3. Learning
Objectives
At the end of the
lesson, you should
be able to do the
following:
ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT 3
● Define paraphrasing.
● Identify the kinds of paraphrasing.
● Identify the kinds of plagiarism.
4. Learning
Objectives
At the end of the
lesson, you should
be able to do the
following:
ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT 4
● Analyze a paraphrased text.
● Gain insight about the importance
of paraphrasing in academic
writing.
5. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
1. How can you avoid committing
plagiarism?
1. Why is paraphrasing an
important reading and writing
skill?
Essential
Questions
5
11. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
When to Paraphrase
● Paraphrase when dealing with short texts
with one or two sentences or a paragraph with
five sentences.
11
12. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
When to Paraphrase
● Paraphrase when you want to minimize direct
quotation.
● Paraphrase when you want to rewrite the
author’s words without changing the
meaning of the source text.
12
18. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Source:
Ms. Jen will be teaching English
next semester.
Paraphrase:
Next semester,
English will be taught by Ms. Jen.
Change of Structure- Example
18
18
20. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Source:
Marsupials are endemic to Australia, and many of
their species are considered to be endangered
species.
Paraphrase:
Many species of marsupials endemic to Australia
are endangered species.
Clause Reduction- Example
20
20
23. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT 23
23
“Gravitation is not responsible for people falling in love.”
― Albert Einstein
Gravity is not responsible for those who fall in love.
27. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● also known as “copy-paste plagiarism”
● happens when a researcher copies another
person’s work word-for-word or verbatim
without proper citation of the author(s)
Word-for-Word or Verbatim Plagiarism
27
28. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Word-for-Word or Verbatim Plagiarism
28
“The measure of intelligence is the ability
to change.”
― Albert Einstein
The measure of intelligence is the ability to
change.
29. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
happens when a writer changes some of
the words of the author(s) by looking at the
synonyms of the words and replacing or
rearranging them to make the text look as if it
were their own
Word Order Plagiarism
29
30. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Word Order Plagiarism
30
“The measure of intelligence is the ability
to change.”
― Albert Einstein
The ability to change is the measure
of intelligence.
31. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
happens when a writer paraphrases the work
of another in his or her own writing but does
not properly cite or attribute the idea to the
author(s)
Idea Plagiarism
31
32. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Idea Plagiarism
32
“The measure of intelligence is the ability
to change.”
― Albert Einstein
Your ability to change says a lot
about your intelligence.
34. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT 34
34
Paraphrase 1
Because the intracellular
concentration of potassium
ions is relatively high,
potassium ions tend to
diffuse out of the cell.
(Martini and Bartholomew,
1997)
Source
34
The high intracellular
concentration of potassium
ions is relatively high,
resulting in K’s tendency to
diffuse out of the cell.
(Martini and Bartholomew,
1997)
35. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT 35
35
Paraphrase 2
Because the intracellular
concentration of potassium
ions is relatively high,
potassium ions tend to
diffuse out of the cell.
(Martini and Bartholomew,
1997)
Source
35
The concentration gradient
of potassium ions inside the
cell is high, and this causes
these ions to move towards
intercellular space. (Martini
and Bartholomew, 1997)
36. Tips
36
You can spot a good or bad
paraphrase by comparing it with the
source text and checking if the
paraphrase is...
39. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Cold brew is coffee made with cold water.
It sounds simple, but making cold brew
concentrate from ground coffee at home
can be a messy and time-consuming process.
Source: “Press Here for Perfect Cold Brew at Home” (https://about.newsusa.com/article/press-here-for-perfect-cold-brew-
coffee-at-home.aspx)
Source
39
continued on the next slide
40. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Most devices on the market require
12 to 24 hours of steep time at
room temperature to brew
a coffee concentrate suitable
for cold brew coffee, so serving
cold brew coffee has traditionally
required advance planning.
Source: “Press Here for Perfect Cold Brew at Home” (https://about.newsusa.com/article/press-here-for-perfect-cold-brew-
coffee-at-home.aspx)
Source
40
41. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Cold brew coffee is a simple but time-consuming
process. Most devices on the market require 12
to 24 hours of
steep time at room temperature to brew
a coffee concentrate suitable for cold brew coffee,
so serving cold brew coffee has traditionally
required advance planning.
Paraphrase
41
42. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT 42
Source Paraphrase
Cold brew is coffee made with cold water. It
sounds simple, but making cold brew
concentrate from ground coffee at home can be
a messy and time-consuming process. Most
devices on the market require 12 to 24 hours of
steep time at room temperature to brew a
coffee concentrate suitable for cold brew coffee,
so serving cold brew coffee has traditionally
required advance planning.
Source: “Press Here for Perfect Cold Brew at Home”
(https://about.newsusa.com/article/press-here-for-perfect-cold-brew-coffee-at-
home.aspx)
Cold brew coffee is a simple but time-
consuming process. Most devices on the
market require 12 to 24 hours of steep
time at room temperature to brew a coffee
concentrate suitable for cold brew coffee,
so serving cold brew coffee has
traditionally required advance planning.
43. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Check Your Understanding
1. When does one use the change of parts of
speech paraphrase?
1. What makes a good paraphrase?
43
45. Wrap Up
45
Paraphrasing is a restatement of a text,
passage, or work to give the meaning in
another form.
The kinds of paraphrasing are the following:
● change of parts of speech
● change of structure
● clause reduction
● synonym replacement
46. Wrap Up
46
The kinds of plagiarism are the following:
○ word-for-word or verbatim plagiarism
○ word order plagiarism
○ idea plagiarism
47. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Try paraphrasing this quote:
47
“If most of us are ashamed
of shabby clothes and shoddy furniture
let us be more ashamed of
shabby ideas and shoddy philosophies…
It would be a sad situation if
the wrapper were better than the meat wrapped
inside it.”
― Albert Einstein
48. Photo Credits
48
● Slide 25: This file, Plagiarism signature, by RyanMinkoff- Own work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
via Wikimedia Commons.
● Slide 40: This file, Preparation of cold brew coffee 09, by Sage Ross - Own work, is licensed under
CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
49. Bibliography
49
Examples of Paraphrasing. Accessed October 25, 2019.
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-paraphrasing.html.
“Paraphrase: Definition and Examples.” Literary Terms. Accessed October 25, 2019.
https://literaryterms.net/paraphrase/.
“Paraphrasing and Summarizing: – Summing Up Key Ideas In Your Own Words.” Communication
Skills From MindTools.com. Accessed October 25, 2019.
https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/paraphrasing-summarizing.htm.
“Paraphrase: Write It in Your Own Words.” Purdue Online Writing Lab. Purdue University.
Accessed September 9, 2019.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/quoting_paraphra
sing_and_summarizing/paraphrasing.html.
“Quoting and Paraphrasing.” The Writing Center. University of Wisconsin - Madison.
Accessed September 9, 2019.
https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/quotingsources/.
Editor's Notes
GENERAL PARTS of this presentation:
Engage- this is meant to capture the students’ attention, link their prior knowledge to the new topic, and set their expectations about the lesson.
Explore- this is meant to elicit discussion, and encourage students to explore and derive ideas from questions, scenarios, activities, or discussion.
Explain- this is meant for the teacher to use to synthesize students’ ideas from EXPLORE, and to emphasize on the key understandings needed for this lesson.
Extend- this is an optional activity meant for guided practice.
Evaluate- this is a quick check of students’ understanding of the lesson.
Wrap Up- this is a reiteration of the key concepts of the lesson.
Note to teacher:
This can be a class activity.
Students can try to answer these questions for you to check on their prior knowledge and ideas about paraphrasing, plagiarism, and their relationship.
Discussion Prompt:
Is this paraphrasing?
Is this the right way to paraphrase?
Is there a word that comes to mind when you see the way the text was paraphrased?
Prompt:
Take a look at this example.
What do you notice about how it was paraphrased?
Discussion:
Although it has proper citation, it did not provide substantial changes to consider it a good paraphrase. Notice that the writer interchanged the first two sentences from the source text. Also, the writer changed the names of the elements to their chemical symbols to make it seem like the paragraph is paraphrased properly. But, if you compare this with the source text, the phrasing and words from the source text and the writer are the same.
Prompt:
What about this example?
What do you notice about how it was paraphrased?
Discussion:
Notice that the writer in Paraphrase 2 did not change the important concepts of the source text. What the writer did was explain the process of the movement of potassium ions in the cell membrane in his or her own words based on what she understood from the source text.
Note to teacher:
This can be a class activity. You can let a student read the text out loud while others follow with their eyes.
This will be compared to the paraphrased text (next slide) and students can analyze if the paraphrased text is appropriately done.
Prompt:
(call a student to read) Study the text as ____ reads it aloud.
Note to teacher:
This can be a class activity. You can let a student read the text out loud while others follow with their eyes.
This will be compared to the paraphrased text (next slide) and students can analyze if the paraphrased text is appropriately done.
Prompt:
(call a student to read) Study the text as ____ reads it aloud.
Prompt:
Now let’s look at the paraphrased text.
(call a student to read) Study the text as ____ reads it aloud.
Prompt:
Here’s the side-by side comparison. Study the texts for 2 minutes.
(After time allowed to study the text side-by-side)
Would you describe the paraphrase as appropriate, good, or bad?
Is the paraphrase from the writer’s understanding of it, or copied portions of the text or committed plagiarism?
If you were to paraphrase the source text, how would you do it?
Answers:
The change of parts of speech paraphrase is used when there is a need to change the function of some words in a sentence or paragraph.
The paraphrase relays the information from the source text in your own words.
The paraphrase leads the readers to the source of the information.
Answer: Citing sources properly when paraphrasing a text shows the writer’s understanding of giving credit to the owner of the information he or she has gotten. It also prevents plagiarism.
Prompt:
(Homework) To get ready for the next lesson, you can try paraphrasing this text.
