio and long–time observer of
Montana geology, was the first person to describe to me the many problems of the western rangelands that
have developed out of the over–grazing of cattle. From a hilltop among the upland slopes of Whitehall,
Montana, he pointed out a few patches of bare earth on the horizon and some gullying out of trails across the
rangelands in the distance. Rangelands are areas of land on which livestock are left to roam and graze.
Traditionally the great plains and rolling hills of the Western States have ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are many different animal species that graze the rangelands of the world: bison in the grasslands of the
Western United States, mountain goats in the Rocky Mountains, and herds of Caribou in Northwest Canada
(Butler, 1995). In many cases, the actual effects that different animals have depends greatly on biological
factors characteristic of their particular species, such as how large their populations tend to be, their average
weight and how they distribute their weight when they walk or climb, feeding patterns, migration patterns,
and other differences that depart too far from the focus of this essay to be considered in any great detail. For
the purposes of this paper, unless otherwise specified, I will be considering the effects of cows, bison, and
other "cattle–like" livestock animals that tend to have relatively similar physical characteristics.
The degree to which an area has been grazed is often loosely categorized as an area of "light," "moderate," or
"heavy" grazing, with "light" indicating rangelands with the greatest surface area and fewest animals and
"heavy" indicating smaller areas for larger populations. Again, these general terms may depend on the
particular species being considered.
Trampling and grazing on one topography type will not necessarily have the same effect as it will have on
another. Most rangelands are found on uplands (lower, flatter land is more often
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110. Analysis of Test Results
Analysis of Test Results
Problems with guessing the compaction curve from the Family of Curves
Out in the field, some testers interpolate a compaction curve to represent the material using the Alberta
Family of Curves. One of the goals of this applied research, was to test the accuracy of this method. It was
concluded that the only true way to verify the legimitacy of this curve is by doing index testing such as
atterberg limits and grain size analysis on the soil. The City of Edmonton does require the testing firm to do a
standard proctor and atterberg limits on each soil type on a project. A true maximum dry density and optimum
moisture content can be obtained only by doing a standard proctor in the lab. Furthermore, the liquid limit
and plastic limit values can give the tester a better idea on how much moisture variance is acceptable for the
material. In case the Alberta Family of curves must be used to quickly obtain a compaction curve in the field,
having a classification of the soil using atterberg limits and grain size analysis will provide the tester with
backup information to interpolate a more reliable compaction curve.
Does 100% of a one–point proctor equal 98% of a standard proctor?
According to the City of Edmonton, 100% compaction achieved relative to a one–point proctor is as good as
98% compaction achieved relative to a standard proctor. From the test results conducted in this research, it
was concluded that this comparison is incorrect. This is explained in
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114. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Road Landslides
A KBS called XPENT (Faure et al, 1988; Faure et al, 1995; Mascarelli et al, 1992; Faure et al, 1991) is a
KBS used to assist in slope stability analysis. It diagnoses the type of landslide based on information about
the geology, vegetation, geomorphology and hydrogeology. It also advises methods of stabilisation.
SISYPHE (Asté, 1992) is a KBS used to analyse slope instabilities and is also used in the diagnosis of hazard
and landslides evaluation. This KBS has the ability to develop 3D models of the ground surface as well as
slip surfaces and piezometric surfaces.
Wang et al. described a KBS used for the investigation of potential landslides (Wang et al, 1994). The system
contains knowledge relating to the geotechnical properties, the spatial distribution of an unstable zone,
methods of treatment and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The system will also give a cost estimate for each potential road corridor as well as a probability of failure
within its design life. It also includes a summary of the main advantages and disadvantages of each
alignment.
Goh describes a KBS named PAVEDKB, which was developed for the design of flexible road pavements
(Goh, 1993). The system also assists with selection of the properties of the pavement materials as well as
appropriate soil parameters for the subgrade.
Dukes et al described a KBS known as ROAD, used for the design of major and primary road highways
(Dukes et al, 1994). It is based on AASHTO design procedures, and includes the geotextile layer. It also
considers the filtration and mechanical properties of the geotextile in the design.
Amirkhanian & Baker described a KBS used for selecting earthmoving operations equipment (Amirkhanian
& Baker, 1992). The system uses information concerning operator performance and the soil conditions at the
site and required earthmoving
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118. Soil Case Study
Sandy soils in the Southeast are characterized by low nutrient and water holding capacity which is further
reduced by intense rainfall patterns and has been exacerbated by long–term farming in the region. These
conditions lead to rapid nutrient loss in soils below the root zone. Nutrient run–off is a well–established cause
of non–point source pollution affecting bodies of water and negatively impacting water quality.
Modern crop cultivars with higher yields also frequently demand increased use of fertilizers, contributing
further to nutrient run–off and pollution. In addition, soils in the Southeast range in composition from deep
sands to sandy loams, necessitating the development of a range of soil management solutions tailored for the
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In addition, certain particularly effective nematicides have been unavailable or in short supply, increasing the
need for alternative, cost–effective solutions for controlling these pest.
This study proposes an examination of the soil amendments biochar, gypsum, and fly ash for improving
nutrient retention and water holding capacity in sandy Southeastern soils producing cotton and testing biochar
gypsum, and fly ash, with and without poultry litter and measuring the soil nutrient profile, compaction, and
pest populations before, during, and after each growing season for two years in dryland farmed cotton.
The biochar, gypsum, and fly ash treatments will be applied with and without poultry litter to compare the
treatments as an alternative or adjunct to poultry litter fertilizer. The effect of both treatments on thrip count
and nematode populations will also be assessed.
The evaluation of biochar application to soil as a method for reducing N loss from fertilizers, improving soil
quality and fertility, and increasing yield and farm profitability have not been thoroughly addressed (Hue,
2016).
2) Statement of Solution
The central idea of this study is to examine methods of making more efficient use of poultry litter as a
fertilizer in cotton production by reducing the amount of nutrient leaching and improving the water holding
capacity of the soil. Biochar, gypsum, and fly ash will be evaluated for enhancing soil
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122. Suitability And Future Soil Management
The purpose of this report is to determine the suitability of the clients soil, indicated with in the marked area
in fig 1. (google,2016), where they propose to transplant two semi mature trees, which would otherwise be
felled due to a major rail development near by. This survey aims to provide the client with information on
existing soil profiles, obtain site specific soil samples, which will be analysed recommendations for suitability
and future soil management will then be made in a conclusion based on site information and lab results.
Site Location
Ranton Abbey Stafford, ST20, UK.
Grid Reference:
SJ 83801 24257
Site is accessed via the B5405, between Great Bridgeford and Woodseaves. Fig.1 Sample site
Current Land Use
The site is located on a rural estate, historically the sample site (seen in Fig.2) was part of the Abbey's garden
and is an area of very little footfall. The surrounding grass and parkland shown in Fig.1 (google 2016) and
beyond have predominantly been used for livestock grazing (cattle and sheep) and hay production but the site
it's self is also grazed by cattle. Patches of mature mixed deciduous woodland and mature Quercus plantations
are dotted around the estate along with a very small number of conifer plantations. These are now managed
for wildlife and sustainably harvested for timber.
The Manor house to the north seen in Fig.1 is now inhabited by estate staff and the grounds are now used for
grazing, and undergo maintenance
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126. What Is Yensus Silt Loil?
Map:
Brief history of the soil's use
For the past several years, my family has planted a variety of vegetables in this soil, such as lettuce, peas,
carrots, and cole crops. We have also grown strawberries, onions and basil. Every fall, the remnants of these
plants, along with raked tree leaves, are chopped together and rototilled in. Additionally, we have a compost
pile made from manure, leaves, and unwanted veggie scraps such as carrot, banana, and orange peels. When
this compost pile decomposes into humus, or as we call black gold, it is sprinkled on top of the rows we form
in the spring.
Series name, textural class, and profile description:
The series name of this soil is 212 Yensus Silt Loam, as 90% of its constituents are ... Show more content on
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Soil series information
Yensus Silt Loam is formed from loess deposits, which are finely grained silt or clay formed from the grind
of glaciers and deposited by the wind. This is found in glacial outwash plains, stream terraces, and hillslopes.
The Matanuska Valley, where this soil is from, used to be covered by a glacier. This Yensus Silt Loam
consists of very deep, well drained soil with a slow to rapid runoff rate. There is slow runoff with moderate
permeability in the loess deposits, but rapid runoff in the underlying sand and gravel.
Found in Southcentral Alaska, this soil is used for cropland, pasture, and wildlife habitat.
Land Classifications of:
Non–irrigated Capability Class: This displays how suitable the soil is for the majority of field crops,
excluding crops that are outliers. Yensus Silt Loam is class 3, meaning it has limitations that drastically
reduce the variety of plants that can be grown, and that many plants require special conservation practices.
Due to our short season, this is expected. We have to select plants that are fairly quick growing in average
temperatures of 55–65°F. Thankfully, many crops grow about 3 weeks quicker than the same crop would in
Butte County due to our increasing hours of sunlight.
Non–irrigated Capability Subclass: The subclass is a rating c, which means that the main limitation in this
climate is either very cold or very dry. The USDA Plant Hardiness
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130. What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Stabil Brickss
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Earthen construction has evolved with mankind and creates housing opportunities world–wide. Building with
stabilized compressed earthen bricks (SCEBs) is becoming more popular due to the low cost, relative
abundance of materials, and quality product performance. The majority of developing countries are today
faced with an ever increasing problem of providing sufficient yet low–cost housing in sufficient numbers. In
the last few decades, shelter conditions have been worsening: resources have remained insufficient, housing
demand has increased and the urgency to provide immediate practical solutions has become more critical.
Appropriate shelter is one of the most important basic human needs, yet 30 percent ... Show more content on
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This chapter describes the studies those have been accomplished by other writers which is similar to this
topic. And it shows the energy requirement to produced different building materials in table. In this chapter
also discuss about compressive strength of bricks. And this chapter discusses the production process of
stabilized soil bricks.
Chapter 3, is testing and methodology and this chapter describes the test performed on soil like liquid limit
test, plastic limit test, shrinkage limit test, compaction test, unconfined compression test, hydrometer test for
fine grained soil, grain size analysis, and specific gravity test and California bearing ratio test. It shows tables
and graphs related to the test result. And then it discusses the classification of soil and unified soil
classification system.
Chapter 4, is result and discussion and it shows the compressive strength of bricks at 7 days and 28 days, and
comparison between strengths. Its shows table and graph of strengths. it also deliberate the results of test
performed on soil in the starting of
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134. Core Aeration
How Can Core Aeration in Lexington KY Benefit You?
Soil needs to breathe under the surface of vegetation, and when we talk about that, we talk about aeration.
Everything that is living needs oxygen for combustion of fuel to procure energy, for the preservation of life.
Therefore, it becomes very crucial to take care of the lawn soil, in order to facilitate the beauty of the
landscape. Lawn aeration could be as simple as removing chunks of soil around the plant or digging holes to
allow oxygen, fertilizers, and water to enter the soil. In technical terms, it is just soil cultivation which has to
be done in order to aerate the lawn.
How could one be benefitted from aeration?
Removing weed, unwanted growth, digging the soil and perforation, are all processes involved in aeration.
Aeration promotes good health to the soil and the vegetation. Everything about core lawn aeration has
benefits written over it. It allows the exchange of oxygen and other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This process of air exchange between the soil and the roots is basically what we are talking about and aiming
at. Landscaping is our area of expertise and we are fully equipped to achieve the same. As far as core aeration
is concerned, digging out chunks of compacted soil which allow the exchange of oxygen, water, and
nutrients, is very crucial to successful landscaping. Everything about core lawn aeration sounds tedious,
considering the amount of time it consumes and the expenses one has to bear. However, core aeration is
required just once in a year, mainly during the spring. We, the team of core aeration in Lexington KY, help
relieve the soil of your lawn from compaction, beautifying the landscape. The perforation of the soil makes it
more tolerant to heat and extreme conditions and the reduced soil compaction makes the lawn grow in no
time. Thus, the picturesque, core aeration in Lexington KY provides, is highly enticing and
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138. Three Major Causes of Soil Erosion and How They Can Be...
Introduction
Soil erosion is one form of soil degradation along with soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of soil
structure, poor internal drainage, salinisation, and soil acidity problems. These other forms of soil
degradation, serious in themselves, usually contribute to accelerated soil erosion.
Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process on all land. The agents of soil erosion are water and wind, each
contributing a significant amount of soil loss each year in Ontario.
Soil erosion may be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed, or it may occur at an alarming rate
causing serious loss of topsoil. The loss of soil from farmland may be reflected in reduced crop production
potential, lower surface water quality ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Plant and residue cover protects the soil from raindrop impact and splash, tends to slow down the movement
of surface runoff and allows excess surface water to infiltrate.
The erosion–reducing effectiveness of plant and/or residue covers depends on the type, extent and quantity of
cover. Vegetation and residue combinations that completely cover the soil, and which intercept all falling
raindrops at and close to the surface and the most efficient in controlling soil (e.g. forests, permanent grasses
). Partially incorporated residues and residual roots are also important as these provide channels that allow
surface water to move into the soil.
The effectiveness of any crop, management system or protective cover also depends on how much protection
is available at various periods during the year, relative to the amount of erosive rainfall that falls during these
periods. In this respect, crops which provide a food, protective cover for a major portion of the year (for
example, alfalfa or winter cover crops) can reduce erosion much more than can crops which leave the soil
bare for a longer period of time (e.g. row crops) and particularly during periods of high erosive rainfall
(spring and summer). However, most of the erosion on annual row crop land can be reduced by leaving a
residue cover greater than 30% after harvest and over the winter months, or by inter–seeding a forage crop
(e.g. red
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142. Livestock Grazing Can Affect The Watershed Properties By...
Livestock grazing can affect the watershed properties by altering plant cover and by compaction of the
livestock's hooves. Reductions in the vegetation cover may: increase the impact of raindrops, decrease soil
organic matter and soil aggregates, increase surface soil crusts, and decrease water infiltration rates [2]. These
effects can cause an increase in runoff, a reduction in soil water content, and increased erosion. The impacts
of grazing can vary naturally, but it mainly depends on the area and time, due to climate, vegetation, intensity
and duration of livestock. There are few studies that have attempted to justify the natural variations.
Documentation of the power and duration of grazing has been poorly or completely disregarded [2].
Water is one of the most important products derived from rangelands and forests. The forests and watersheds
should be viewed as watersheds and secondarily for their food, forage, wood, wildlife, and social. Watersheds
are very diverse in their natural erosion, high flooding rate behavior, and high amounts of sediments. In some
areas, plant cover and soil layers have not developed appropriately to make an influence on how water is
generated from the land. For more extensive areas, plant cover and soil mantle have developed to exert a high
degree of control on the reception and disposition of precipitation. Low rates of erosion, normally moderate
peak stream discharges, normally small sediment loads, and optimum infiltration are the
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146. The Physical Effects Of Deforestation Of Forests :...
Alexis Conner
Eng 070
Janet Gaff
25 October 2017
Deforestation of trees:Biodiversity
"A tree is beautiful, but what's more, it has a right to life; like water, the sun and the stars, it is essential. Life
on earth is inconceivable without trees. Forests create climate, climate influences peoples' character, and so
on and so forth. There can be neither civilization nor happiness if forests crash down under the axe, if the
climate is harsh and severe, if people are also harsh and severe. ... What a terrible future! "(anton chekhov).
Our forests are more vital to our survival than we know. If deforestation continues CO2 levels will increase
and temperatures will rise. Less trees means less precipitation, this means less clouds that cool the earth's
surface. The deforestation of the earth has been going on for too long without any recourse. Many of us are
not aware that deforestation affects not only the animals but our lives as well. As deforestation continues we
lead into bigger problems such as, soil erosion,water cycle and the loss of biodiversity in the atmosphere. Soil
erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms. In agriculture soil erosion refers to the
wearing away of a fields topsoil by the natural physical effects of water. For this reason, soil and the nutrients
in them are exposed to the suns heat. Soil moisture is dried up, nutrients evaporate and bacteria that help
break down organic matter are also affected. According to Omafra Magazine, "Soil erosion can be a slow
process that continues relatively unnoticed or can occur at an alarming rate, causing serious loss of topsoil.
Soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of soil structure, poor internal drainage, salinisation and soil acidity
problems are other serious soil degradation conditions that can accelerate the soil erosion process" (Brown).
It may appear that this is only one effect of deforestation but, this also plays a role on the water cycle.
Another effect of deforestation, is when forests are destroyed, the atmosphere, water bodies and the water
table are all affected. Trees absorb and retain water in their roots. A large part of the water that circulates in
the ecosystem of rainforests
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150. Sinkholes Research Paper
Sinkholes are a common occurence in Florida due to limestone–rich bedrock. Groundwater dissolves calcium
carbonate, weakening the ground and washing out structures built on top of it. Just recently in Pine Ridge,
Florida, a sinkhole opened up and swallowed a truck. Apparently the sinkhole was created due to drilling a
well at the a resident's home. Fortuately, no one was hurt and the area was evalucated in a timely manner.
Also, there was no damage to the home.
Rapidly forming sinkholes are unusal, and can occur without warning. However, most sinkholes give warning
signs before evolving into a much larger problem. If you suspect sinkhole activity on your property, inpsect
your yard for small depressions. Additonal warning signs may include:
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154. Classification Of Soils As Well As Overcoming Management...
"Soil classification is the categorisation of soils into groups at various levels of generalisation according to
their physical, chemical and mineralogical properties" (Boul et al 2011:34). The formation and subsequently
the classification of soil has been at the forefront of geological scientific research since its emergence in the
19th Century.
Over the course of this essay I will be considering the various classifications of soils as well as overcoming
management problems they may entail.
How can soil be classified in the UK?
It is important to be able to distinguish between soil types across farmed landscape, and classification is the
main way this can be achieved (Soffe, 2003:24). One common practice used to record classification is
through mapping; carried out on varying scales by National Soil Resources Institute for England and Wales
based on differences and similarities in soil profile investigations (Soffe, 2003:24; Simpson 1983:47). It is
important to be able to record information for cropping and agricultural reference.
Soils can be classified based on their structural and textural properties, formed from Parent material (ie rock
which is weathered or eroded to produce smaller soil particles) (Soffe 2003:23). The primary components of
soil comprise the Texture, this relating to the range of sizes of particles in the soil and their distribution. (The
Macaulay Institute, 2016; Soffe, 2003:3). The texture of specific soil types will fall into one of 4
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