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EAP 11_12_UNIT 7_LESSON 2_Critical Approaches in Analyzing a Critique.pptx
1. English for Academic and Professional Purposes
Senior High School Applied - Academic
Unit 7: The Critique Paper
Lesson 2
Critical Approaches in Analyzing
a Critique
2. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
When we use a
critical approach
in reading a text,
it could change
the way we take
in the text. How
does the critique
dictate the way
we analyze a
text? How does it
change our
critique?
2
3. Learning
Objectives
At the end of the
lesson, you should
be able to do the
following:
ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT 3
● Understand the different critical
approaches for critiquing.
● Use critical approaches in writing a
critique paper.
4. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
1. How do the different critical
approaches vary?
2. What does each critical
approach look for in a work?
Essential
Questions
4
5. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Critical Approaches
● Different critical approaches tend to focus on
different parts of a text.
● Some approaches could look at the same part
of a text but interpret it in varying ways.
5
6. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
The Formalist Critical Approach
● In the formalist approach, the focus is on the
literary elements of a text.
● It analyzes how these elements come together
to contribute to the aesthetic quality of the text.
6
7. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● Imagery and figurative language are an
important aspect in the formalist approach.
● It is important to analyze the symbolisms and
the language used and try to interpret their
meaning.
The Formalist Critical Approach
7
8. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● Formalism also does not concern itself with any
kind of context outside of the text.
● The analysis focuses on the elements of the
work.
The Formalist Critical Approach
8
9. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● The text is viewed on its own, with only its
elements and how they are used to determine if
the work is to be positively or negatively
critiqued.
The Formalist Critical Approach
9
10. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● The usefulness and effectiveness of the work is
then decided by how well its elements are used
and how well they come together for the
aesthetic appeal of the text.
The Formalist Critical Approach
10
12. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● A formalist reading would focus on the
figurative language used.
● It would also highlight these elements in a
critique as they could show the strength of
description in this short story.
The Formalist Critical Approach
12
13. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● A possible weakness, meanwhile, would be the
reliance of allusions to the readers being
familiar with the figures being alluded to.
The Formalist Critical Approach
13
14. Tips
14
Analyzing one work using different
critical approaches could change
how it can be interpreted. This does
not change the work itself, but it
could change a reader’s perspective
of it.
15. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
The Feminist Critical Approach
● For the feminist approach, the concern is on
the portrayal of characters in the text.
● There is awareness that there exists all kinds
of oppression against women in the society.
● There are established gender stereotypes that
are harmful to both men and women.
15
16. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● Look at how a work uses its elements to either
reinforce or undermine the oppression against
women and the harmful gender stereotypes.
● Note how cultures all over the world can be
inherently patriarchal and how these can be
portrayed in literature and other works.
The Feminist Critical Approach
16
17. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● Useful texts are those that are able to subvert
the patriarchal standards and show a positive
portrayal of men and women.
The Feminist Critical Approach
17
19. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● A feminist reading could look at how the two
characters were treated and characterized
equally.
● Both were willing to make a sacrifice for their
significant other.
● It can be said that there was no power
imbalance between the two of them in their
relationship.
The Feminist Critical Approach
19
20. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
The Marxist Critical Approach
● The Marxist critical approach is mostly
concerned with answering the question “Who
does the work benefit?”
● It focuses on class differences, economic and
otherwise, that are prevalent in a capitalist
society.
20
21. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
The Marxist Critical Approach
● It is concerned with how the lower and working
classes are oppressed both in everyday life
and in artistic works.
21
22. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● The Marxist school of thought is guided by a
process of thinking called the material
dialectic.
● In this process, it is believed that the material
realities of society’s economic base are what
drives and furthers historical change.
The Marxist Critical Approach
22
23. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● Conflict between classes leads to
contradictions in social systems that lead to
social revolution.
● This cycle continues because there will always
be conflict among the classes.
● These will always be reflected in literature and
other forms of expression.
The Marxist Critical Approach
23
24. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● Whom does it benefit if the work or effort is
accepted/successful/believed, etc.?
● What is the social class of the author?
● Which class does the work claim to represent?
The Marxist Critical Approach
24
25. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● What values does it reinforce?
● What values does it subvert?
● What conflict can be seen between the values
the work champions and those it portrays?
The Marxist Critical Approach
25
26. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● What social classes do the characters
represent?
● How do characters from different classes
interact or conflict?
The Marxist Critical Approach
26
28. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● It is clearly established from the start that the
Youngs were not a rich couple.
● They ended up sacrificing something that
would render their partner’s gift useless.
● A Marxist reading would show that this was the
struggle they had to undertake because of their
class.
The Marxist Critical Approach
28
29. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Other Critical Approaches
● Formalism, feminism, and Marxism are not the
only critical approaches you can use when
writing a critique.
● There are many approaches that you can take
when analyzing a text.
29
30. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Reader-Response Criticism
● The reactions of the consumers of the work are vital to
interpreting the meaning of the work.
● The role of the readers is important in understanding
literature and other expressions of art.
● Readers are not passive in their consumption of literature
but are active in searching for meaning in the works that
they consume.
Other Critical Approaches
30
31. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● How does the interaction of text and reader create
meaning?
● Do the sounds/shapes of the words as they appear on the
page or how they are spoken by the reader enhance or
change the meaning of the word/work?
● How might we interpret a literary text to show that the
reader's response is similar or related to the topic of the
story?
Other Critical Approaches
31
32. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● When using the reader-response together with
other critical approaches, look at the important
elements of the story according to a chosen
second critical approach.
● Analyze how the meaning is made or
reinforced when they interact with the readers.
Other Critical Approaches
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33. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Example
Analyzing a character’s behavior in the story and looking at how
they can be relatable to readers is one way to combine reader-
response with psychoanalysis.
Analyzing how readers react and what they feel after reading a text
that prominently features women combines reader-response with
the feminist approach.
Other Critical Approaches
33
34. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Psychoanalytic Criticism
● Psychoanalysis uses terms and concepts in modern
psychology in the analysis of literature and other works.
● A prominent figure in psychoanalysis is Sigmund Freud,
whose theories explored and attempted to explain
concepts like repression, sexuality, wish fulfillment, and the
unconscious.
Other Critical Approaches
34
35. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● Using psychology in literary analysis could add
another layer to the meaning behind language
and symbolism.
● What we read and the symbols we see in a
text could be reflective of some unconscious
fear or desire.
Other Critical Approaches
35
36. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● Investigate the creative process of the artist: what is the
nature of literary genius and how does it relate to normal
mental functions?
● Focus on a particular artist or author, usually noting how
their biographical circumstances could affect or influence
their motivations and/or behavior.
● Analyze the character(s) in the text using the language and
methods of psychology.
Other Critical Approaches
36
38. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● The passage describes what Louise could see, hear, and
feel from her window.
● The sensations Louise could feel from her window could be
representative of the freedom she never knew she had
long wished for.
● Alongside the news of her husband’s death, they could
have awakened something in her that finally made her
realize what she had always wanted.
Other Critical Approaches
38
39. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Historical Approach
● The historical approach takes into consideration the social,
cultural, and intellectual context that produced the work.
● When and where was the work made?
● What was the political climate at the time?
● What were the dominant cultures or schools of thought?
Other Critical Approaches
39
40. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● This, of course, also includes the author’s
biographical information.
● Who was the author?
● How was he or she affected by his or her
context and environment?
● How does this, then, affect his or her work?
Other Critical Approaches
40
41. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● The approach also considers how the work
affected its original readers when it was
published.
● This approach requires background research
on the author, where they were based, and the
time they made the work.
Other Critical Approaches
41
43. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
● In a historical reading of the short story, one would have to
take the time to look up the time when O. Henry wrote the
short story, and analyze what the conditions of the time
were.
● Were many young couples living like the Youngs?
● What was the reason why they were as poor as they were
in the story?
Other Critical Approaches
43
44. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
1. Choose a critical approach from this lesson.
2. Go to the library or make use of online sources
to find an important figure in your chosen
critical approach.
3. Provide a summary of what he or she has
contributed to the approach.
44
45. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
Questions
1. Which particular literary element is especially
important in a formalist reading?
2. What is important to also analyze when using
the historical critical approach?
45
46. ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
ENGAG EXPLOR
EXPLAIN EXTEND
EVALUAT
How do the feminist and Marxist critical approaches look at a
work’s context differently?
Question
46
47. Wrap Up
In the formalist critical approach, the
focus is on the literary elements of a
text and how they collaborate with one
another for aesthetic value.
47
48. Wrap Up
The feminist critical approach is
concerned with the portrayal of
characters in various works and if they
reinforce or subvert the patriarchal
status quo in society.
48
49. Wrap Up
The Marxist critical approach
concerns itself with the portrayal of the
class struggle in literature and other
forms of art.
There are many other critical
approaches that can be used to write a
critique paper.
49
50. Bibliography
50
Critical Approaches to Literature. The University of Mississippi. Accessed April 20, 2020.
http://home.olemiss.edu/~egjbp/spring97/litcrit.html?fbclid=IwAR0jH0bK6LrgjAAnk29VUcdpN2jGWR
M8GS8MXHVF5bbx_kirl9_InGXLS5c.
O’Connor, Kate. Feminist Approaches to Literature. University of Oxford. Accessed April 21, 2020.
http://writersinspire.org/content/feminist-approaches-literature.
Form Follows Function: Russian Formalism, New Criticism, Neo-Aristotelianism. Purdue University.
Accessed April 20, 2020.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/writing_in_literature/literary_theory_and_schools_
of_criticism/formalism.html?fbclid=IwAR0jH0bK6LrgjAAnk29VUcdpN2jGWRM8GS8MXHVF5bbx_kirl
9_InGXLS5c.
Formalist Criticism – A Guide. A Research Guide for Students. Accessed April 20, 2020.
https://www.aresearchguide.com/formalist-criticism-a-guide.html.
Marxist criticism. Oxford Reference. Accessed April 21, 2020.
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100137791.
Editor's Notes
Answers:
Imagery or figures of speech are particularly important for the formalist critical approach.
The context surrounding the work when it was written should also be analyzed.
Model Answer: In a feminist approach, what is important is looking at the political climate of the time, specifically how women were being treated when the work was made. In a Marxist reading, the context that should be analyzed is the conditions of the working class and how prevalent the class divide was at the time and place the work was made.
