Earth-and-Life-Science-Q1-Week-6-22.pdf

1 NegOr_Q1_Earth and LifeSci11_SLKWeek6_v2
SSTRATIFICATION OF ROCKS
AND TYPES OF DATING
for Earth & Life Science/ Grade 11
Quarter 1/ Week 6
NegOr_Q1_Earth and LifeSci11_SLKWeek6_v2

FOREWORD
Dear students of Senior High School. Welcome back to this
week’s self-learning kit where you will journey to the new lesson. This
learning kit will serve as a guide in understanding deeply the concepts
on stratification and dating of rocks.
In this learning kit the students will gain knowledge in explaining
the stratification or layering of rocks through the deposition, generally
of sedimentary rocks. It will also broaden your ideas on the factors
which cause the formation of layers of rocks and how rock
stratification will be useful in understanding past environments. It will
also describe the laws which help in explaining how rocks are formed
and changed over time as well as the means of identifying the age
or time rocks are formed, by means of relative dating and absolute
dating. Activities and post evaluation are included to make learning
more fun and exciting.
Hence, this learning kit will be your aid as you embark new
scientific words, ideas and enrich your existing knowledge about
scientific concepts.
The author of this module has been an experienced teacher in
the field of Biology and teaching core and applied subjects in the
Senior High Curriculum.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
Describe how the layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed. (S11ES-IIh-35)
Describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the
age of stratified rocks (S11ES-IIh-i-36)
I. WHAT HAPPENED
Let’s Have Fun: FOUR- PICS, ONE- WORD
Directions. Analyze carefully the pictures below. Guess the word being described
from the pictures. Clues are given using the jumbled letters provided. Write your
answer in your notebook.
Source:
1. https://amayei.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/2020/06/poultry.jpg
2.https://www.google.com/search?q=cakes&tbm=isch&tbs=rimg:CV1E0nJ_1b1xuYSVnoNpeHfxo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCQQuIIBahcKEwjo7-
qGl5LtAhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQDA&biw=1007&bih=415#imgrc=zGPpCJLIgUI34M
3. https://www.learner.org/series/interactive-rock-cycle/
4. https://newsela.com/read/lib-dating-fossils/id/53741/
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
K: explain how relative and absolute dating are used in determining the age
of stratified rock,
S: describe the general rules, or laws, that are used to determine how rocks
were created and how they changed through time; and
A: value the importance of scientific developments in dating rock materials
and discoveries of events both in the past and at present.
1.
R N L O A C H E Y A
1 2
3
4
Answer:
____ ____ ____ ____ ____

II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
Kindly take a closer look at the picture below. What you see is
the layer formation of rocks, particularly sedimentary rocks.
Figure 1: Rock Layer Formation
At a glance, the rocks from the picture are stratified. In other
words, they contain layers. Stratified rock is made of visible layers of
sediment. This layering is caused by different factors but can you easily
guess how long has this rock or layers of rocks existed? We will explore
the answers to those questions throughout this module.
As an ordinary individual, we cannot tell, even hardly guess the
age of a rock by looking at it. However, geologists and paleontologists
could give the ages of the objects or materials they discovered, and
time of events that happened in the past considering that they were
not present on that particular time of event. And so we ask, how were
they able to determine the age of the rocks and fossils in general?
Geologists often need to know the age of material that they
find. Geologic age dating is assigning an age to materials. There are
two types of age determinations. Geologists in the late 18th and early
Source: https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/layered-rock-formation-folds-on-thailand-550825489

19th century studied rock layers and the fossils in them to determine
relative age.
Relative dating is the process of determining if one rock or
geologic event is older or younger than another, without knowing
their specific ages like how many years ago the object was formed. It
is like saying that your granny is older than you.
The following are the principles in relative dating.
Stratigraphy is the science of understanding the variations in the
successively layered character of rocks and their composition.
These rocks may be sedimentary, volcanic, metamorphic or igneous
(see Figure 1).
By definition, stratification is the layering that occurs in most
sedimentary rocks and in those igneous rocks formed at
the Earth’s surface, as from lava flows and volcanic fragmental
deposits. This layered structure is formed by the deposition of
sedimentary rocks.
The thickness of the layers varies in millimetres as well as in shape.
The layers may also extend few meters laterally or may cover in many
square kilometres.
Source: (https://www.britannica.com/science/stratification-geology)

Source:https://www.britannica.com/science/stratification-geology
Figure 2: Stratification of Rocks
As the sedimentary rocks formed are laid down in layers over the
course of time, these sediment layers create the banding pattern
visible in stratified rock. It also tells us that the sediments will show
about the environment in which the rock was formed
(https://www.britannica.com/science/stratification-geology).
For example, if we have a layer of shale overlain by a layer of
limestone, then we know the environment was once mud-covered
before flooding and growing into a shallow sea. This is because shale
forms from old mud flats and limestone forms in shallow seas.
Figure 3: An Example of Shale
There are agents which cause the different groups of sediments
to be deposited, like wind, water, ice, and/or gravity at different
Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/shale-rock-4165848

Source:
http://geologylearn.blogspot.com/2015/03/san
dstone.html
intervals of time and compacted on top of each other, until they
create a sedimentary rock that has several different types of
sediments (possibly from different rock types) in the form of layers.
With the passage of time and the accumulation of more
particles, and often with chemical changes, the sediments at the
bottom of the pile become rock.
The pictures below show examples of sediment accumulation
where gravel becomes a rock called conglomerate, sand becomes
sandstone, mud becomes mudstone or shale, and the animal
skeletons and plant pieces can become fossils.
Figure 4: Rock Samples Formed by Sedimentation
Danish scientist Nicholas Steno studied the relative positions of
sedimentary rocks and he found that solid particles settle from a fluid
according to their relative weight or size. The largest, or heaviest, settle
first, and the smallest, or lightest, settle last. Slight changes in particle
size or composition result in the formation of layers, also called beds,
in the rock. Layering, or bedding, is the most obvious feature of
sedimentary rocks (https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/fossils/rocks-layers.html).
It has been observed that sedimentary rocks are formed particle
by particle and bed by bed, and the layers are piled one on top of
Conglomerate Rock Sandstone Mudstone
Source:
https://www.sandatlas.org/conglomerate/
Source:
https://www.geologysuperstore.com/ind
ex.php/mudstone.html

the other. Thus, in any sequence of layered rocks, a given bed must
be older than any bed on top of it.
The Law of Superposition stated
that in a sequence of sedimentary rock
layers, each layer of rock is older than
the layer above it and younger than the
rock layer below it.
Try to imagine piling a stack of
books, one book laid on the table and
another book is put on top of the first
book, then another. There must be an
existing book to begin with the stacking
of books. Meaning, a layer of rocks must
exist first before another layer is laid next
to it. The once at the bottom layer is older
than the layer on top.
Layered rocks form when particles
settle from water or air. With that
observation, Steno proposed the Law of
Original Horizontality which states that
most sediments, when originally formed,
were laid down horizontally. Because of
the Law of Original Horizontality, we know that sedimentary rocks that
are not horizontal either were formed in special ways or, more often,
were moved from their horizontal position by later events, such as
tilting during episodes of mountain building. Thus, many layered rocks
are no longer horizontal.
Instead of the assumed horizontal layer formation of the rocks,
rocks are moved from their horizontal position which leads us to
another idea of the Law of Lateral Continuity. The Law of Lateral
Continuity suggests that all rock layers are laterally continuous and
may be broken up or displaced by later events.
Figure 6: Law of Original
Horizontality
Figure 5: Law of Superposition
Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=law%20of%20original
%20horizontality%20examples&tbm=isch&hl=en&ved=0CJkBEK
zcAigBahcKEwiYu6qtkKLqAhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAg&biw=1349
&bih=564
Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=law%20of%20origina
l%20horizontality%20examples&tbm=isch&hl=en&ved=0CJkB
EKzcAigBahcKEwiYu6qtkKLqAhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAg&biw=
1349&bih=564

This can happen when a river or stream erodes a portion of the
rock layers. This can also happen when faulting occurs. Faulting
causes displacement in rock units.
Figure 7: Law of
Lateral
Continuity
Another
illustration here (Fig. 7,
right) shows the offset
between the layers
signified by
the black
line cutting across the rocks. Trace the colors or letters across to find
the layers that match. The rock layers on the top seem to form a valley
but we can tell that Unit I (dark blue) on one side is the same as the
Unit I (dark blue) on the other side. There is missing rock in between
and a displacement caused by deformation.
Inclusions are pieces of an older rock that are contained inside
of a younger rock. A rock layer that contains inclusions must be
younger than the rock from which the pieces came. Rock B is older
than Rock D. A piece of the older rock is included inside of the
younger rock.
Figure 7. Inclusions.
https://igws.indiana.edu/outreach/WhichCameFirst.pdf
An unconformity is a surface of erosion or non-deposition that
separates rock layers of considerably different ages. There are three
different types of unconformities.
Source: https://www.kisscc0.com/clipart/principle-of-
lateral-continuity-rock-geology-strat-pzmszs/
Source: https://i1.wp.com/timescavengers.blog/wp-
content/uploads/2017/02/bedding-
relationshipsletters.png?ssl=1

1. An angular unconformity occurs when horizontal sedimentary rock
is deposited on top of tilted and eroded rock layers. The lower older
layers are inclined by folding or faulting, then eroded, and younger
sediments are later deposited on top of the erosional surface.
Siccar Point in Scotland is an
angular unconformity where
older vertical sedimentary
rocks are overlain by
younger slightly inclined
sedimentary rocks. Photo by
Stuart Sutherland,
Wikimedia Commons.
2. A disconformity occurs when horizontal sedimentary rock is
deposited on top of an older eroded sedimentary rock. The parallel
strata are separated by an erosional surface.
The massive cliffs at Shades
State Park are a
disconformity where
Mississippian-age siltstone is
overlain by significantly
younger Pennsylvanian-age
sandstone.
3. A nonconformity occurs when horizontal sedimentary rock is
deposited on top of older eroded igneous or metamorphic rock. The
rock types are separated by an erosional surface.
The Grand Canyon is a nonconformity where Precambrian age
metamorphic rocks are overlain by horizontal Cambrian-age
sedimentary rocks. Photo by James St. John, Wikimedia Commons.

During the 19th
Century, scientists become
more precise in determining
rock ages. Because science advances as technology advances, the
discovery of radioactivity in the late 1800s provided scientists with a
new scientific tool called radioisotopic dating. Using this new
technology, they could assign specific time units, in this case years, to
mineral grains within a rock. These numerical values are not
dependent on comparisons with other rocks such as with relative
dating, so this dating method is called absolute dating. In other words,
absolute dating is determining the actual age of an event or object
in years. It is like saying, you are 17 years old and your granny is 67
years old. With absolute age dating, you get a real age in actual
years.
There are several types of absolute dating but let us focus on a
few of the common methods here.
Absolute dating is based either on fossils which are recognized
to represent a particular interval of time, or on radioactive decay of
specific isotopes. Scientists often use radioactive isotopes (atoms of
the same element that have a different number of neutrons) to find
the absolute age of rocks and other materials. Fossils the age of
sedimentary rock can be determined using fossils.
Sedimentary rock layers and the fossils within them cannot be dated
directly. But igneous rock layers on either side of a fossil layer can be
dated radiometrically. Once the older and younger rock layers are
dated, scientists can assign an absolute age range to the
sedimentary rock layer containing the fossils.

Index fossils are fossils used to estimate the absolute age of the
rock layers in which they are found. Once the absolute age of an
index fossil is known, it can be used to determine the age of rock
layers containing the same fossil anywhere on Earth.
Here are some characteristics of an index fossil:
✓ The organism from which it formed must have lived during a
relatively short geologic time span.
✓ It must be relatively common and must be found over a large
area.
✓ It must also have features that make them different from
other fossils.
Table 1: Common Index Fossils
Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=index+fossils+images&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiTm5f-m4HrAhX6zIsBHReCDCsQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=index+fossils+images&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQGDoCCAA6BAgAEB46BggAEAUQHlDSoQRYvr0EYMi-
BGgAcAB4AIABdYgBjg2SAQQ0LjEymAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=EygpX9PFJ_qZr7wPl4Sy2AI&bih=603&biw=134
9#imgrc=PQuIG6FuycHcvM&imgdii=PL_PDg5a6BEU-M
Index fossils act as markers for the time that the organisms were
alive on Earth. Index fossils can also be used to date rocks in separate
areas. The appearance of the same index fossil in rock of different
areas shows that the rock layers formed at about the same time.
Radioactive Decay and Half life

The absolute age of rock can be determined using radioactive
decay.
Radioactive isotopes are isotopes that are unstable and
break down into other isotopes by a process called radioactive
decay (shown in the figure below). The radioactive isotope is called
the parent isotope, and the stable isotope formed by its breakdown
is called the daughter isotope.
Half-life is the time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive
element to undergo radioactive decay and form daughter isotopes.
After one half-life has passed, one-half of the parent isotope has
changed into daughter isotopes (shown in table 2 below).
Table 2: Isotopes and Half-life of some elements
Source:
https://www.google.com/search?q=half+life+geology&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjU0oCil77qAhVKbJQKHaD7CdEQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=half+life+geology&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgQIABAYMgQIABAYOgQIABBDUKYfWLQ
wYJI1aABwAHgAgAHhAYgBmwiSAQUwLjcuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1n&sclient=img&ei=igIGX9TlB8rY0QSg
96eIDQ&bih=564&biw=1366#imgrc=717kWcBh3nkUHM&imgdii=DP-ZOv3_bKsFkM
Figure 8: Radioactive Decay

Finding the absolute age of a sample by determining the
relative percentages of a radioactive parent isotope and a stable
daughter isotope is called radiometric dating. Igneous rocks are the
best types of rock samples to use for radiometric dating. When
igneous rocks form, minerals in them often contain only a parent
isotope and none of the daughter isotope.
Scientists use many different isotopes for radiometric
dating. The type of isotope used depends on the type of material
being dated. The half-life of the isotope used is also very important. It
cannot be too short or too long compared to the age of the sample.
Radiocarbon dating is a
method used for dating wood,
bones, shells, and other organic
remains. All living things have a
constant ratio of radioactive
carbon-14 to carbon-12.
➢ Once a plant or an
animal dies, no more carbon is
taken in. The ratio between the
isotopes changes because
carbon-14 undergoes radioactive
decay. Radiocarbon dating can
be used to date organic matter
Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=half+life+geology&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjU0oCil77qAhVKbJQKHaD7CdEQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=half+life+geology&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgQIABAYMgQIABAYOgQIABBDUKYfWLQwYJI1aABwAHg
AgAHhAYgBmwiSAQUwLjcuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1n&sclient=img&ei=igIGX9TlB8rY0QSg96eIDQ&bih=564&biw=1366
Source: https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/21-3-
radioactive-decay/
Figure 9: Radioactive decay in plants and
animals

only. This method is used to date things that lived in the last 45,000
years.
Activity 1.1: The Power Of Prediction!!
Directions: Observe carefully the following figures below. Identify
each figure what principle/law being illustrated and predict which
layer comes first (youngest) and last (oldest). Arrange them using the
“letters” labeled A, B, C, D and so on. Write your answers in your
notebook.
Law/ Principle: _____________________________
Youngest
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
Oldest
Figure 1.
Law/Principle: ____________________________
Youngest
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
Oldest
Figure 2.
Law/Principle: ____________________________
Youngest
1.______

2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
Figure 3. Oldest
Law/Principle: ____________________________
Youngest
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5. ______
Oldest
Figure 4.
III.MWHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Part 1. Let’s Rock and Decide!
Directions. Read the items below carefully. Write TRUE if the
statement conveys correct idea/s and write FALSE if it does not. Write
your answers in your notebook.
_________1. Beds of rock on top are usually younger than those
deposited below.
_________2. All rock layers are originally deposited horizontally and
can later be tilted.
_________3. The rock sediments could be deposited through various
ways at different intervals except current.
_________4. With the passage of time and the accumulation of more
particles, and often with chemical changes, the
sediments at the bottom of the pile become rock.

_________5. All rock layers are laterally continuous and may be broken
up or displaced by faulting.
_________6. Gravel is a type of sediment compacted over time,
becomes a rock called conglomerate, same as the sand
becomes sandstone.
Refer on the figure for Items 7-10.
_________7. Unit C (light green) is
older than Unit D (light
pink).
_________8. The black line crosses
the layer of the rocks
signifies an event where
the rock layer is eroded, for example by rivers or
streams of water.
_________9. The rock layers form a valley but it shows that Unit B
(brown) on one side is the same as the Unit B (brown) on
the other side. There is missing rock in between and a
displacement caused by deformation.
_________10. The displacement of rock portion is due to the faulting.
Part 2. Short answer.
Directions. Write your own understanding in 3-4 sentences of
the following terms. You will be rated using the rubric provided.
1. Absolute dating
2. Radiocarbon dating
3. Index fossils
B

Rubrics:
4 3 2 1
Presented a strong
understanding of
the topic
Presented a
understanding of
the topic
Presented an idea
but may not reflect
understanding of the
topic
Does not present an
idea of the topic
Spelling and
punctuation are all
correct
Spelling and
punctuation are
mostly correct
There are many errors
in spelling,
capitalization and
punctuation
The errors in
punctuation,
capitalization and
spelling disrupt
understanding of the
topic

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pxnmUmfDdZM

SYNOPSIS
This module talks about the
stratification or the layering of rocks.
This layering of rocks is due to the
deposition or accumulation of
sediments over a period of time. There
are various ways where sediments may
be deposited, either by or
combination of water, current, wind,
gravity or ice.
There are laws which were used
to determine how rocks were created
and how rocks changed over time.
These are the Law of Superposition,
Law of Original Horizontality and Law of
Lateral Continuity. Furthermore, age of
particular matter or rock layers for
instance, can be determined through
either relative or absolute dating.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
BERNADETTE NOVEM I. SARDON, is a licensed Professional
Teacher. She is a graduate of University of San Carlos with the degree
of Bachelor of Science in Biology. She is currently teaching at San
Miguel National High School as a Senior High teacher, at the same
time the Teacher-in-Charge of the same school. She has earned units
in Masters in Biology and Master of Education major in Guidance and
Psychology.
ANSWER KEY
Let’s Have Fun: FOUR PICS, ONE WORD
1. LAYER
Activity 1.1: The Power Of Prediction!!
Figure 1. Law of Superposition
A, B, C, D,
Figure 2. Principle of lateral continuity
A, E, D, C, B
Figure 3. Cross-Cut Relationship
A, F, E, C, D, B
Figure 4. Principle of Inclusion
E, D, A, B, C
Post Evaluation.
Part 1. Let’s Rock and Decide
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True
6. True
7. False
8. True
9. True
10. True
Part 2. Answers may vary. (1-3)

Division of Negros Oriental
SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, EDD, PHD
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief
NILITA L. RAGAY, EDD
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMDS)
ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
Education Program Supervisor - (SCIENCE/MATH)
MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)
ELMER L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)
BERNADETTE NOVEM I. SARDON
Writer
NOELYN E. SIAPNO
Lay-out Artist
_____________
BETA QA TEAM
JOAN Y. BUBULI
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
MIEL C. PACULANANG
ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
MARY JOYCEN A. ALAM-ALAM
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO
ARJIE T. PALUMPA
DISCLAIMER
The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible
learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module
are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers
and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information and illustrations used to substantiate this
material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written
consent from the division.

Earth-and-Life-Science-Q1-Week-6-22.pdf

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