The document provides guidelines on paraphrasing as a technique in research writing, emphasizing its importance in avoiding plagiarism and expressing original ideas. It outlines steps for effective paraphrasing, methods to change sentence structure, and the use of signaling terms to integrate citations smoothly. Additionally, the document includes activities to practice paraphrasing skills, highlighting the necessity of paraphrasing for clarity and authorial voice.

2. RULES TO GO
Be Considerate
Be Patient
Be Kind
Be Honest
Project RDNEB
Month of
April
EXPRESS
FORGIVENESS

3. How to Avoid Plagiarism in
Writing RRL?
Reynante D. Olog
SHS Teacher II

4. What is Paraphrasing?
“Paraphrasing” means expressing the meaning
of someone else’s words in your own
words instead of quoting directly.
Paraphrasing is applied both by the author of
the text and by editors during the proofreading
process.

5. Purpose of PARAPHRASING
● save space and keep your study more
focused
● distill complex information into language
that general readers can understand
● avoid plagiarism (including self-plagiarism)
and provide your own authorial voice in
your paper

6. How to Paraphrase in Research
● Direct Quote: simply a “copy-and-paste” of
the original words and/or word order. In all
research papers with formatting guidelines
quoted text must be accompanied by
quotation marks and in-text citations.

7. How to Paraphrase in Research
● Paraphrasing: can include some key terms
from the original work but must use new
language to represent the original work
● DO NOT COPY THE ORIGINAL WORK.
● You do not need to include quotation marks,
but you must still cite the original work.

8. ACTIVITY #1: FOLLOW the STEPS (Group Game)
● Read and analyse the statements in
each box and determine which step
number they belong. Post your
answers at the board.

9. Paraphrasing Source Text: STEP-by-STEP
● Step 1: Read important parts of the source
material until you fully understand its meaning.
● Step 2: Take some notes and list key terms of
the source material.
● Step 3: Write your own paragraph without
looking at the source material, only using the
key terms.

10. Paraphrasing Source Text: STEP-by-STEP
● Step 4: Check to make sure your version
captures important parts and intent of the
source material.
● Step 5: Indicate where your paraphrasing
starts and ends using in-text citations.

11. Activity #2: Tamang Tao or Tamang Hinala?
● Select volunteers as players. They will be
assigned each with a flashcard. Each player will
choose their partner as to what method of
paraphrasing they are holding with the
corresponding examples. After which the non-
players will also have the opportunity to find the
best partners.

12. Change the source text voice: active vs. passive voice
● By changing the voice of the sentence
(active voice to passive; passive voice
to active), you can alter the general
structure of your paraphrase and put it
into words that are more your own.

13. Change the source text voice: active vs. passive voice

14. Use a thesaurus to find synonyms and related terms
● A thesaurus can be an excellent resource for
finding terms that are synonymous with or similar
to those in the original text. However, be careful
not to use terms that you don’t fully understand or
that might not make sense in the context of your
paper.

15. Use a thesaurus to find synonyms and related terms
Believe Show Neglect

16. Include introductory phrases with signaling terms
● Signaling terms (e.g., “they write,”
“Kim notes that…” “He believes that…”)
help smoothly introduce the work of other
studies and let the reader know where your
own ideas end and where the cited
information begins.

17. Include introductory phrases with signaling terms

18. Use specific signaling verbs to show your position
● Authors also show their positions regarding the
original content by using verbs that are neutral,
that show agreement, or that show disagreement.
A relative pronoun (“that,” “how,” “if”) is also used
in many instances to introduce your position in
paraphrased content.

19. Use specific signaling verbs to show your position

20. Combine quotes and paraphrased text in the same
sentence
Too often, research writers separate information from
the current work and information cited from earlier studies
into completely different sentences. This limits the dialogue
between the works, makes it boring for readers, and can
even create issues of plagiarism if the paper is composed of
too much quoted material. Include direct quotes within your
paraphrased sentences to fix all of these issues and make
your research writing much smoother and more natural.

21. EXAMPLE:
In this paraphrase example, the details in
the source text and how they have been
changed in the paraphrase are indicated in
red. Note the usage of signaling terms in
each version to introduce the author’s
content.

22. EXAMPLE:
Original Source Text:
Fully grown penguins generate
pressures of around 74 mm Hg to excrete
liquid material and 430 mm Hg to excrete
material of higher viscosity similar to that of
oil.”

23. EXAMPLE:
Direct Quote
In her study of Antarctic penguin defecation
habits, Brooks (1995, p.4) wrote, “fully grown
Chinstrap penguins generate pressures of
around 74 mm Hg to excrete liquid material and 430
mm Hg to excrete material of higher viscosity
similar to that of oil.”
*Quotations around quotes; citations included; many details
provided; a complete sentence is quoted.

24. EXAMPLE:
Paraphrased Text
When studying Chinstrap penguin defecation
habits, Brooks (1995, p.4) observed that fully grown
penguins generate a much higher pressure when
excreting more viscous fecal matter.
*No quotation marks; citations included; the most important
data fact is highlighted:

25. EXAMPLE:
Quote/Paraphrase Combination
When studying penguin defecation habits, Brooks
(1995, p.4) observed that fully grown penguins vary in how
they excrete waste, generating “pressures of around 74 mm
Hg to excrete liquid material and 430 mm Hg to excrete
material of higher viscosity similar to that of oil.”
*Quotation marks only around directly quoted information;
citations included; the most important data fact is
paraphrased; additional details provided by direct quote.

26. Merge multiple sentences into a one- or two-sentence
paraphrase
Original Source Text:
The journal primarily considers empirical and theoretical
investigations that enhance understanding of cognitive, motivational,
affective, and behavioral psychological phenomena in work and
organizational settings, broadly defined. Those psychological phenomena
can be at one or multiple levels — individuals, groups, organizations, or
cultures; in work settings such as business, education, training, health,
service, government, or military institutions; and in the public or private
sector, for-profit or nonprofit organizations.
(Source: Journal of Applied Psychology
Website http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/apl/)

27. Merge multiple sentences into a one- or two-sentence
paraphrase
Paraphrased Source Text:
The Journal of Applied Psychology accepts
studies that increase understanding of a broad
range of psychological phenomena and that apply to
a variety of settings and levels, not limited by
subgroup, institution, or sector (JAP, 2015).

28. Paraphrasing Methods in Research Writing
● Use the following methods to make your
paraphrases even stronger. Note that you
should not apply only one of these rules in
isolation—combine these techniques to
reduce your chances of accidental
plagiarism.

29. Why do we need to paraphrase our literature?
● save space and keep your study more
focused
● distill complex information into language that
general readers can understand
● avoid plagiarism and provide your own
authorial voice in your paper

30. 1. What do we do to save space and keep your
study more focused?
2. What do we need to distill complex information
into language that general readers can understand?
3. What are we going to do to avoid plagiarism
(including self-plagiarism)?
4. What do we do to provide your own authorial
voice in your paper?

31. Activity 3: Quiz Booklet (Individual)

32. Additional Activity :Write it Up (per Group)
● With your pre-assigned group, continue
crafting your research Chapter 2: Review
of Related Literature applying the
Methods of Paraphrasing to avoid
Plagiarism and explore your creativity.

33. Thank you for Listening…………