Earth-and-Life-Science-Q1-Week-8.pdf

NATURAL HAZARDS
for Earth and Life Science/Grade 11
Quarter 1/ Module 8
NegOr_Q1_Earth and LifeSci11_SLKWeek8_v2

FOREWORD
This self-learning kit will serve as a guide to describe the
various hazards that may happen in the event of earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions and landslides.
In this learning kit the learners will be gained knowledge in
describing the various hazards that may happen in the event of
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides.
This self-learning kit also aims to give awareness and
practice preparedness of the learners to their environment in
times of tropical cyclone, monsoon, floods, and ipo-ipo.

LEARNING COMPTENCIES:
◆ Describe the various hazards that may happen in the event of
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides.
(MELC) S11/12ES-If-30
◆ Using hazard maps, identify areas prone to hazards brought
about by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.
(MELC) S11/12 ES-1f-31
◆ Using hazard maps, identify areas prone to hazards brought
about by tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods and ipo-ipo.
(MELC) S11/12ES-Ig-36
I. WHAT HAPPENED
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
K: Identify the various hazards of earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions and landslides.
S: Describe the attributes/behavior and danger of each
natural hazard.
A: Manifest awareness by suggesting ways to help lessen
the occurrence of landslides in your community.

Activity 1. HAZZ-MATH!
Directions. Observe the images below and identify what natural
disaster (Ex. earthquake, hurricane, tsunami, landslide, volcanic
eruption, flood, etc.) are the images “summing” up to be. Write
your answer on your notebook or activity sheet.
Combo #1
https://www.change.org/p/denr-stop-the-cruel-act-of-deforestation
https://www.dw.com/en/typhoon-mangkhut-makes-landfall-in-philippines/a-45492945
Combo #2
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/502714377151701912/
https://www.insider.com/best-beaches-in-world-2018-according-to-travel-experts-2018-11
Combo #3
https://www.rankred.com/magma-has-more-water-content/ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-51087672
Activity 2.

Analyze the scenario picture, and answer on tour notebook.
http://ensignsafety.in/hazards_blog.html
1) Why do you think that the scenario shown above portray
the word “hazard”?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
________________________________________________.
2) Enumerate the hazards shown in the picture.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

In the context of disaster risk reduction, the United Nations International
Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), defines hazard as “a dangerous
event that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, as well as
damage or loss of property, infrastructure, livelihoods and services, social and
economic disruption and, or environmental damage.”
Having defined the term ‘hazard’, carefully observe around your
immediate vicinity. Can you identify some hazards around? That’s right! There
can be several hazards surrounding us anytime and anywhere we go. In this
module, we will particularly look at natural hazards caused by geological
processes namely, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides.
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
GROUND SHAKING – it is the first main
earthquake hazard characterized by
mild to intense movement (shaking)
of the earth’s crust (ground). The
shaking can damage buildings and
other structures
https://filipiknow.net/earthquake-in-the-philippines/
LIQUEFACTION – it is when the sand or soil
and rising groundwater mixing together due
to intense earthquakes. During liquefaction,
the ground becomes very soft like a
quicksand, so that structures or buildings
above the ground may begin to tip over,
lean sideways, or even sink significantly. https://designfloor.org/soil-liquefaction/
GROUND DISPLACEMENT – the
second main earthquake hazard;
also referred to as surface rupture

which is characterized by ground movement along a fault.
https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/20683/20190423/the-big-
one-philippines-project-a-death-toll-of-34-000-from-possible-
quake.htm
FLOODING – the third main earthquake
hazard is flooding as an earthquake can
rupture or break dams or leeves along a
river. The water from the river or reservoir
would then flood the area, damaging
buildings, vegetations, nearby villages
and sweeping away or drowning people.
https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/14/asia/new-zealand-
earthquake/index.html
Tsunamis and Seiches can also cause a
great deal of damage. A tsunami is what
most people call a tidal wave, but it has
nothing to do with the tides on the ocean.
It is a huge wave caused by an
earthquake under the ocean. Tsunamis
can be tens of feet high when they hit the
shore and can do enormous damage to
the coastline. Seiches are like small
tsunamis. They occur on lakes that are
shaken by the earthquake and are usually
only a few feet high, but they can still
flood or knock down houses, and tip over
trees.
FIRE - The fourth main earthquake hazard is
fire. These fires can be started by broken
gas lines and power lines, or tipped over
wood or coal stoves. They can be a serious
problem, especially if the water lines that
feed the fire hydrants are broken, too. For
example, after the Great San Francisco
Earthquake in 1906, the city burned for
https://www.india.com/news/world
/tsunami-alert-issued-after-7-9-
magnitude-earthquake-hits-papua-
new-guinea-1774222/

three days. Most of the city was destroyed and 250,000 people were left
homeless.
Most of the hazards to people come from man-made structures
themselves and the shaking they receive from the earthquake. The real
dangers to people are being crushed in a collapsing building, drowning
in a flood caused by a broken dam or levee, getting buried under a
landslide, or being burned in a fire.
HAZARDS DUE TO VOLCANIC ERUPTION
PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS -
Pyroclastic density currents are are
gravity-driven, rapidly moving,
ground-hugging mixtures of rock
fragments and hot gases. This
mixture forms a dense fluid that
moves along the ground with an
upper part that is less dense as
particles fall toward the ground.
The behavior of the fluid depends
upon the solids concentration
relative to the amount of hot gases (i.e., solids-gas ratio). High concentration
density flows are called "pyroclastic flows" and are essentially nonturbulent and
confined to valleys. Low concentration density flows are called "pyroclastic
surges" which can expand over hill and valley like hurricanes.
LAHARS – Lahars, also known as “mudflows” are part of the family of debris
flows that are fluids composed of mixtures of water and particles of all sizes
from clay-size to gigantic boulders. The
abundance of solid matter carries the
water, unlike watery floods where water
carries the fragments. Lahars are
composed of volcanic particles and
originate directly or indirectly from
volcanic action. Lahars can form by hot
pyroclastic surges or flows entering

watershed systems or flowing over snow and ice, by eruptions through crater
lakes, by heavy rains on loose volcanic debris.
LAVA FLOWS - Lava flows rarely threaten human life because lava usually
moves slowly, a few centimeters per hour for silicic flows to several
km/hour for basaltic flows. Major hazards of lava flows include burying,
crushing, covering, burning
everything in their path. Sometimes
lava melts ice and snow to cause
floods and lahars. Lava flows can
destroy dam rivers to form lakes
that might overflow and break their
dams causing floods.
TEPHRA FALLS AND BALLISTIC
PROJECTILES - Tephra consists of
pyroclastic fragments of any size and
origin. It is a synonym for "pyroclastic
material." Tephra ranges in size from
ash (less than 2 mm) to a lapilli (2-64
mm) to blocks and bombs (greater
than 64 mm). Densities vary greatly,
from that of pumice (less than 0.5 mm) to solid pieces of lava and
boulders of hot volcanic rocks. They also travel in high speeds and carries
great momentum as it falls. Many of the hazards of tephra falls can be
mitigated with proper planning and preparation.
VOLCANIC GAS - Magma is molten rock containing dissolved gases that
are released to the atmosphere during an eruption and while the
magma lies close to the surface from
hydrothermal systems. The most
abundant volcanic gas is water
vapor; other important gases are

carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide,
chlorine, and fluorine. The gases are transported away from vents as
acid aerosols, as compounds adsorbed on tephra and as microscopic
salt particles. Sulfur compounds, chlorine and fluorine react with water to
form poisonous acids.
TSUNAMIS - A tsunami is a long-period sea wave or wave train generated
by a sudden displacement of water. Tsunamis travel at very high speeds
through deep water as low broad waves and build to great heights as
they approach the shallow bottom of shores. Most are caused by fault
displacements on the sea floor, but many have been caused by
volcanic action. The eruption of Krakatau in 1883 produced tsunamis
that killed 36,000 people. The pyroclastic flow generated by this eruption
displaced the water that initiated the tsunamis.
HAZARDS OF LANDSLIDES -
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/291397038360033608/
HAZARDS OF LANDSLIDES
What is a Landslide?
The term "landslide" describes a wide variety of processes that result in
the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials including
rock, soil, artificial fill, or a combination of these. The materials may move by
falling, toppling, sliding, spreading, or flowing. Although there are multiple
types of causes of landslides, the three that cause most of the damaging
landslides around the world are (1) water; (2) seismic activity; and (3) volcanic
activity. The accompanying image is a graphic illustration of a landslide, with
the commonly
accepted
terminology
describing its
features.

https://www.idahogeology.org/landslide-hazards
ROCKFALL - A rockfall is a sudden fall or
collapse of a large mass of material
from a precipitous position. Rockfalls
occur along cliffs or very steep slopes
where masses of rock can detach and
begin a free-fall, often combined with a
bouncing or rolling descent. No slip-
plane or surface of flow is involved.
Rockfalls are rapid, and because of
their speed and sudden occurrence,
they are very dangerous.
TOPPLE - Toppling failures are
distinguished by the forward rotation of
a unit or units about some pivotal point,
below or low in the unit, under the
actions of gravity and forces exerted by
adjacent units or by fluids in cracks.
DEBRIS FLOW - A debris flow is a form of rapid mass
movement in which a combination of loose soil, rock,
organic matter, air, and water mobilize as a slurry
that flows downslope. Debris flows include less than
50% fines. Debris flows are commonly caused by
intense surface-water flow, due to heavy
precipitation, that erodes and mobilizes loose soil or
rock on steep slopes. Debris flows also commonly
mobilize from other types of landslides that occur on
steep slopes, are nearly saturated, and consist of a
large proportion of silt- and sand-sized material. A

variety of very rapid to extremely rapid debris flow is known as DEBRIS
AVALANCHE.
The hazards discussed above are natural consequences which are
greatly influenced by what is known as geological processes. Geological
processes are events that occur on a geological timescale ranging between
millions of centuries, hundreds of meters, and thousands of kilometers vital in
sustaining all life forms on Earth. Without these natural forces, our planet would
not have been any different from the rest of the celestial bodies in the known
universe.
Knowing that these hazards pose massive damage, it is important that
we take proactive steps to ensure our safety and that of others in our
community. There are certainly preventive measures we can undertake as well
as counter measures during and after these natural calamities.
EFFECTS OF LANDSLIDE
1. Anything on top of or in the path of a landslide will suffer damage.
2. Rubble may block roads, lines of communication or waterways.
3. Indirect effect may include loss of productivity of agricultural or forest lands.
4. Reduced property values, destruction of infrastructures.
5. Flooding
6. Casualties- fatalities may occur due to slope failure.
• Hydrometeorological hazard – is a condition or an event that may cause harm to
property and life as a result of a hydrometeorological process such as tropical
cyclone, monsoon, flood, and ipo-ipo.
• Tropical cyclone or bagyo - a rapidly rotating low-pressure system that forms over
tropical oceans.

Source: https://int.search.myway.com/
FIVE CATEGORIES OF TROPICAL CYCLONES BASED ON THEIR WINDSPEED
PUBLIC STORM WARNING SYSTEM
Level Wind and Lead Time
1 30-60 km/h ; within 36 hours
TROPICAL CYCLONES AND WINDSPEED
Type Sustained Wind Near the Center
Tropical Depression 30-60 km/h
Tropical Storm 61-88 km/h
Severe Tropical Storm 89-117 km/h
Typhoon 118-219 km/h
Super Typhoon Faster than 220 km/h

5 Faster than 220 km/h ; within 12 hours
Guidelines With Regards To Class Suspension Adopted
By Department Of Education
• PSWS 1 – all classes in kindergarten are suspended
• PSWS 2 – all classes in elementary and high school are suspended
• PSWS 3 – all classes in all levels, including college and graduate schools are
suspended.
• Tropical Cyclone Hazards
- Tropical cyclones or typhoons bring about hazards that may cause adverse
effects on organisms and their environment.
TROPICAL CYCLONE HAZARDS:
1. A flood is an overflow of water over a normally dry land. Due to heavy rainfall
brought by a typhoon, the water levels in dams and rivers increase. The water
then overflows to nearby land areas. A flood can damage houses, buildings, and
bridges. Flash flood, which is a sudden, rapid flooding, may cause drowning and
fatal injuries.

4. A storm surge is an abnormal rise of sea water due to a typhoon. It is
created when water is being pushed toward the shore by the force of the
winds moving in a circular manner. It ravages beaches and coastal areas.
5. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind in the South and Southeast Asia. It
brings a different kind of weather depending on where it comes from. When it
blows from the southwest between May and September, it brings rainy
weather. When it blows from the northeast between October and April, it
brings dry weather. In the Philippines, the southwest monsoon brings about
heavy rainfall.

https://unsplash.com/photos/AFbg6jwoSpQ
c. An ipo-ipo (tornado) is a violently spinning wind on land that appears like
a funnel-shaped cloud. It can destroy large buildings, uproot trees, and hurl
vehicles.
Ipo-Ipo Hazard
The strong whirling wind can lift and hurl objects it encounters no matter how
heavy the object is. It causes destruction of houses, buildings, dams, and
bridges. The lifted objects may also cause injuries and death upon impact
PRACTICAL WAYS YOU CAN DO BEFORE A TROPICAL CYCLONE OR
MONSOON:
Before the Tropical Cyclone or Monsoon
• Prepare an emergency supply kit. It must include non-perishable food, water, first aid
kit, clothes, a battery-operated radio, flashlights and extra batteries, and a whistle.
• Make sure you have an adequate supply of non-perishable food and clean water
at home.
• If you live in a place that is in the path of the cyclone or monsoon, close all doors
and windows.
• Check your drainage system at home. An efficient drainage system will lessen the
chance of flooding and leaks.
• Check to see if there is a need to fix roofs, ceilings, doors, and windows.
• Frequently listen to the weather reports.
• Charge up emergency lights, electronic communication devices such as
cellphones, and power banks. There is a high probability of power
• outage due to strong winds and heavy rainfall.

PRACTICAL WAYS YOU CAN DO DURING, AND AFTER A
TROPICAL CYCLONE OR MONSOON:
During the Tropical Cyclone or Monsoon
• Closely monitor weather reports for updated information on the tropical
cyclone (storm signal numbers or storm surge advisory) or monsoon.
• If you are in an area being directly hit by the hazard, stay indoors as
much as possible.
• Evacuate when necessary and bring your emergency supply kit.
• In case of a threat of a storm surge, evacuate to a place higher than
500 meters from the coast.
After the Tropical Cyclone or Monsoon
• If your house was heavily damaged, ask for the advice of authorities
regarding its safety and stability. Do not go inside the house if you are
uncertain of its condition.
• Check gas, water, and electrical lines for any damage.
• Beware of animals such as snakes that may have entered your house.
• Wear protective gears when cleaning up debris.
• Some roads may be closed due to flood. If you come upon a
barricade or a flooded road, turn around and use another route.
PRACTICAL WAYS YOU CAN DO BEFORE FLOODS:
Flood
Flooding is the overflowing of water on normally dry land. It has been
one of the most costly disasters in terms of damage to property and loss of
life. The most common cause of death associated with flood is drowning.
Here are the practical ways you can do before, during, and after a flood:
Before the Flood
• Create a family disaster plan. Designate a contact person who can be
reached and discuss where you will meet if family members are
separated.
• Closely monitor weather reports for information on the possibility of
flooding.
• Identify a safe place for evacuation and alternative routes that are not
prone to flooding.
• If a flash flood warning is issued in your area, evacuate to a safe place
immediately.

• If flood alert is issued in your area, move valuables and furniture to higher
levels and disconnect electrical appliance.
• Prepare and emergency kit and supplies like food and water.
PRACTICAL WAYS YOU CAN DO DURING, AND AFTER FLOODS:
During the Flood
• If you see any signs of flood, turn off the main source of electricity and go
to a higher place such as the second floor or attic.
• Do not wade along flooded areas to keep yourself from having water-
borne diseases.
• In case you need to pass through the flood, wear protective gears such as
boots and raincoats.
• Follow any evacuation orders.
• Watch out for live wires or any electrical outlet submerged in water.
• If you are inside a vehicle and water rises around it, leave it immediately.
Climb to higher ground as quickly as possible.
• If you see someone falls or is trapped in flood water, do not go after the
victim. Throw the victim a floatation device such as tire, large ball, or ice
chest. Then ask help from a trained rescuer.
After the Flood
• Have an electrician inspect your house wirings and electrical outlets before
using them.
• Clean up your house. Dispose of things that may be used by mosquitoes to
breed like water vase and anything that can hold stagnant water.
• Boil water before drinking because it may have been contaminated.
• Do not go or return to flooded areas until the authorities say that it is safe to
do so.

POST-ACTIVITY
Procedure:
• Study the Map of Negros Oriental below.
• Identify the different municipalities/cities that are prone to earthquakes,
floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions and typhoons.
• Write the answers in your notebook or activity sheet.
https://int.search.myway.com/
• What will you do whenever there is a calamity in your locality?
• How can you hasten the occurrence of these calamities?

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Post Test: Write your answers in your notebook or activity sheet.
Directions. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if incorrect.
___________1. Pyroclastic density currents are debris flows that are fluids
composed of mixtures of water and particles of all sizes from clay-
size to gigantic boulders.
__________2. Hazards only pertain to things that are harmful and dangerous to
oneself.
__________3. Topple refers to sudden fall or collapse of a large mass of material
from a precipitous position.
__________4. Lahar or mudflows are forms of rapid mass movement in which a
combination of loose soil, rock, organic matter, air, and water
mobilize as a slurry that flows downslope.
__________5. Liquefaction occurs when there is massive ground movement
along a fault and is measured by how far the surface above a
faultline moves either horizontally or vertically relative to objects
or other landmarks nearby during an earthquake.
Directions. Choose the best answer to the statements below. Write the letter of
your choice.
6. Which continent has the greatest concentration of volcanoes?
a. Asia c. Antarctica
b. Africa d. North America
7. What is referred to be the primary earthquake hazard?
a. Liquefaction c. Surface rupture
b. Ground shaking d. Tsunami
8. It contains all pieces of fragments of rock ejected into the air by an
erupting volcano.
a. Pyroclastic density currents c. Lahar
b. Lava d. Tephra
9. Which world trench does not sit on the Ring of Fire?
a. Mariana’s Trench c. Aleutian Trench
b. Peru-Chile Trench d. South Sandwich Trench
10. All are catalysts of landslides, except:

a. typhoons c. seismic activity
b. volcanic activity d. water
11. What does the term monsoon mean?
a. storm surge c. extreme weather
b.seasonal wind d. prolonged drought
12. Wind speed that is greater than 220 km/h is
a. super typhoon b. typhoon
c. tropical storm d. tropical depression
13. What does PAR mean?
a. Philippine Are Ready
b. Philippine Area of Responsibility
c. Philippines Are you Ready Kids?
d. Philippines Areas of Responsibility
14. What force causes landslides?
a. inertia b. mass c. gravity d. magnetism
15. Which is the best way you can help to prepare for natural disasters?
a. watch your pets for any unusual behavior
b. always carry a pint of water with you
c. keep the windows closed at all times
d. Make an emergency supply kit with your family

REFERENCES
10 Deepest Parts of the Ocean, Retrieved July 7, 2020 from
https://www.marineinsight.com/know- more/10-deepest-parts-of-the-ocean/
Earthquake Hazards, Retrieved July 7, 2020 from https://crew.org/earthquake-
information/earthquake- hazards/
Earthquake Hazards 101 - the Basics, Retrieved July 7, 2020 from
https://www.usgs.gov/naturalhazards/earthquake-hazards/science/earthquake-hazards-
101-basics?qt- science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
Hazard, Retrieved July 7, 2020 from
https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/hazard#:~:text=Email%20sent!-
,Hazard,origin%20(UNISDR%2C%202016).
Hazardous Volcanic Events, Retrieved July 7, 2020 from
http://volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu/hazards.htm
I don't know where I'm a gonna go when the volcano blows, Retrieved July 7, 2020 from
http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/hazards/primer/
Landslide Hazards, Retrieved July 7, 2020 from
https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geohazards/landslidehazards.htm#:~:text=Cont
act%20Us,Landsli
de%20Hazards,shallow%20debris%20flows%2C%20and%20avalanches.
Landslide Hazards, Retrieved July 7, 2020 from
https://www.idahogeology.org/landslide-hazards
Landslide Hazard Information, Retrieved July 7, 2020 from
https://geology.com/usgs/landslides/
Tephra Fall Is a Widespread Volcanic Hazard, Retrieved July 14, 2020 from
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/cvo/cascade_tephra.html
Volcanic Hazards, Retrieved July 7, 2020 from
https://geology.com/volcanoes/volcanic-hazards/
Volcanoes and The Ring of Fire, Retrieved July 14, 2020 from
https://sites.google.com/site/volcanoesandtheringoffireurja/what-is-the-ring/countries-in-
the-ring-of-fire
What are Earthquake Hazards?, Retrieved July 7, 2020 from
http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/hazards.html

What are the hazards from volcanoes?, Retrieved July 7, 2020 from
https://chis.nrcan.gc.ca/volcano- volcan/hazard-risque-en.php
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Division of Negros Oriental
SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
FAY C. LUAREZ, PHD, EDD, TM
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief
NILITA L. RAGAY, EDD
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator
ROSELA R. ABIERA
LR Manager/LRMDS
ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO
MARICEL S. RACID
Librarian
HENDELBERT P. BARNIDO
Writer
______________________________________
MEMBERS OF THE BETA QUALITY ASSURANCE TEAM
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
MIEL C. PACULANANG
ARJIE T. PALUMPA
MEMBERS OF THE ALPHA QUALITY ASSURANCE TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO
DISCLAIMER
The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible learning
modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module are carefully
researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were
clearly instructed to give credits to information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to
copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

SYNOPSIS
This module introduces the concept of hazard in order to contextually
discuss the different natural hazards of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and
landslides, all of which being part of the planet’s geological make-up.
It is indeed fascinating to grasp that, while these geological processes
can be extremelydangerous to us and to all the progress we have through
centuries, the same are the forces that sustain the existence and well-being of
our planet.
We sure have the responsibility to give back to Nature every little thing we
can to help restore its vibrance because there is nothing like our Earth in all of
cosmos.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Writer: HENDELBERT P. BARNIDO, a graduate of Bachelor of
Science in Nursing at University of Negros Occidental-Recolletos.
Earned his Bachelor in Secondary units at St. Joseph College of
Canlaon. Inc. Currently assigned as a Senior High School teacher
at Jose B. Cardenas Memorial High School-Main Campus.
Designated as the Grade 11 HUMSS - C adviser, Culture and Arts
coordinator, P.E. coordinator, DRRM coordinator and Dance Club
adviser. Pursues a Master’s Degree at Central Philippines State
University.

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