Earth science 1.4
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Earth is a system made up of numerous interacting subsystems like the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. The sun provides the main energy input that drives processes in these subsystems, while Earth's interior is also an energy source. Humans affect Earth's system through activities that cause issues like pollution, acid rain, and global warming. Resources are either renewable over short time spans through natural processes, like plants and solar energy, or nonrenewable over millions of years, such as fossil fuels.
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2. Photosynthesis by plants (biosphere) releases oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Plants also take in water and minerals from the soil (geosphere) through their roots. Transpiration by plants releases water vapor into the air (hydrosphere), influencing the water cycle and climate.
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The document introduces Earth system science, which views Earth as an interconnected system rather than separate parts. It describes Earth's four spheres - the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere - and how they interact. It also outlines the scientific method and key terms used in Earth system science.
Chapter 56
The document summarizes the major compartments that make up the global ecosystem, including oceans, freshwaters, atmosphere, and land. It describes the flows of energy and materials between these compartments through biogeochemical cycles like the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. Human activities are impacting these natural cycles and global climate through fossil fuel usage and increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Environment and Chemistry Education
It's a piece of work which will be quite helpful for undergraduate or higher secondary students. Other may have a look. Actually it's a copy of one of my chemistry course's assignments. Have fun and download it.
Hydrological CycleThe Water Cycle Copy.docx
Hydrological Cycle
The Water Cycle
Copy the diagram above onto your worksheet underneath section 1.
Water Cycle Definitions
Condensation - the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water.
Evaporation - the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor.
Precipitation - water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail. It is the primary connection in the water cycle that provides for the delivery of atmospheric water to the Earth. Most precipitation falls as rain.
Percolation - The movement of water through fractures or interstices of a rock or soil.
Transpiration - the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. Transpiration is essentially evaporation of water from plant leaves.
Runoff - Flow of water over land surfaces (including paved surfaces), typically from precipitation.
Sublimation - is the conversion between the solid and the gaseous phases of matter, with no intermediate liquid stage.
Infiltration - Anywhere in the world, a portion of the water that falls as rain and snow infiltrates into the subsurface soil and rock.
Laws of Nature
The Law of Gravity
Gravity is a force of attraction between objects that pulls all objects on earth towards the center of the earth at a rate of 9.8 m/sec
Environmental Application
Our Freshwater and pollution go to the same place; rivers, lakes, aquifers, the lowest point
The Law of Matter
Matter can neither be created or destroyed.
Environmental Application
Once pollution is created it is very difficult to clean up because you have to have some way to rearrange the atoms, it won’t just disappear.
The First Law of Energy
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
Environmental Application
We can’t just magically make energy. Virtually all energy sources on earth originate from the sun.
The Second Law of Energy
Whenever energy is transferred some (on average about 90%) is lost as low quality heat energy.
Environmental Application
Since we are so lousy at transferring energy we consume a supply of energy approximately 10 times greater than we actually use to do the work necessary to stay alive.
Competitive Exclusion Principle
No two species can occupy the same niche. When a new specie is introduced to an already occupied niche, one of the following options will occur.
One or both species adapt to a new niche (usually takes thousands to millions of years)
One Species migrates to find a new unoccupied habitat and niche
One of the species goes (locally) extinct.
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Environmental Application
Invasive species put enormous pressure on native species. Modern day human civilization has created the greatest impact. Fragmenting most areas leaving native species to li.
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Biology 26.1
This document defines key terms related to the animal kingdom, including invertebrates, vertebrates, feedback inhibition, blastula, protostomes, deuterostomes, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, and more. It describes animals as multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs and outlines their essential functions of feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, and reproduction. Complex animals are noted to have high cell specialization, internal organization, bilateral symmetry, a head with sense organs, and a body cavity.
Biology 26.2
Sponges contain specialized cells like choanocytes that use flagella to move water through the sponge for feeding, respiration, circulation, and excretion. They have structures like spicules made of calcium carbonate or silica that form their skeleton, and archaeocytes that produce these spicules. Sponges reproduce through internal fertilization and larval stages, and some can form protective gemmules during unfavorable conditions.
Biology 22.5
Angiosperms are flowering plants that reproduce sexually through flowers. Flowers contain ovaries that surround and protect seeds. Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots based on whether their seeds have one cotyledon (monocot) or two cotyledons (dicot). Flowering plants can also be annuals, biennials, or perennials depending on whether their life cycle is one, two, or more than two years.
Earth science 13.1
The document discusses Precambrian time from 4.56 billion years ago until the Cambrian period over 4 billion years later. It describes shields as flat expanses of ancient metamorphic rock within continental interiors. Stromatolites are layered mounds formed from algae trapping sediment and calcium carbonate. Earth's original atmosphere lacked oxygen but primitive organisms evolved photosynthesis which began releasing oxygen into the atmosphere around 2.5 billion years ago.
Earth science 13.4
The Cenozoic Era saw the rise of mammals as the dominant land animal, replacing reptiles. Flowering plants known as angiosperms also became the dominant land plant over gymnosperms. Major geological events like mountain building, volcanism, and earthquakes occurred in western regions due to plate tectonics during this era. Mammals were better adapted than reptiles for more active lifestyles through bearing live young and maintaining steady body temperatures.
Earth science 13.2
The Paleozoic Era saw an explosion of life, as the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia formed most of the southern and northern portions of the supercontinent Pangea. During the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian periods, life was restricted to the seas surrounding Gondwana, which contained the continents of present-day South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and parts of Asia. By the end of the Paleozoic Era, around 400 million years ago, all continents had fused into the single landmass of Pangea, and plants first began moving from waterside habitats onto land.
Earth science 13.3
The Mesozoic era was the Age of Reptiles, where reptiles like dinosaurs quickly became the dominant land animals due to developing shelled eggs. Gymnosperms also dominated as the prominent plant during this time. A major geological event was the breakup of the supercontinent Pangea. Many reptile groups went extinct at the end of the Mesozoic era.
Earth science 9.1
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. Originally proposed by Wegener, it suggests the continents were part of a supercontinent called Pangaea approximately 200 million years ago that has since broken apart, moving the landmasses into their current positions. Fossil and rock evidence support this idea, including matching fossil organisms and mountain ranges found on separate continents today that indicate the continents were once joined.
Earth science 8.2
This document discusses seismograms and the different types of seismic waves that are recorded, including P waves, S waves, and surface waves. It explains that seismograms amplify and electronically record ground motion from earthquakes, allowing scientists to determine the epicenter location using travel time graphs from multiple seismographs. The document also covers historical intensity and magnitude scales used to describe earthquake size and introduces moment magnitude as the most widely used scale today because it estimates the energy released.
Biology 28 2 groups of arthropods
This document defines and describes key anatomical terms used to classify groups of arthropods. It discusses the cephalothorax, thorax, and abdomen found in crustaceans, as well as specific structures like the carapace, mandibles, chelipeds, swimmerets, chelicerae, pedipalps, and spinnerets. It concludes with three key concepts: arthropods are classified by body segments and appendages, especially mouthparts; crustaceans typically have two antennae, two or three body sections, and mandibles; and chelicerates have chelicerae mouthparts and two body sections, with nearly all having four pairs of walking legs.
Biology 2.4
Chemical reactions involve reactants being converted into products through breaking and forming chemical bonds, requiring a minimum amount of energy called the activation energy. Catalysts like enzymes speed up reactions by lowering this activation energy, with enzymes being protein catalysts that facilitate substrate reactions within cells.
Earth science 12.3
This document discusses radiometric dating and how it is used to determine the absolute ages of rocks and minerals. It explains key concepts such as radioactivity, half-life, and how comparing ratios of radioactive isotopes like carbon-14 and carbon-12 can be used to calculate radiocarbon dates for samples. Radiometric dating relies on the fact that radioactive isotopes decay at a constant rate and comparing the amounts of parent and daughter isotopes allows the age of a sample to be estimated.
Earth science 9.1
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. Originally proposed by Wegener, it suggests the continents were part of a supercontinent called Pangaea approximately 200 million years ago that has since broken apart, moving the landmasses into their current positions. Fossil and rock evidence support this idea, including matching fossil organisms and mountain ranges found on separate continents today that indicate the continents were once joined.
Earth science 7.3
Wind shapes landscapes through processes like deflation, desert pavement formation, and loess and dune deposition. Deflation is the lifting and removal of loose material by wind. Desert pavement is a layer of coarse pebbles created when wind removes finer material. Loess deposits are windblown silt deposits that form blanket-like layers, while dunes are ridges of wind-deposited sand that can vary in shape depending on wind and vegetation factors.
Earth science 7.2
Much of the weathered debris in deserts comes from mechanical weathering like alluvial fans formed where stream slopes abruptly decrease. While chemical weathering is less common, over long periods clays and thin soils can form. Desert streams are ephemeral, only flowing after rain, and often drying up before reaching oceans due to evaporation and soil infiltration. Most desert erosion comes from running water, though wind also erodes deserts, water does the most erosional work.
Earth science 7.1
Glaciers are large masses of ice that originate on land from compacted snow and move due to gravity. During an ice age, large ice sheets form on continents and flow outward, carving U-shaped valleys and depositing unsorted sediment called till. Valley glaciers are smaller glaciers confined to mountain valleys that flow due to plastic deformation and basal sliding between the ice and bedrock.
Earth science 6.3
Groundwater exists below the surface in the saturated zone where all spaces between rock and sediment are filled with water. The water table marks the top of this zone, and groundwater moves slowly through porous and permeable materials. Springs form where the water table intersects the surface, and overuse or contamination can threaten groundwater supplies in some areas. Karst regions have irregular terrain with sinkholes caused by erosion of soluble rock by groundwater in caverns below the water table.
Earth science 6.2
This document defines key terms related to streams and their processes, including bed load, capacity, alluvium, delta, natural levee, floodplain, flood, drainage basin, divide. It also describes concepts such as how streams erode and deposit sediment according to flow velocities, and how flooding occurs and can be mitigated. The overall work of streams is to shape the landscape through erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediment within drainage basins.
Earth science 6.1
The document discusses key concepts about running water and the water cycle. It defines terms like infiltration, transpiration, gradient, stream channel, discharge, tributary, base level, and meander. It explains that water constantly circulates among the oceans, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere in the water cycle. Balance in the cycle means annual precipitation equals evaporation globally. A stream's ability to erode and transport materials depends on its velocity, while gradient decreases and discharge increases from headwaters to the mouth.
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Earth science 1.4
- 1. Earth System Science 1.4
- 2. System Any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole.
- 3. Key Concept How is Earth a system? Its aim is to understand Earth as a system made up of numerous interacting parts, or subsystems.
- 4. Key Concepts What is a system? Any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole.
- 5. Key Concept Where does the energy come from that powers Earth’s systems? One source is the sun, which drives external processes that occur in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and at Earth’s surface. Earth’s interior is the second source of energy.
- 6. Key Concept How do humans affect Earth’s system? Our actions produce changes in all of the other parts of Earth system. Significant threats to the environment include air pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming.
- 7. Key Concept What makes a resource renewable or nonrenewable? Renewable resources-plants, water, and solar energy-can be replenished over relatively short time spans. Nonrenewable resources –fuels of oil, natural gas, and coal- are created slowly over millions of years.