The document summarizes events in the United States between 1812-1824, including: 1) Tecumseh and the Prophet tried to unite Native American tribes against American expansion but were defeated by 1813. 2) The War of 1812 was declared against Britain due to trade tensions, impressment of American sailors, British support of Native raids, and American desires for expansion. It ended in 1814 with no territorial changes in the Treaty of Ghent. 3) After the war, American nationalism increased and the foundations were laid for industrialization through the American System of Henry Clay, which advocated infrastructure projects, tariffs, and national banking.

1. T H E S E C O N D W A R F O R I N D E P E N D E N C E A N D
T H E U P S U R G E O F N A T I O N A L I S M
1812-1824
Chapter 12

2. Tecumseh and the Prophet
 In 1811, new young politicians swept away the older
“submission men,” and they appointed Henry Clay
of Kentucky to Speaker of the House.
 The western politicians also cried out against the
Indian threat on the frontier.
 Indians had watched with apprehension as more and
more Whites settled in Kentucky, a traditionally
sacred area where settlement and extensive hunting
was not allowed except in times of scarcity.

3. Tecumseh and the Prophet
 Two Shawnee brothers,
Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa
(the Prophet), decided to unite
other tribes and gather followers.
 On November 7, 1811, American
general William Henry
Harrison advanced upon
Tecumseh’s headquarters at
Tippecanoe and burned it to the
ground.
 Tecumseh was eventually killed at
the Battle of the Thames in
1813, and the Indian confederacy
dream perished.

4. Mr. Madison’s War
 War was declared in 1812, with a House vote of 79 to 49
and a very close Senate vote of 19 to 13, showing
America’s disunity.
 Madison only declared war in order to re-assert
America’s strength. The path of peace and negotiation
had only brought internal strife and derision.
 Why war with Britain and not France? England’s
impressments stood out, France was allied more with the
Republicans, and Canada was a very tempting prize that
seemed easy to get.

5. Mr. Madison’s War
 There were four main causes of the War of 1812.
 Trade tensions – British Orders in Council declared
that all trade with France had to pass through British
ports.
 Impressment – The British were taking hundreds of
American citizens a year into their own navies, some of
whom had never even been British citizens.
 Indigenous raids – Tecumseh and his Native allies were
raiding the American frontier, aided by the British.
 Expansionism – US wanted more territory, including
Canada.

6. Mr. Madison’s War
 New England, which was still making lots of money,
opposed the war because:
 (1) they were more inclined toward Britain anyway,
 (2) if Canada was conquered, it would add more
agrarian land and increase Republican supporters.
 Thus, a disunited America had to fight both Old
England and New England in the War of 1812.

7. On to Canada Over Land and Lakes
 Due to widespread disunity, the War of 1812 ranks as one
of America’s worst fought wars.
 There was no burning national anger, like there was after
the Chesapeake outrage.
 The regular army was ill trained, scattered and had old,
senile generals.
 The offensive strategy against Canada was especially
poorly conceived.

8. Battles of the War of 1812
 Had the Americans captured
Montreal, everything west
would have collapsed.
 The Americans instead
focused a three-pronged
attack that set out from
Detroit, Niagara, and Lake
Champlain, all of which
were beaten back.
 In contrast, the British and
Canadians displayed early
enthusiasm and captured the
American fort of Mackinac.

9. On to Canada Over Land and Lakes
 After more land invasions were stopped in 1813, the
Americans, led by Oliver Hazard Perry, built a wooden
fleet of ships on Lake Erie manned by inexperienced men, but
still managed to capture a British fleet.
 On Sept. 11 1814, 30-year old Thomas Macdonough
managed to stop British from coming down the Lake
Champlain waterway, stopping the British advance into New
England.
 This and General William H. Harrison’s defeat of the
British during the Battle of the Thames helped bring more
enthusiasm and increased morale for the war.

10. Naval Victories
 Britain created a naval
blockade, raiding ships and
ruining American economic
life such as fishing.
 The American navy fared
better than the army because
the sailors were still angry
over British impressments.
 USS Constitution, one of the
originally commissioned
American frigates, defeated
several British ships,
including the Guerriere, and
earned the nickname “Old
Ironsides.”

11. Washington Burned
 In August 1814, British troops
landed in the Chesapeake Bay,
dispersed 6000 panicked
Americans at Bladensburg,
and entered Washington
D.C. and proceeded to burn
most of the buildings there.
 At Baltimore, another
British fleet arrived but was
beaten back by the privateer
defenders of Fort McHenry,
where Francis Scott Key
wrote “The Star Spangled
Banner.”

12. Battle of New Orleans
 Another British army menaced the
entire Mississippi Valley and
threatened New Orleans.
 Andrew Jackson, fresh off his
slaughter of the Creek Indians, led
a hodgepodge force to defeat 8000
overconfident British that had
launched a frontal attack.
 The British lost 2000 men,
Americans only lost 70.
 Battle actually took place 2 weeks
after the peace treaty to end the
war was signed.

13. The Treaty of Ghent
 At first, the confident British made sweeping demands
for a neutralized Indian buffer state in the Great Lakes
region, control of the Great Lakes, and a substantial part
of conquered Maine.
 The Americans, led by John Quincy Adams, refused.
 As American victories piled up, the British reconsidered.
 The Treat of Ghent, signed on December 24, 1814, was
an armistice, ending the war in a draw and ignoring any
other demands of either side.

14. Federalist Grievances
 MA, CT, NH, VT, RI secretly met in Hartford from December 15
1814 to January 5, 1815, to discuss their grievances from the war
and blockade.
 While a few talked about secession, Most wanted financial
assistance to compensate for lost trade, and an amendment
requiring 2/3 majority for all declarations of embargos.
 Three special envoys from Mass. went to D.C., where they were
greeted with the news from the battle of New Orleans.
Humiliated, the envoys retreated.
 The Hartford Convention was the death of the Federalist
Party, as their last presidential nomination was trounced by
James Monroe in 1816.

15. Consequences of the War
 The war ended in an effective stalemate as neither
side gained or lost any territory.
 The British had already stopped impressments
following the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, and were
more concerned about unrest in Europe at this time.
 Nationalism in American and Canada increased.

16. Consequences of the War
 Native resistance was suppressed due to their defeats
at Tippecanoe, Thames, and Horseshoe Bend,
and their loss of a strong leader.
 Trade returned, and the two nations would begin a
relatively peaceful friendship that still continues.
 Canada and the US, while initially cautious of each
other, maintain the world’s longest unfortified
boundary following the Rush-Bagot Treaty, which
demilitarized the Great Lakes.

17. Nascent Nationalism
 After the war, American nationalism really took off, and
authors like Washington Irving and James
Fenimore Cooper gained international recognition.
 The North American Review debuted in 1815, and
American painters painted landscape of America on their
canvases, while history books were now being written by
Americans for Americans.
 Washington D.C. rose from the ashes to be stronger than
ever, and the navy and army strengthened themselves.

18. The American System
 British competitors dumped
their goods onto America at
cheap prices after the war.
 America responded with the
Tariff of 1816, the first in
U.S. history designed for
protection, which put a 20-
25% tariff on taxable imports.
 Rep. Henry Clay advocated
“The American System”
 He called for a strong banking
system, a protective tariff to
encourage manufacturing,
and also wanted a network of
roads and canals.

19. The American System
 Lack of effective transportation had been one of the
problems of the War of 1812, especially in the West.
 In 1817, Congress sought to distribute $1.5 million to the
states for internal improvements, but Madison vetoed it,
saying it was unconstitutional.
 , States had to look for their own money to build the
badly needed transportation.
 This culminated with the completion of the Erie Canal
in New York in 1825, funded through private funds.

20. Election of 1816

21. The Era of Good Feelings
 James Monroe defeated his
opponent in 1816 183 to 34,
and ushered in a period of
one-party rule.
 He straddled the generations
of the Founding Fathers and
the new Age of Nationalism.
 Early in 1817, Monroe took a
goodwill tour venturing deep
into New England, where he
received heartwarming
welcomes.
 A Boston newspaper even
declared that an “Era of
Good Feelings” had begun.

22. Panic of 1819 and Curse of Hard Times
 In 1819, an economic panic engulfed the U.S.,
bringing deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank
failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and
overcrowded debtors’ prisons.
 A major cause of the panic had been over
speculation in land prices, where the Bank of the
United States fell heavily into debt.
 The West was especially hard hit, and the Bank of the
U.S. was soon viewed with anger.

23. Growing Pains of the West
 Between 1791 and 1819, 9 frontier states had joined the
original 13.
 This explosive expansion of the west was due in part to
the cheap land, the elimination of the Indian menace,
and the need for land by the tobacco farmers, who
exhausted their lands.
 The Cumberland Road, begun in 1811 and running
from western Maryland to Illinois, was noteworthy, and
the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.

24. Growing Pains of the West
 The West, still not populous and politically weak,
was forced to ally itself with other regions, and
demanded cheap acreage.
 The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by
authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a
minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash.
 The West demanded and slowly got cheap
transportation as well.

25. Slavery and the Sectional Balance
 Sectional tensions between the North and the South
came to a boil when Missouri wanted to become a
slave state.
 Tallmadge Amendment - provided that no more
slaves be brought into Missouri and also provided for the
gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents
already in Missouri (this was shot down in the Senate).
 Angry Southerners saw this as a threat. Plus, the North
was starting to get more prosperous and populous than
the South.

26. The Missouri Compromise
 Finally, the deadlock was broken by a bundle of
compromises known as the Missouri
Compromise.
 Missouri would be admitted as a slave state while
Maine would be admitted as a free state, thus
maintaining the balance.
 All new states north of 36°30’ line would be free.

27. The Missouri Compromise