The document provides information about planetary systems and details about Earth. It discusses that Earth is an insignificant speck compared to the vast universe and galaxies. It then describes the solar system, including that Earth revolves around the sun in 365.25 days. It distinguishes between the inner terrestrial planets like Earth and the outer gas giants. It also discusses moons, asteroids, meteors, and comets. The rest of the document delves into specific details about Earth's atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

1. Planetary system and Earth

3. Stellar System
• Earth-Insignificant speck of dust.
• Universe-Expanse of space and matter (Mostly empty space).
• Nebulae-Enormous masses of gaseous clouds without any structural
differentiation.
• Galaxies-Assembles of billion stars by gravity force.
• Stellar System-Single galaxy with stars.

5. Solar system
• Star-radiant body, planet-non radiant body.
• Solar system-sun and planets are together (milky way)
• Astronomical unit- mean distance of sun from earth (149,642,000
km).
• Earth revolution-36 5.25 days, rotation-23hr 56min & 4sec.

7. Inner or Terrestrial Outer or Superior
• Smaller masses
• Higher density
• Slower speed of rotation
• Less Satellites
• Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.
• Larger Masses
• Lower density
• High speed rotation
• More Satellites
• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune.

9. Moons
• Moonlets- belt of objects, asteroids moons sub satellites
• 0-Mercury, Venus, 1-earth, Pluto, 2-mars, 63-Jupiter, 31-Saturn, 21-
Uranus, 11-Neptune.
• Moves around in elliptical orbit (27d 7h 43min).
• Asteroids-between mars & Jupiter, planet like masses.
• Meteors-shooting stars, enters the atmosphere shines.
• Meteorite-reaching the surface, grouped into stony, intermediate,
iron.
• Comets-elliptical orbit motion around sun, tailed stars, Hailey‘s orbit
or comet – 76 years.

11. Parts of the earth
• Shape- spheroid
• Equatorial of diameter- 12,757 km, polar diameter- 12,713
• Mean density - 5.517 gm/cm.sq.
• Volume- 1.083×10^27cm.cube.
• Mass- 5.975×10^27 gram.
• Sustain life.
• Artificial & natural satellite’s.
• Introduction to atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere.

13. The atmosphere
• Outer gaseous part, held due to gravitational pull, layered structure.
• Air-mechanical mixture of gases
• Homosphere-uniform composition within 80Km.
• Heterosphere-different composition above 80 km.
• Zigzag thermal variation based on classification.

14. A.Troposphere
• Lower most zone, weather and metrological process.
• Tropo pause-as per boundary, low temperature.
• Mixing and turbulence of gases.
• T.de.Bort in 1908 coined troposphere.

15. B.Strarosphere
• Temperature increases, Ozone layer from 9 to 35km. (Solar radiation).
• Strato pause-upper boundary, natural shield.
• Ozone hole- NASA on 2000 September, 28 mile sq.km.

16. C.Mesosphere
• Fall in temperature – 100°C.

17. D.Thermosphere
• Rising once again reaches 1000°C.
• Very rarefied Nature, individual gas particles separated by distance.
• Solar radiation Present.

18. E.Ionosphere
• Specialized zone, from 80km, absorbs solar radiation.
• Gases break up into ions, entirely of ions.
• 5 layers of ionisation not uniform.
• Most strongly ionized layer is D-layer or Kennelly-Heaviside layer.
• Boon for long distance radio communication by reflecting property.

19. F.Exosphere
• Extremely rarefied, low density and high temperature region.
• With minimum atomic collision.

22. Lithosphere (Interior of the earth)
• Litho- Stony part of earth, Solid matter composing the earth from
surface downwards.
• Lithosphere- Crust+ Upper mantle. (Up to the materials in solid state).

23. A.Crust
• Various thickness in different areas are as follows,
• Chemical composition of the crust, analyses by Clarke, Washington,
Goldschmidt and plodervaat on rock samples on different geographic
zones.
• Sio2-50% to 60%, Al2O3-13 to 16%, Iron oxide-8%, Tip-2%.
• Cao-6%, Sodium oxide-4%, Mgo-4%, Tio-2%.
• Solid aggregate that makes crust is called rocks.

24. B.Mantle
• Prof.Mohorovicic, A seismologist of Yugoslavia 1904 discovered
discontinuity named after him is M or Mohorovicic discontinuity or
Moho (Crust to mantle).
• Mostly made up of ultra-basic (rich in Fe and Mg) poor in silica.
• High density and viscous in nature.
• Overlying crustal blocks virtually float over it.
• Volcanism, seismic activity & mountain orogeny originate from
mantle.
• Indirectly study with seismic waves.

25. C.Core
• Remains a mystery.
• Not uniform throughout its depth.
• Very high density at mantle core boundary, above 10g/cc.
• Outer core behaves like a liquid.
• Inner core behaves like a liquid.
• This view gets support from composition of meteorites.

27. The hydrosphere
• Collective name of all water bodies.
• Hydrosphere makes 0.03% of earth masses.
• 98% of water bodies are oceans and seas (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian,
Arctic, Antarctic oceans).
• Associated bay’s and seas.
• Fresh water lakes, ponds and river’s.
• Ice and snow is 3rd Major components.
• Water occurring in pores and cavities called groundwater.
• Water cycle ( evaporation and condensation).

29. The Biosphere
• Collective life forms on the surface and under water.
• Depends all 3 spheres.
• Responsible for many geological process’s like vast coal deposits and
oil reservoirs ( anthropogenic activity).

30. The End