EARTHQUAKES, VOLCANOES, MOUNTAIN RANGES.pptx
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This document discusses the effects of plate tectonics, including earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain ranges. It explains that earthquakes are caused by movements within the earth's crust, and describes the different types of seismic waves that are released. Volcanoes form at boundaries like the Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean and at hotspots in the mantle. Mountain ranges often occur at plate boundaries due to collisions or movements. In summary, most seismic and volcanic activity occurs along plate boundaries where the plates are actively moving.
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Types of Volcanoes
Volcanoes form in different types depending on the composition of the magma and tectonic setting, with shield volcanoes being non-explosive and forming from basalt in oceanic settings, composite volcanoes sometimes having explosive eruptions from more viscous magma in continental settings, and cinder cones being the smallest from pyroclastic eruptions.
Earthquakes Chapt8
The document summarizes key concepts about earthquakes and Earth's interior structure from a textbook chapter. It describes what causes earthquakes, how they are measured, the different types of seismic waves, and the destructive effects of earthquakes. It also outlines Earth's layered structure, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core defined by their composition and physical properties. Seismic data has helped scientists discover details about Earth's layered interior and composition.
Volcanic eruption
A volcanic eruption occurs when hot materials are thrown out of a volcano. Lava, rocks, dust, ash and gas compounds are some of the materials.
Chapter 3 Mountains and Volcanoes
Mountains form through the collision and uplifting of tectonic plates at plate boundaries. Over time, erosion wears mountains down through processes like water and wind breaking rock into sediment. Mountains can also form through folding of the Earth's crust under pressure. Volcanoes form as molten rock, or magma, erupts through openings in the Earth's crust. The type of volcano that forms depends on the composition and viscosity of the magma. Major volcanic eruptions can have destructive effects on the surrounding land through lava flows and ash falls, but also create fertile soils and new landscapes over time. Eruptions release gases into the air that can impact global climate, and also form features like hot springs and deep sea hydro
Volcanic eruptions
Volcanic eruptions occur when magma and gases are released from a volcano, sometimes explosively. The most dangerous type is a glowing avalanche of freshly erupted magma flowing down the volcano's sides at up to 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit. Other hazards include ash fall and lahars (mudflows). Volcanoes often cause population displacement and food shortages due to eruptions. The document then discusses different types of volcanic eruptions such as Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian, Pelean, and Plinian in more detail. It also covers distribution of volcanoes, causes of eruptions, hazardous effects, damages caused, and disaster management strategies like preparedness, response,
Convection current
Convection currents are caused by uneven heating of a fluid which causes the warmer, less dense areas to rise and cooler, more dense areas to sink. There are two main types of convection - forced convection, driven by external forces like fans or pumps, and natural convection, driven by density differences in the fluid. Convection occurs in the Earth's mantle, oceans, atmosphere and within appliances like kettles and refrigerators. While convection provides advantages like heating and cooling, excess heat production from electrical resistance according to Joule's law can lead to overheating and safety issues if heat is not properly dissipated.
Volcanoes2009
Volcanoes form when magma rises from below the Earth's surface and erupts through openings called vents. As magma builds up at the vent, it forms the volcano structure above ground. The main parts of a volcano include the vent, conduit that carries magma from the magma chamber below, and the cone or mountain shape built from erupted material. Volcanic eruptions can be explosive or quiet depending on the magma composition and amount of trapped gases.
Volcanism
Volcanoes form when hot molten rock (magma) rises from below the Earth's surface and erupts. They consist of a vent, conduit and surrounding cone built from erupted material. Most volcanoes occur at plate boundaries or hot spots. Magma rises due to lower density and pressure changes, erupting either explosively with gas-rich magma or effusively with low-viscosity magma. Eruptions produce hazards like lava flows, pyroclastic flows and falls. Notable examples include Vesuvius destroying Pompeii and Krakatoa's powerful 1883 eruption. Supervolcanoes are capable of much larger eruptions than normal volcanoes.
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Types of Volcanoes
Volcanoes form in different types depending on the composition of the magma and tectonic setting, with shield volcanoes being non-explosive and forming from basalt in oceanic settings, composite volcanoes sometimes having explosive eruptions from more viscous magma in continental settings, and cinder cones being the smallest from pyroclastic eruptions.
Earthquakes Chapt8
The document summarizes key concepts about earthquakes and Earth's interior structure from a textbook chapter. It describes what causes earthquakes, how they are measured, the different types of seismic waves, and the destructive effects of earthquakes. It also outlines Earth's layered structure, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core defined by their composition and physical properties. Seismic data has helped scientists discover details about Earth's layered interior and composition.
Volcanic eruption
A volcanic eruption occurs when hot materials are thrown out of a volcano. Lava, rocks, dust, ash and gas compounds are some of the materials.
Chapter 3 Mountains and Volcanoes
Mountains form through the collision and uplifting of tectonic plates at plate boundaries. Over time, erosion wears mountains down through processes like water and wind breaking rock into sediment. Mountains can also form through folding of the Earth's crust under pressure. Volcanoes form as molten rock, or magma, erupts through openings in the Earth's crust. The type of volcano that forms depends on the composition and viscosity of the magma. Major volcanic eruptions can have destructive effects on the surrounding land through lava flows and ash falls, but also create fertile soils and new landscapes over time. Eruptions release gases into the air that can impact global climate, and also form features like hot springs and deep sea hydro
Volcanic eruptions
Volcanic eruptions occur when magma and gases are released from a volcano, sometimes explosively. The most dangerous type is a glowing avalanche of freshly erupted magma flowing down the volcano's sides at up to 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit. Other hazards include ash fall and lahars (mudflows). Volcanoes often cause population displacement and food shortages due to eruptions. The document then discusses different types of volcanic eruptions such as Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian, Pelean, and Plinian in more detail. It also covers distribution of volcanoes, causes of eruptions, hazardous effects, damages caused, and disaster management strategies like preparedness, response,
Convection current
Convection currents are caused by uneven heating of a fluid which causes the warmer, less dense areas to rise and cooler, more dense areas to sink. There are two main types of convection - forced convection, driven by external forces like fans or pumps, and natural convection, driven by density differences in the fluid. Convection occurs in the Earth's mantle, oceans, atmosphere and within appliances like kettles and refrigerators. While convection provides advantages like heating and cooling, excess heat production from electrical resistance according to Joule's law can lead to overheating and safety issues if heat is not properly dissipated.
Volcanoes2009
Volcanoes form when magma rises from below the Earth's surface and erupts through openings called vents. As magma builds up at the vent, it forms the volcano structure above ground. The main parts of a volcano include the vent, conduit that carries magma from the magma chamber below, and the cone or mountain shape built from erupted material. Volcanic eruptions can be explosive or quiet depending on the magma composition and amount of trapped gases.
Volcanism
Volcanoes form when hot molten rock (magma) rises from below the Earth's surface and erupts. They consist of a vent, conduit and surrounding cone built from erupted material. Most volcanoes occur at plate boundaries or hot spots. Magma rises due to lower density and pressure changes, erupting either explosively with gas-rich magma or effusively with low-viscosity magma. Eruptions produce hazards like lava flows, pyroclastic flows and falls. Notable examples include Vesuvius destroying Pompeii and Krakatoa's powerful 1883 eruption. Supervolcanoes are capable of much larger eruptions than normal volcanoes.
Volcanism
This document discusses key aspects of volcanism including:
- Volcanoes form due to movement of tectonic plates and magma rising from below Earth's surface.
- Most volcanoes occur at plate boundaries like divergent and convergent margins.
- The degree of violence in a volcanic eruption depends on factors like the gas content and viscosity of the magma as well as the silica content which determines eruption style.
- There are several types of volcanoes that differ in size and eruption type including composite, cinder cone, and shield volcanoes.
Tectonics GW1 Slides (Part 2)
1. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates move together, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another.
2. At divergent boundaries, new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges. This results in features like rift valleys on land and undersea volcanoes at sea. Convergent boundaries result in ocean trenches from subducting plates and volcanic island arcs. Continental collisions yield fold mountains from compressed crust.
3. Key landforms and phenomena associated with plate tectonics include mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys and block mountains, ocean trenches, volcanic island arcs, and fold mountains. Earthquakes also
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Volcanoes
Volcanoes form when magma rises from below the Earth's surface and erupts through openings called vents. As magma accumulates at the vent it builds up a mountain-like structure called a volcano. There are three main types of volcanoes defined by their shape and eruption characteristics: shield volcanoes which have broad bases and gentle slopes formed by fluid basaltic lava flows; cinder cone volcanoes which are steep-sided with a small base formed from explosive eruptions of thick sticky lava; and composite or stratovolcanoes which are large mountains formed by alternating explosive and effusive eruptions that build tall layers of ash and lava.
Convection Currents
Convection currents are caused by the movement of warm materials rising and cool materials sinking. Within the atmosphere, convection is the primary method of heat transfer through the troposphere. Convection also occurs in the mantle as very hot material deep in the mantle rises, cools, sinks, and repeats this cycle. In oceans and pots of water, convection currents form as warmer water rises and cooler water sinks, moving in a continuous cycle. Convection also takes place within the sun as large amounts of hot gas rise towards the surface, cool, and fall back towards the center to repeat the cycle.
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Volcanoes and volcanic Activity
Volcanic Activity
- Volcanoes form when magma reaches the Earth's surface, causing eruptions of lava and ash. They occur at destructive and constructive plate boundaries.
- The Mid Atlantic Ridge under the Atlantic Ocean was formed when plates separated and lava came to the surface, cooled and hardened.
- Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
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Types of the volcanoes
There are many different types of volcanoes beyond the Hollywood version of a tall conical mountain. Some of the main types include shield volcanoes, which are broad with flat tops and low slopes like those in Hawaii; composite volcanoes like Mount Fuji which are tall and steep; cinder cones which are small, steep-sided mounds formed from loose debris; and submarine volcanoes common on ocean floors, which form underwater without disturbing the surface. Fissure volcanoes have cracks that erupt vast quantities of lava to form flat plains rather than a central mountain.
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Seismic waves are vibrations that travel through the Earth caused by earthquakes. There are three main types of seismic waves: primary (P-) waves, secondary (S-) waves, and surface waves. P-waves are the fastest waves and can travel through solid and liquid materials. S-waves are slower and only travel through solids. Surface waves are the slowest and only travel along the Earth's surface. These seismic waves transmit the energy and effects of earthquakes through the Earth.
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Volcanoes ppt
Volcanoes are formed when magma from the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface and erupts. They can erupt explosively, ejecting ash and rock fragments into the air, or effusively, oozing lava onto the surface. The largest active volcano is Mauna Loa in Hawaii. Major volcanic eruptions, like Krakatoa in 1883 and Mount Pelee in 1902, can have devastating impacts and cause loss of life. Plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates under the Earth's surface is a major factor in where volcanoes are located.
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1) Rocks can deform through folding or faulting when subjected to compression or tension stress from tectonic plate movement. There are three main types of folds - anticlines, synclines, and monoclines - and three main types of faults - normal, reverse, and strike-slip.
2) Mountains form through various processes including folding of rock layers, faulting that drops crustal blocks, and volcanic eruption of magma at the surface.
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Volcanic Hazard
Pyroclastic flows are one of the most dangerous aspects of volcanism as they can travel rapidly and kill through suffocation and burning. Lava flows are generally less explosive but can destroy anything in their path. Large eruptions can also trigger secondary hazards like mudflows, landslides, and tsunamis that increase damage far from the volcano. Long term effects include crop damage, famine, disease, and global cooling from volcanic gases that reflect sunlight.
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Volcanic eruptions can profoundly impact climate and the Earth's surface. Large eruptions eject ash and gases into the atmosphere, which can block sunlight and cause global temperatures to drop. There are three main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes formed from nonexplosive eruptions creating gentle slopes; cinder cone volcanoes from moderately explosive eruptions forming steep slopes; and composite volcanoes from alternating explosive and lava flows creating broad bases that steepen toward their summits. In addition to volcanoes, other volcanic landforms include craters at volcano tops, calderas which are large depressions formed when the magma chamber empties, and lava plateaus resulting from nonexplosive eruptions
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Earthquake
Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas.
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Volcanism
This document discusses key aspects of volcanism including:
- Volcanoes form due to movement of tectonic plates and magma rising from below Earth's surface.
- Most volcanoes occur at plate boundaries like divergent and convergent margins.
- The degree of violence in a volcanic eruption depends on factors like the gas content and viscosity of the magma as well as the silica content which determines eruption style.
- There are several types of volcanoes that differ in size and eruption type including composite, cinder cone, and shield volcanoes.
Tectonics GW1 Slides (Part 2)
1. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates move together, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another.
2. At divergent boundaries, new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges. This results in features like rift valleys on land and undersea volcanoes at sea. Convergent boundaries result in ocean trenches from subducting plates and volcanic island arcs. Continental collisions yield fold mountains from compressed crust.
3. Key landforms and phenomena associated with plate tectonics include mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys and block mountains, ocean trenches, volcanic island arcs, and fold mountains. Earthquakes also
Distribution of volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain ranges
The document discusses key concepts in plate tectonics including volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain ranges. It provides details on the theory of plate tectonics which suggests that Earth's crust is made up of plates that interact and produce geologic features through processes like subduction. Specific examples mentioned include the Mayon volcano in the Philippines, oceanic ridges, the Pacific Ring of Fire, faults that cause earthquakes, trenches formed by subduction, and convergent boundary mountain ranges like the Himalayas and Andes.
Volcanoes
Volcanoes form when magma rises from below the Earth's surface and erupts through openings called vents. As magma accumulates at the vent it builds up a mountain-like structure called a volcano. There are three main types of volcanoes defined by their shape and eruption characteristics: shield volcanoes which have broad bases and gentle slopes formed by fluid basaltic lava flows; cinder cone volcanoes which are steep-sided with a small base formed from explosive eruptions of thick sticky lava; and composite or stratovolcanoes which are large mountains formed by alternating explosive and effusive eruptions that build tall layers of ash and lava.
Convection Currents
Convection currents are caused by the movement of warm materials rising and cool materials sinking. Within the atmosphere, convection is the primary method of heat transfer through the troposphere. Convection also occurs in the mantle as very hot material deep in the mantle rises, cools, sinks, and repeats this cycle. In oceans and pots of water, convection currents form as warmer water rises and cooler water sinks, moving in a continuous cycle. Convection also takes place within the sun as large amounts of hot gas rise towards the surface, cool, and fall back towards the center to repeat the cycle.
Geosphere
The document describes the layers of the geosphere - the crust, mantle, and core. It then discusses changes caused by internal forces like volcanoes and earthquakes, and external forces like wind and water erosion. Volcanoes form where magma surfaces, erupting through vents. Earthquakes are caused by crustal movements. Weathering and erosion shape the landscape through water and wind. Rocks form the crust and are classified as sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic based on their formation. The document concludes by defining different types of landscapes like mountains, plains, and coastal regions.
Volcanoes and volcanic Activity
Volcanic Activity
- Volcanoes form when magma reaches the Earth's surface, causing eruptions of lava and ash. They occur at destructive and constructive plate boundaries.
- The Mid Atlantic Ridge under the Atlantic Ocean was formed when plates separated and lava came to the surface, cooled and hardened.
- Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
Mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes
This document discusses plate tectonics and how it relates to mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes. It begins by providing an overview of plate tectonics and the layers of the Earth. It then describes the three types of plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, and transform) and how each results in different geological features and tectonic activity. Specific examples are given of different types of mountains that form at plate boundaries, including folded mountains, fault-block mountains, and volcanic mountains. The document also discusses earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the distribution of volcanoes around the world.
Convection currents t notes
The document discusses convection currents in the Earth's mantle. It first defines heat transfer and the three types: radiation, conduction, and convection. Convection involves the movement of heated fluids and depends on differences in density caused by heating and cooling. Convection currents in the mantle are driven by heat rising from the Earth's core and mantle itself into the asthenosphere.
Types of the volcanoes
There are many different types of volcanoes beyond the Hollywood version of a tall conical mountain. Some of the main types include shield volcanoes, which are broad with flat tops and low slopes like those in Hawaii; composite volcanoes like Mount Fuji which are tall and steep; cinder cones which are small, steep-sided mounds formed from loose debris; and submarine volcanoes common on ocean floors, which form underwater without disturbing the surface. Fissure volcanoes have cracks that erupt vast quantities of lava to form flat plains rather than a central mountain.
Seismic waves 6th
Seismic waves are vibrations that travel through the Earth caused by earthquakes. There are three main types of seismic waves: primary (P-) waves, secondary (S-) waves, and surface waves. P-waves are the fastest waves and can travel through solid and liquid materials. S-waves are slower and only travel through solids. Surface waves are the slowest and only travel along the Earth's surface. These seismic waves transmit the energy and effects of earthquakes through the Earth.
Ch5 wave motions and sound
Vibrations can be seen and heard in many elastic materials around us. A vibration is a repeating motion that moves back and forth. There are two main types of waves: longitudinal waves that move in the direction of the wave and transverse waves that move perpendicular to the direction of the wave. Sound waves are longitudinal waves that travel through air as variations in air pressure called compressions and rarefactions. The human ear can detect sounds between 20-20,000 Hz. Sources of sound include vibrating strings and air columns that form standing waves with characteristic frequencies.
Volcanoes ppt
Volcanoes are formed when magma from the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface and erupts. They can erupt explosively, ejecting ash and rock fragments into the air, or effusively, oozing lava onto the surface. The largest active volcano is Mauna Loa in Hawaii. Major volcanic eruptions, like Krakatoa in 1883 and Mount Pelee in 1902, can have devastating impacts and cause loss of life. Plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates under the Earth's surface is a major factor in where volcanoes are located.
Heat and temperature
This document defines key concepts related to heat and temperature. It explains that heat is the total energy of molecular motion in a substance, while temperature is a measure of the average energy of molecular motion. Temperature does not depend on size or type of object, unlike heat, which depends on speed, number and type of particles. While heat increases or decreases temperature, temperature is a measure of how fast molecules are moving on average - higher temperatures mean faster movement. The document also defines atoms, molecules, elements and compounds.
Earth Science 4.4 : Deforming the Earth's Crust
1) Rocks can deform through folding or faulting when subjected to compression or tension stress from tectonic plate movement. There are three main types of folds - anticlines, synclines, and monoclines - and three main types of faults - normal, reverse, and strike-slip.
2) Mountains form through various processes including folding of rock layers, faulting that drops crustal blocks, and volcanic eruption of magma at the surface.
3) Vertical movement of the crust involves either uplift, where areas rise to higher elevations, or subsidence, where areas sink to lower elevations. Uplift can occur through rebound as crust rebounds after being compressed. Subs
Types Of Volcanoes Powerpoing 2
The document defines key terms related to volcanoes such as magma chamber, central vent, conduit, and crater. It then describes the three major types of volcanoes: cinder cone volcanoes, shield volcanoes, and composite volcanoes. Cinder cone volcanoes are small and steep sided, building from lava fragments. Shield volcanoes form large, gentle sloped mountains from slowly flowing lava. Composite volcanoes have steep, layered sides and can erupt explosively without warning.
Volcanic Hazard
Pyroclastic flows are one of the most dangerous aspects of volcanism as they can travel rapidly and kill through suffocation and burning. Lava flows are generally less explosive but can destroy anything in their path. Large eruptions can also trigger secondary hazards like mudflows, landslides, and tsunamis that increase damage far from the volcano. Long term effects include crop damage, famine, disease, and global cooling from volcanic gases that reflect sunlight.
Presentation on volcanos
This presentation provides an overview of volcanoes, including their formation from plate tectonics or hotspots, the different types of volcanic features and erupted materials, classifications of volcanic activity, and notable examples. Volcanic activity can have effects on global climate through emissions into the stratosphere and impacts soil through added nutrients.
Earth Science 6.2 : Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanic eruptions can profoundly impact climate and the Earth's surface. Large eruptions eject ash and gases into the atmosphere, which can block sunlight and cause global temperatures to drop. There are three main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes formed from nonexplosive eruptions creating gentle slopes; cinder cone volcanoes from moderately explosive eruptions forming steep slopes; and composite volcanoes from alternating explosive and lava flows creating broad bases that steepen toward their summits. In addition to volcanoes, other volcanic landforms include craters at volcano tops, calderas which are large depressions formed when the magma chamber empties, and lava plateaus resulting from nonexplosive eruptions
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Volcanic eruptions occur when hot molten rock (magma) rises from below the Earth's surface and erupts. The type of eruption depends on the viscosity and gas content of the magma. Explosive eruptions are fueled by high gas content and can have catastrophic impacts, sending ash clouds high into the atmosphere. Effusive eruptions have lower gas content and result in lava flows. Monitoring volcanoes through seismic activity, deformation, and gas emissions can provide warning of impending eruptions to help mitigate hazards like pyroclastic flows, lava flows, lahars, ash falls, and noxious gases.
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Earthquake and earthquake resistant design
This document discusses earthquake-resistant design of structures. It begins with an overview of earthquakes, including their characterization, causes, waves, and effects. It then covers earthquake-resistant design principles, retrofitting existing structures, and analysis of structural response. Key points include:
- Earthquakes are caused by tectonic plate movements or other surface events like volcanic eruptions. They generate P, S, and L waves that damage structures.
- Structures should be designed to resist earthquake forces through seismic bands, interlocking walls, and other techniques. Retrofitting improves existing structures.
- Analysis considers single-degree-of-freedom and multi-degree-of-freedom structural models subjected
Volcanoes
Volcanic eruptions occur when hot molten rock (magma) rises from below the Earth's surface and reaches the vent of a volcano. The type of eruption depends on the viscosity and gas content of the magma. Explosive eruptions are driven by gas and throw ash and rock into the air, generating pyroclastic flows that can travel long distances and devastate areas. Effusive eruptions gently flow lava. Volcanoes are monitored for seismic activity, deformation, and gas emissions to provide warning of impending eruptions and help mitigate hazards like ash falls, pyroclastic flows, lava flows, lahars, earthquakes, and noxious gases.
Endogenous disasters
Endogenous hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes are caused by processes inside the Earth. Earthquakes occur along fault lines as tectonic plates shift and release built-up pressure. The magnitude is measured by the Richter scale. Volcanoes form at plate boundaries as magma works its way to the surface. There are different types of volcanoes classified by their shape that can have explosive or effusive eruptions. Plate tectonics theory explains how the movement of plates causes earthquakes and volcanic activity at plate boundaries.
Earthquakes
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, the different types of seismic waves, how the location and magnitude of earthquakes are determined, hazards associated with earthquakes such as shaking, ground displacement, tsunamis and fires, and challenges around predicting earthquakes. It describes how earthquakes occur due to the accumulation and sudden release of strain energy in rocks under stress. There are two main types of seismic waves - body waves that travel through the interior of the earth and surface waves that travel along the surface. The location of earthquakes is determined through measuring the time delay between arrival of P and S waves at multiple seismograph stations and triangulating the epicenter. Magnitude is a measure of the
EARTHQUAKE environment notes for geology.pptx
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Earthquake.pptx
1) The document discusses causes, effects, and measurement of earthquakes. It describes how earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from movement of tectonic plates or volcanic activity.
2) Key terms are defined, such as focus, epicenter, and different types of faults. Different types of seismic waves - P, S, Rayleigh, and Love waves - are also explained.
3) Examples are given of major earthquakes, including the 2005 Kashmir earthquake that killed over 80,000 people in Pakistan, India and Afghanistan.
EARTHQUAKE
This document discusses seismic waves, earthquakes, and seismology. It begins by listing the objectives of describing seismic wave types, finding earthquake epicenters, earthquake magnitude scales, and challenges predicting earthquakes. It then defines earthquakes and seismology, the study of earthquakes. It describes how seismographs are used to record seismic waves from earthquakes. It discusses elastic rebound theory, earthquake focus and epicenter, where earthquakes occur, and the different types of seismic waves. The document concludes by covering earthquake classification, damage causes, challenges predicting earthquakes, earthquake prone areas, and safety tips before, during, and after an earthquake.
Chs 6 & 7 - Earthquakes & Volcanoes
Convection currents in the Earth's mantle and the movement of tectonic plates apply stress to the crust, causing it to break along faults or fold. This movement is responsible for earthquakes and volcanic activity, often occurring at plate boundaries. When stress exceeds rock strength, it releases suddenly in earthquakes. Seismic waves from quakes travel through the Earth and can be recorded on seismographs. Magma rises from hot spots in the mantle and at plate boundaries, fueling volcanic eruptions at the surface that pose hazards through lava flows, ash falls, and pyroclastic flows.
Volcanoes.ppt
Volcanic eruptions occur when hot molten rock (magma) rises from below the Earth's surface and reaches the vent of a volcano. The type of eruption depends on the viscosity and gas content of the magma. Explosive eruptions are driven by gas and eject ash and rock high into the air, while effusive eruptions allow lava to flow slowly. Major hazards of explosive eruptions include pyroclastic flows, surges and falls, which can travel long distances and bury or burn everything in their path. To monitor and mitigate volcanic risks, observatories measure seismic activity, ground deformation and gas emissions to help forecast eruptions and issue warnings.
Volcanic Eruptions, Dangers and Hazards.ppt
Volcanic eruptions occur when hot molten rock (magma) rises up from below the Earth's surface and reaches the vent of a volcano. The type of eruption depends on how viscous the magma is and how much gas it contains. Explosive eruptions are fueled by gas and send ash high into the sky, while effusive eruptions allow lava to flow slowly. During an explosive eruption, pyroclastic flows can race down the sides of the volcano at high speeds, burying anything in their path like the cities of Pompeii and St. Pierre. Scientists monitor volcanoes for earthquakes, deformation, and gas emissions to better understand eruption warning signs and help
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- 2. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS? 1. Earthquakes 2. Volcanoes 3. Mountain ranges 2
- 4. EARTHQUAKE 4 - A sudden and violent SHAKING OF THE GROUND, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth’s crust or volcanic action.
- 5. EARTHQUAKE 5 • NEAR the EPICENTER, STRONGER earthquake • AWAY from the EPICENTER, WEAKER earthquake
- 6. • Magnitude is a measurement of the size of the earthquake as measured by waves or fault displacement. - energy released by an earthquake at the focus. It is calculated from earthquakes recorded by an instrument called SEISMOGRAPH. • Intensity is a measurement of how much shaking has occurred as measured by levels of observable destruction of man-made and natural objects. - It is the strength of an earthquake perceived and felt by people in a certain locality. Intensity is generally higher near the epicenter. Presentation title 6
- 7. EARTHQUAKE 7 EARTHQUAKES release SEISMIC WAVES that travel in all directions, AWAY from the epicenter.
- 8. TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
- 9. TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES Presentation title 9 a wave of acoustic energy that travels through the Earth. It can result from an earthquake, volcanic eruption, magma movement, a large landslide, and a large man-made explosion that produces low- frequency acoustic energy. 1. SURFACE WAVES - surface waves can only move along the surface of the planet like ripples on water.
- 10. TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES Presentation title 10 2. BODY WAVES - Body waves can travel through the earth’s inner layers a. P waves (PRIMARY WAVES) - fastest wave (first to arrive at seismic station) b. S waves (SECONDARY WAVES) - arrives second
- 11. TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES Presentation title 11 Seismic waves move more slowly through a liquid than a solid. Molten areas within the Earth slow down P waves and stop S waves because their shearing motion cannot be transmitted through a liquid.
- 12. How can earthquakes be detected? Persons who study and monitors earthquakes. SEISMIC STATION - a place where the seismologist study about earthquakes and monitors the occurrence of it. SEISMOLOGISTS Earthquake monitoring instrument which records the seismic waves of the earthquake. Presentation title 12 SEISMOGRAPH A record made by a seismograph SEISMOGRAM
- 13. Where do earthquakes usually happen? Presentation title 13
- 14. LET’S LOCATE THE EPICENTER! Presentation title 14
- 16. VOLCANO 16 - is an opening in the Earth’s crust through which lava, volcanic ash, and gases escape
- 17. Where are Active Volcanoes usually located? 17
- 18. RING OF FIRE 18
- 19. RING OF FIRE • A path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. • 75% of Earth’s volcanoes ----- more than 450 volcanoes ----- and 90% of Earth’s earthquakes occur along its path • The abundance of volcanoes and earthquakes along the Ring of Fire is caused by the amount of movement of tectonic plates in the area. The plates along the Ring of Fire are actively moving. 19
- 20. VOLCANIC HOTSPOTS an area in the mantle from which heat rises as a thermal plume from deep in the Earth. High heat and lower pressure at the base of the lithosphere (tectonic plate) facilitates melting of the rock. This melt, called magma, rises through cracks and erupts to form volcanoes. 20
- 21. 21
- 22. MOUNTAIN RANGE • Mountains that are connected to each other. 22
- 23. Where can you find mountain ranges? 23
- 24. What can you say about the distribution or location of earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain ranges? 24
- 26. APPLICATION • What will you experience if you live near volcanoes or along plate boundaries? • What can you do to lessen the damage caused by volcanic activity and earthquakes? 26
- 27. Summary Most volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain ranges form along plate boundaries where there are movements that occur. Where there are volcanoes, there are lots of earthquakes. Presentation title 27
- 28. Thank you CHRISTINE JOY M. GIMENO
Editor's Notes
- Strongest vibrations are felt in the epicenter
- All places that surround the epicenter will feel vibrations depending on how near they are from the epicenter.
- Most of the earthquakes happened on the edges of the plates