EFFECT OF SCANDIUM ON THE SOFTENING BEHAVIOUR OF DIFFERENT DEGREE OF COLD ROL...msejjournal
The softening behavior of different cold rolled Al-6Mg alloys containing scandium 0.2 wt% and 0.6 wt% have been investigated by means of microscopy, hardness and electrical conductivity measurements. It is found that the scandium added alloys attend the higher hardness at every state of cold rolling at higher
annealed temperature due to the precipitation of scandium aluminides. Electrical resistivity of the scandium added alloys show higher than base alloy due to grain refining. It is seen from the microstructure that scandium refine the grain structure and inhibit recrystallization.
Effect of Hardness and Wear Resistance on En 353 Steel by Heat Treatment IJMER
En 353 steel is an easily available and cheap material that is acceptable for heavy duty
applications. Heat treatment on En 353 steel is improved the ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and
relive internal stress in the material. Spectrographic method is used to analyze the composition of the
alloy material. The experimental results of hardness and dry wear testing on pin-on-disc are done to get
idea about heat treated En 353 steel. It is found that the hardness and wear resistance of the En 353 steel
is improved after the heat treatment and the microstructure is changed from ferrite to martensite.
Some Results from the Investigation of Effects of Heat Treatment on Propertie...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- The results of an investigation which was undertaken to reveal the differences in the mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of two types of Ni-hard cast irons are presented in this study. The cast irons were obtained in a laboratory conditions and their compositions are in accordance with European standard EN 12513. One type of cast iron is EN GJN-HV520 (Ni-hard 2) containing 2.10% Cr and the second type EN GJN-HV600 (Ni-hard 4) with 9.04% Cr. The cast irons were evaluated in both as-cast and heat treated conditions. To improve mechanical properties specifically wear resistance, the samples of both types Ni-hard cast irons were subjected to different heat treatment processes. Annealing of Ni-hard 2 samples at 480°C during 4 hours caused increasing of hardness for about 13.5% due to additional precipitation of secondary carbides. On the other hand the heat treatment process consisting of annealing at 790°C during 4-8 hours of Ni-hard 4 samples, compared to the as-cast condition, improve the hardness for about 22.5%. In this case besides precipitation of secondary carbides, transformation of retained austenite to martensite occurs.
EFFECT OF SCANDIUM ON THE SOFTENING BEHAVIOUR OF DIFFERENT DEGREE OF COLD ROL...msejjournal
The softening behavior of different cold rolled Al-6Mg alloys containing scandium 0.2 wt% and 0.6 wt% have been investigated by means of microscopy, hardness and electrical conductivity measurements. It is found that the scandium added alloys attend the higher hardness at every state of cold rolling at higher
annealed temperature due to the precipitation of scandium aluminides. Electrical resistivity of the scandium added alloys show higher than base alloy due to grain refining. It is seen from the microstructure that scandium refine the grain structure and inhibit recrystallization.
Effect of Hardness and Wear Resistance on En 353 Steel by Heat Treatment IJMER
En 353 steel is an easily available and cheap material that is acceptable for heavy duty
applications. Heat treatment on En 353 steel is improved the ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and
relive internal stress in the material. Spectrographic method is used to analyze the composition of the
alloy material. The experimental results of hardness and dry wear testing on pin-on-disc are done to get
idea about heat treated En 353 steel. It is found that the hardness and wear resistance of the En 353 steel
is improved after the heat treatment and the microstructure is changed from ferrite to martensite.
Some Results from the Investigation of Effects of Heat Treatment on Propertie...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- The results of an investigation which was undertaken to reveal the differences in the mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of two types of Ni-hard cast irons are presented in this study. The cast irons were obtained in a laboratory conditions and their compositions are in accordance with European standard EN 12513. One type of cast iron is EN GJN-HV520 (Ni-hard 2) containing 2.10% Cr and the second type EN GJN-HV600 (Ni-hard 4) with 9.04% Cr. The cast irons were evaluated in both as-cast and heat treated conditions. To improve mechanical properties specifically wear resistance, the samples of both types Ni-hard cast irons were subjected to different heat treatment processes. Annealing of Ni-hard 2 samples at 480°C during 4 hours caused increasing of hardness for about 13.5% due to additional precipitation of secondary carbides. On the other hand the heat treatment process consisting of annealing at 790°C during 4-8 hours of Ni-hard 4 samples, compared to the as-cast condition, improve the hardness for about 22.5%. In this case besides precipitation of secondary carbides, transformation of retained austenite to martensite occurs.
Magnetic nde characterization of tempered 2.25 cr 1mo steelAPOORVKRISHNA1
A descriptive presentation on heat treatment analysis of Tempered 2.25Cr-1Mo steel ,commonly known as P22 steel. The presentation includes history of the material, objective and work-plan with procedures adopted to carry out the project.
Proper heat treatment of steels is one of the most important factors in determining how they will
perform in service. Engineering materials, mostly steel, are heat treated under controlled sequence of
heating and cooling to alter their physical and mechanical properties to meet desired engineering
applications. In this study we have chosen AISI 1020 steel as for our research work and we have tried to
find out the mechanical properties (hardness) and micro structural properties (martensite formation,
carbon self-locking region) by means of appropriate heat treatment process (annealing, normalizing &
hardening). Here the steel specimens were heat treated in a furnace at different temperature levels and
soaking time; and then cooled in various media (air, ash, water). After that the hardness of the specimens
were rechecked for the comparison with previous data and the microstructures of the specimens were
examined using metallurgical microscope equipped with camera. These results showed that the hardness
of AISI 1020 steel can be changed and improved by different heat treatments for a particular application.
From the microstructures we have found that the annealed specimens with mainly ferrite structure give the
lowest hardness value and highest ductility while hardened specimens which comprise martensite give
the highest hardness value and lowest ductility. On the other hand, normalized specimens have given the
moderate hardness and ductility comparing with hardened and annealed specimens
Effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steel (aisi ¬d2)eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present scenario modernization of machine tools is on prime consideration that is an optimization of desired properties in machine tool parts means alternation of properties for that previously we employed heat treatment of steel, thus we have some improved properties but does not achieved correct solution for the problem. In modern age a new technology is comes on the front line, recognize by Acronyms C.T.P. or Cryogenic treatment of steel which has been done in cooling Atmosphere below Atmospheric tem. About – 1960C or- 3100F. During this temp. Range conversion of Austenite to marten site takes place. Thus we have got increased some desirable properties like reduced wear & Tear. Increased Hardness Micro- structure improved, Stress relieving properties also improved. In this paper tool Steel AISI- D2 is used for cryogenic treatment & study is performed regarding Micro- structure and Hardness, after Cryogenic treatment comparison is also made with un-treated test specimen.
Keywords:-AISI- D2, Cryogenic Treatment, Phase Transformation, Hardness, Micro- Structure
Influence of volume fraction, size, cracking, clustering of particulates and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the influence of volume fraction, size of particulates, formation of precipitates at the
matrix/particle interface, particle cracking, voids/porosity, and clustering of particulates on the strength and stiffness of
6063/SiCp metal matrix composites. Tensile strength and stiffness increase with an increase in the volume fraction of SiC
particulates. The tensile strength and stiffness decrease with increase in size of the particulates, presence of porosity, clustering,
and particle cracking. Formation of particulate clusters is more prominent in the composites having very small-reinforced
particulates. Mg2Si compound is likely to precipitate at the matrix/particle interfaces of 6063/SiC composite.
Keywords: 6063, SiC, clustering, cracking, porosity, clustering
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Aisi1040 SteelIOSR Journals
This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
In order for metal workpiece to have required working properties, a heat treatment process is often necessary. Heat treatment process generally includes three processes of heating, heat preservation and cooling. It is divided into quenching, tempering, normalizing, annealing, etc. depending on process. Can you distinguish it?
Conventional heat treatment of low carbon steelAyush Chaurasia
Heat treatment of Low Carbon Steel via heat treatment processes of annealing, quenching and normalising and observing the structural changes affecting the hardness property of material.
MECHANICAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT OF AUSTEMPERED AND CONVENTIONALLY HARDENED AIS...IAEME Publication
The chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel decide its applicability for manufacturing various components in different areas of engineering interests. Heat treatment processes are commonly used to enhance the required properties of steel with or without change in chemical composition. The present work aims to perform conventional hardening and Austempering treatment with experimental investigation of the effect of austempering and conventional hardening (quenching) on AISI 4340 steel. Different tests like tensile, torsion, hardness, impact and microstructure analysis are carried out in as bought and heat treated conditions
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Austempered, Normalized and As-Weld Ca...IJAEMSJORNAL
More often than not, welded joints experience failure such as fracture which jeopardize their reliability and ergonomics when put in perspective. Attempting a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of welded joint through heat treatment could ensure joints stability and reduce the costs associated with constant repairs and replacements. In this study, the effects of heat treatments (austempering and normalization) on the mechanical properties of weldments were examined. The locally recycled steel sample was sourced from the Delta Steel Company Aladja, Delta State and the spectro-analysis was carried out on it. The test samples were machined as per properties for tests, fractured locally and were welded using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with stainless steel electrode. They were then heat treated in electric furnaces. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and impact toughness) were determined and the microstructure examined using scanning electron microscope. They were also examined physically using hand lens. The result indicated that the austempered samples improved significantly in terms of its tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and ductility. It was also found that the untreated sample produced the greatest impact toughness. The result of the physical examination also suggested that heat treatment using oil based quenchant have the potential to inhibit rust at weld joints.
Studying the Fatigue Properties Of Hardened For Carbon Steelijceronline
In this study, Medium carbon steel is one of the most important materials used in industrial applications especially it is used in applications exposed to fatigue stresses such as airplanes, automotive components and electrical engines industries. Medium carbon steels were prepared and the effect of hardening on hardening strength of medium carbon steel was studied, the flame hardening method was used at different speeds then fatigue test was done. The following results were obtained, first sample (none), second sample (3.5 mm/s), and third sample (1.75 mm /s) and forth sample (1.165 mm/s). It has been found that as the flaming speed increases, the fatigue strength of the material decreases. The fatigue test result at stress (407.44 N/mm2 ) was as follow: for the first sample the no. of cycles to failure was at (67511 rpm), for the second sample (95832 rpm), for the third sample (122565rpm) and for the fourth sample it was (134585 rpm).
Magnetic nde characterization of tempered 2.25 cr 1mo steelAPOORVKRISHNA1
A descriptive presentation on heat treatment analysis of Tempered 2.25Cr-1Mo steel ,commonly known as P22 steel. The presentation includes history of the material, objective and work-plan with procedures adopted to carry out the project.
Proper heat treatment of steels is one of the most important factors in determining how they will
perform in service. Engineering materials, mostly steel, are heat treated under controlled sequence of
heating and cooling to alter their physical and mechanical properties to meet desired engineering
applications. In this study we have chosen AISI 1020 steel as for our research work and we have tried to
find out the mechanical properties (hardness) and micro structural properties (martensite formation,
carbon self-locking region) by means of appropriate heat treatment process (annealing, normalizing &
hardening). Here the steel specimens were heat treated in a furnace at different temperature levels and
soaking time; and then cooled in various media (air, ash, water). After that the hardness of the specimens
were rechecked for the comparison with previous data and the microstructures of the specimens were
examined using metallurgical microscope equipped with camera. These results showed that the hardness
of AISI 1020 steel can be changed and improved by different heat treatments for a particular application.
From the microstructures we have found that the annealed specimens with mainly ferrite structure give the
lowest hardness value and highest ductility while hardened specimens which comprise martensite give
the highest hardness value and lowest ductility. On the other hand, normalized specimens have given the
moderate hardness and ductility comparing with hardened and annealed specimens
Effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steel (aisi ¬d2)eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present scenario modernization of machine tools is on prime consideration that is an optimization of desired properties in machine tool parts means alternation of properties for that previously we employed heat treatment of steel, thus we have some improved properties but does not achieved correct solution for the problem. In modern age a new technology is comes on the front line, recognize by Acronyms C.T.P. or Cryogenic treatment of steel which has been done in cooling Atmosphere below Atmospheric tem. About – 1960C or- 3100F. During this temp. Range conversion of Austenite to marten site takes place. Thus we have got increased some desirable properties like reduced wear & Tear. Increased Hardness Micro- structure improved, Stress relieving properties also improved. In this paper tool Steel AISI- D2 is used for cryogenic treatment & study is performed regarding Micro- structure and Hardness, after Cryogenic treatment comparison is also made with un-treated test specimen.
Keywords:-AISI- D2, Cryogenic Treatment, Phase Transformation, Hardness, Micro- Structure
Influence of volume fraction, size, cracking, clustering of particulates and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the influence of volume fraction, size of particulates, formation of precipitates at the
matrix/particle interface, particle cracking, voids/porosity, and clustering of particulates on the strength and stiffness of
6063/SiCp metal matrix composites. Tensile strength and stiffness increase with an increase in the volume fraction of SiC
particulates. The tensile strength and stiffness decrease with increase in size of the particulates, presence of porosity, clustering,
and particle cracking. Formation of particulate clusters is more prominent in the composites having very small-reinforced
particulates. Mg2Si compound is likely to precipitate at the matrix/particle interfaces of 6063/SiC composite.
Keywords: 6063, SiC, clustering, cracking, porosity, clustering
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Aisi1040 SteelIOSR Journals
This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
In order for metal workpiece to have required working properties, a heat treatment process is often necessary. Heat treatment process generally includes three processes of heating, heat preservation and cooling. It is divided into quenching, tempering, normalizing, annealing, etc. depending on process. Can you distinguish it?
Conventional heat treatment of low carbon steelAyush Chaurasia
Heat treatment of Low Carbon Steel via heat treatment processes of annealing, quenching and normalising and observing the structural changes affecting the hardness property of material.
MECHANICAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT OF AUSTEMPERED AND CONVENTIONALLY HARDENED AIS...IAEME Publication
The chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel decide its applicability for manufacturing various components in different areas of engineering interests. Heat treatment processes are commonly used to enhance the required properties of steel with or without change in chemical composition. The present work aims to perform conventional hardening and Austempering treatment with experimental investigation of the effect of austempering and conventional hardening (quenching) on AISI 4340 steel. Different tests like tensile, torsion, hardness, impact and microstructure analysis are carried out in as bought and heat treated conditions
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Austempered, Normalized and As-Weld Ca...IJAEMSJORNAL
More often than not, welded joints experience failure such as fracture which jeopardize their reliability and ergonomics when put in perspective. Attempting a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of welded joint through heat treatment could ensure joints stability and reduce the costs associated with constant repairs and replacements. In this study, the effects of heat treatments (austempering and normalization) on the mechanical properties of weldments were examined. The locally recycled steel sample was sourced from the Delta Steel Company Aladja, Delta State and the spectro-analysis was carried out on it. The test samples were machined as per properties for tests, fractured locally and were welded using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with stainless steel electrode. They were then heat treated in electric furnaces. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and impact toughness) were determined and the microstructure examined using scanning electron microscope. They were also examined physically using hand lens. The result indicated that the austempered samples improved significantly in terms of its tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and ductility. It was also found that the untreated sample produced the greatest impact toughness. The result of the physical examination also suggested that heat treatment using oil based quenchant have the potential to inhibit rust at weld joints.
Studying the Fatigue Properties Of Hardened For Carbon Steelijceronline
In this study, Medium carbon steel is one of the most important materials used in industrial applications especially it is used in applications exposed to fatigue stresses such as airplanes, automotive components and electrical engines industries. Medium carbon steels were prepared and the effect of hardening on hardening strength of medium carbon steel was studied, the flame hardening method was used at different speeds then fatigue test was done. The following results were obtained, first sample (none), second sample (3.5 mm/s), and third sample (1.75 mm /s) and forth sample (1.165 mm/s). It has been found that as the flaming speed increases, the fatigue strength of the material decreases. The fatigue test result at stress (407.44 N/mm2 ) was as follow: for the first sample the no. of cycles to failure was at (67511 rpm), for the second sample (95832 rpm), for the third sample (122565rpm) and for the fourth sample it was (134585 rpm).
Mechanism of Fracture in Friction Stir Processed Aluminium AlloyDr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium alloys are used for important
applications in reducing the weight of the component and
structure particularly associated with transport, marine,
and aerospace fields. Grain refinement by scandium (Sc)
addition can eliminate the casting defects and increase the
resistance to hot tearing for high strength aluminium alloys.
FSP for cast aluminium alloys have been focused and it has
great advantages including solid state microstructural
evolution, altering mechanical properties by optimizing
process parameters. These parameters are tool rotational
speeds (720, and 1000 rpm), traverse speeds (80, and 70
mm/min), and axial compressive force at 15 kN, etc. The
mechanical properties had been evaluated on FSPed
aluminium alloy with different microstructural conditions.
Fracture properties of aluminium alloys are very important
for industrial applications. Tensile and fracture toughness
properties were correlated to microstructural and
fractographic features of the aluminium alloys need to
explore their essential failure mechanisms.
Investigation of 316L Stainless Steel by Flame Hardening ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
Austenitic stainless steel offer great imperviousness to general erosion because of the development of a detached surface film. They are broadly utilized as a part of the sustenance and concoction preparing ventures and in addition in biomaterial applications. In any case, they can experience the ill effects of setting erosion in chloride particle containing arrangements. All things considered, in the meantime they have discovered little use in mechanical building applications in view of their low hardness and poor wear resistance. In this examination work, to enhance the previously mentioned reasons, surface solidifying by Flame hardening procedure is done. It has for some time been an outstanding a warm treatment for enhancing the surface properties of austenitic stainless steel. The examples were fire solidified for 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes separately. Wear test for every one of the examples were completed by stick on plate testing process. The outcomes were contrasted and an untreated specimen and finished up with metallographic tests like optical tiny tests and examining electron magnifying lens tests.
The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Hardness, Friction and Wear Resista...IJMER
Investigations carried out in the recent few decades reveal the advantages of cryogenic
treatment as one of the promising techniques to enhance wear resistance in certain tool steels. Thus the
cryogenic treatment has significant influence on the tribological performance of tool steels. It is a one
time permanent treatment process affecting the entire section of the part, unlike coatings. Enhancing the
wear resistance and service life of the steel tools subjected to rubbing condition is of important concern.
Literature provides information about the investigations performed on some high-speed steels which
reveal remarkable improvement in wear resistance from 92% to 817%. Furthermore, the studies
conducted on conventional D3 tool steel reveals the betterment of certain tribo-mechanical properties
such as hardness and wear resistance. In the present investigation the effect of cryogenic treatment on
austenitic ductile iron type D3 tool steel is studied by sliding the test specimen against the same mating
material. The study reveals increase in hardness, reduction in friction coefficient and enhancement in
wear resistance
Characterization and Performance Evaluation of HSS Cutting Tools under deep C...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Duplex 2209 Weld Overlay by ESSC ProcessIJERA Editor
In the modern world of industrialization the wear is eating metal assets worth millions of dollars per year. The wear is in the form of corrosion, erosion, abrasion etc. which occur in the process industries like oil & gas, refineries, cement plants, steel plants, shipping and offshore working structures. The equipments like pressure vessels, heat exchangers, hydro processing reactors which very often work at elevated temperatures face corrosion in the internal diameter. Duplex 2209 weld overlay on ferrous material is developed for high corrosion resistance properties and having high productivity by Electroslag strip cladding process due to its less dilution ~10% as compared to SMAW , GTAW or FCAW process. Because of Low Dilution ~10% undiluted chemistry can be achieved with single layer as compared to other weld overlay processes. The facility was developed inhouse to carry out weld overlay by ESSC and Testing.
REVIEW ON EFFECT OF HEAT INPUT ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF BUTT WELD JOINT USING M...ijiert bestjournal
Present work investigates the effect of heat input (controlled by welding current,welding voltage and welding speed) on tensile strength,micro-hardness and microstructure elements produced by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). From the experimental res ults it was found that the increase in heat input affects the micro-constituents of base metal,and h eat affected zone (HAZ). Tensile strength decreases with increase in heat input and from scanning elect ron microscopy of tensile test fractured surfaces exhibited ductile & brittle failure. From micro har dness data values it was observed that hardness of material increases with increase in heat input in w eld pool and decreases in HAZ zone. Optical microscopy shows that smaller dendrite sizes and le sser inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone at low heat input. And long dendrite si zes and large inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone of the joint welded at high heat in put. Further it was observed from the optical micrographs that the extent of grain coarsening in the HAZ increases with increase in heat input. The welding heat input has a great influence on the wel dments properties. This paper describes the influen ce of welding heat input on the weld metal toughness of h igh-carbon steel surface welded joint .
TMT steel bars compliments “Reinforced Cement Concrete” (RCC) which has become an integral part of every structure, be it a multi-storied building, a tunnel, a flyover, a TV tower etc.
Here are some of the most frequently asked questions about TMT bars answered
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
3. 90 V. Lesko6s'ek, B. Ule : Journal of Materials Processing Technology 82 (1998) 89±94
Fig. 1. Comparative hardness of carbides found in tool steels [2].
To improve the toughness of conventionally-manu-
factured high-speed steel M2, recent development [1] has
focused mainly on vacuum heat treatment procedures.
High-speed steels have better resistance to wear in
comparison to cold-work tool steels because of the
increased matrix and carbide phase hardness.
The carbide phase in high-speed steels increases the
wear resistance, which latter depends on the total vol-ume
of carbides and their hardness. The wear resistance in high-
speed steel is mainly determined by vanadium carbides
which have a micro-hardness of 2200 to 2400HV [2] (Fig.
1).
However, it must not be forgotten that high-speed steels
have a greater hot hardness. Even if the work-pieces are
placed into the tools whilst cold, the working tool surfaces
become hot because of the processing in the tool.
3. Experimental procedure
The test material was a conventional high-speed steel of
AISI M2 type of the same melt. The chemical composition
of the steel examined is listed in Table 1. The toughness of
high-speed steels is relatively low at the hardness to which
they are normally heat treated before use. It is therefore
necessary, in optimizing vac-uum heat-treatment
procedures, that the toughness test methods are capable of
responding to changes caused by the variations in
microstructure.
For this reason, recent investigations [1,3] have fo-cused
on the fracture toughness of high-speed steels.
Table 1
Chemical composition of the high-speed steel examined (in wt.%)
Fig. 2. The geometry of a cylindrical round-notched and pre-cracked
tensile specimens.
The geometry of cylindrical round-notched pre-cracked
tensile specimens, prepared according recommendations
[1,4] is shown in Fig. 2.
Accordingly to Grossmann's concept of a harden-ability,
the formation of uniform microstructure along the crack
front is possible because of the axial symme-try of
cylindrical specimens, in comparison with the CT-
specimens, where this condition is not ful®lled. For a
round-notched pre-cracked specimen, the stress inten-sity
factor is given by Heckel [4] as:
KI P:D3:2
( 1.27 1.72D:d) (1)
where d is the radius of the uncracked ligament after
fatiguing, P is the applied fracture load, and D is the outer
diameter of the cylindrical specimen. In order to apply
linear-elastic fracture mechanical concepts, the size of the
plastic zone at the crack tip must be small compared with
the nominal dimensions of the speci-men. The size
requirement for a valid KIc test is given by Shen Wei et al.
[5] as
D]1.5(KIc:sys) (2)
where sys is the yield stress of the investigated steel. This
requirement (Eq. (2)) was ful®lled in all of the present
measurements. The fracture surfaces of the cylindrical
round-notched and pre-cracked specimens were examined
in S.E.M. at low magni®cation.
As is shown in Fig. 3, the fatigue-crack propagation area
was sharply separated from the circular central part of the
fast-fractured area, so that diameter d of this area was
easily measured.
Material C Si Mn Cr Mo W V Co
AISI M2 0.87 0.29 0.30 3.77 4.90 6.24 1.18 0.53
4. V. Lesko6s'ek, B. Ule : Journal of Materials Processing Technology 82 (1998) 89±94 91
Fig. 3. Fracture surface of a cylindrical round-notched and pre-cracked
tensile specimen with the circumferential fatigue-crack propa-gation area
sharply separated from the circular central fast-fractured area.
Cylindrical round-notched tensile specimens with a
diameter of 10 mm were machined from soft annealed bars
with a Brinell hardness of 255. Specimens were fatigued to
produce a sharp circumferential crack at the notch root,
then austenitized in a vacuum furnace at
temperatures of 1050, 1100, 1150 and 1230°C, quenched in
a ¯ow of gaseous nitrogen at a pressure of 5 bar abs. and
double tempered 1 h at temperatures of 510, 540, 570 and
600°C, respectively.
4. Results and discussion
Metallographic examination of the specimens [1] shows
that the austenite grain size of all specimens that were gas
quenched from the austenitization tempera-ture 1050 and
1230°C was 21 and 8 SG, respectively.
The microstructure of the cylindrical round-notched
tensile specimens examined by S.E.M. at higher mag-
ni®cation is shown in Fig. 4, consisting of tempered
martensite and carbides.
The quantity of ®ne carbide particles decreases with the
increase of the austenitizing temperature. In addi-tion, it
was also noticed that at higher austenitizing temperatures,
particularly at 1230°C (the last column in Fig. 4), primary
carbide particles penetrate along the edges of the grains
because of partial melting and decrease of surface tension
of the matrix ± carbides in-terface. When specimens are
tempered above 500°C, the retained austenite is
`conditioned' and subsequently decomposes to martensite
on quenching [3]. The reac-tion is completed at 540°C,
although small amounts of austenite (less than 3%) remain
after tempering at 580°C. If retained austenite affects the
fracture tough-
Fig. 4. The microstructure of vacuum hardened and tempered specimens examined by S.E.M.
5. 92 V. Lesko6s'ek, B. Ule : Journal of Materials Processing Technology 82 (1998) 89±94
Fig. 5. The effect of the austenitizing and tempering temperature on the
fracture toughness and hardness of M2 steel (FT-fracture tough-ness; H-
hardness).
ness of M2 steel, the effect is small enough to be obscured
by secondary hardening. The fracture tough-ness would be
expected to increase with the increasing content of retained
austenite, as observed for under-aged microstructures
tempered below 500°C. In con-trast, specimens
austenitized at 1230°C, and thus containing larger amounts
of retained austenite than the specimens austenitized at
1050°C, have a lower fracture toughness. Obviously, other
factors such as the distribution, morphology and stability of
retained austenite may also be changing and have a
pronounced effect on the fracture toughness [3]. The
fracture tough-ness properties are summarized in Fig. 5.
Specimens austenitized at 1050°C were somewhat tougher
than those austenitized at 1230°C. The fracture toughness
decreases with increasing tempering temperature up to
540°C and then increases again with further increase in
tempering temperature. The fracture toughness is in-
versely correlated with hardness, as generally observed for
steels. Despite the non-standard specimens and pre-
cracking technique used, KIc values were repro-ducible and
in good agreement with other published data [3]. Fig. 5
shows that KIc increases with decreasing hardness, as
observed earlier [6]. In the temperature range of vacuum
heat-treatments examined, the hard-ness is dependent on
the secondary-hardening reaction. It is therefore postulated
that carbide particles play a primary role in determining the
fracture toughness of AISI M2 high speed steel.
The lower fracture toughness of specimens austeni-tized
at 1230°C can be associated with an increased carbon
content in the matrix and subsequently with a
more profuse precipitation of secondary carbides. The
enhanced volume fraction of carbide particles also re-duces
the fracture toughness by providing a preferential path for
crack propagation. This postulate is supported by the work
of Olsson [7], in a high speed steel the ®nal crack growth
occurring in the carbide ± matrix interfaces.
On the basis of the experimental results [1], it was
possible to draw the diagram shown in Fig. 6, where the
technological parameters of the vacuum heat-treat-ment,
mechanical properties and microstructure of the vacuum
heat-treated specimens are combined.
From the diagram in Fig. 6, it is evident that the fracture
toughness for the tempering temperatures 540, 570 and
600°C, respectively, increases with the decrease of
hardening temperature. This is in good agreement with
earlier observations [3,6].
On the other hand, for the tempering temperature of
510°C, it was found that the fracture toughness values are
very close, although slightly higher than for 600°C,
irrespective of the hardening temperatures. On the basis of
the curves in Fig. 6, it can be assumed that the high-speed
steel M2 hardened from low austenitizing temperatures and
tempered at 510°C can achieve an optimal combination of
hardness and fracture tough-ness. The relationship between
fracture toughness and austenite grain size, f.i. SG grade 8,
shows that at the tempering temperatures 510 and 600°C,
the obtained values KIc are 17.8 and 10.6 MNm 3:2
, a
difference that is quite important in practice. Different
fracture toughness at the same grain size (SG8,
1230:510°C) and virtually nearly constant fracture
toughness at the tem-
Fig. 6. In¯uence of austenite grain size on the fracture toughness of high
speed steel M2 (TT-tempering temperature, TA-hardening tem-perature,
HRc-hardness at 510°C).
6. V. Lesko6s'ek, B. Ule : Journal of Materials Processing Technology 82 (1998) 89±94 93
Fig. 7. Fine-blanking tool for a ratchet wheel.
pering temperature of 510°C, irrespectively of the
austenitizing temperature (1050 to 1230°C, SG21 to SG8),
con®rms the hypothesis that the austenite grain size is not
the only dominant parameter affecting the fracture
toughness of high-speed steel M2.
punches and dies were tested on a 250t triple-action
hydraulic press and compared with the ®ne-blanking tools
for ®ne-blanking ratchet wheels conventionally heat-
treated in a salt bath [1]. The ®nal hardness of the
conventionally heat-treated tools achieved after double
tempering at 600°C:1 h, was 58 to 59 HRc, depending on
the alloying. The tests [1] showed that higher working
hardness (61.5 HRc) and improved fracture toughness of
vacuum heat-treated punches and dies Ð particularly those
double tempered at 510°C Ð had a signi®cant affect on the
defects on the cutting edges. The vacuum heat-treated tool
life was greater by 15 ± 20%, compared to conventionally
heat-treated ®ne blanking tools tempered at 600°C.
None of the in-service dimensional instability due to the
later-transformed retained austenite was found at tool
testing. Namely, X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the
content of retained austenite did not exceed 1 vol.% in all
of the specimens [1].
5. Tool life tests
Long production runs have underlined the impor-tance
of improved ®ne blanking tool life, Fig. 7.
The qualities most commonly required from a ®ne-
blanking tool are wear resistance and toughness, which are
needed to maintain a keen cutting edge, combined with
suf®cient red hardness. In ®ne blank-ing, close
dimensional stability is essential. Since gross plastic
deformation of a ®ne blanking tool is not de-sirable in this
respect, the initial compressive yield stress is important. On
the basis of the experimental results shown in Fig. 6, it was
found that the opti-mum vacuum heat-treatment of ®ne-
blanking tools from high speed steel M2 needs at least two
pre-heat-ing stages (650 and 850°C respectively), a
variable hardening temperature (usually 1050 ± 1150°C)
and double tempering at the same temperature (510°C:1 h).
The life of a ®ne-blanking tool varies considerably
depending on the size and design of the blank, the type of
blanking steel, and the care and maintenance of the tool. To
establish tool life, three tools for a ®ne-blanking ratchet
wheel were selected.
The punches and dies were from high-speed steel M2.
The blanks, with a material gauge of 4 mm were from AISI
C 1045 blanking steel in a spheroidized-annealed
condition. The punches and dies were stress-relieved at
650°C:4 h and vacuum heat-treated. Depending on the
alloying and the condition of austenitization (1100°C:2
min), a ®nal hardness of 61.5 HRc and a ®nal fracture
toughness of 17.3 MNm 3:2
were obtained after double
tempering at 510°C for 1 h (Fig. 6). The vacuum heat-
treated
6. Conclusions
On the basis of a study of the in¯uence of vacuum heat-
treatment on mechanical properties and ®ne-blanking
performance of AISI M2 high-speed steel, the following
conclusions are drawn.
(1) The measurements of wear on the cutting edges of
punches and dies show that double tempering at 510°C:1 h
after vacuum hardening prolongs the life of a ®ne-blanking
tool for ratchet wheels by 15 ± 20%, compared to
conventionally heat-treated tools that were hardened at the
same austenitizing temperature and tempered twice at
600°C.
(2) The different fracture toughness at the same grain
size (SG8, 1230 ± 510°C) and the nearly constant fracture
toughness at the tempering temperature 510°C,
irrespectively of the austenitizing temperatures (1050 ±
1230°C), con®rm the hypothesis that the austenite grain
size is not the only dominant parame-ter affecting the
fracture toughness of high-speed steel M2.
(3) There is a marked improvement in ®ne-blank-ing
tool life when the tempering temperature is de-creased
from the currently recommended 600 ± 510°C. It is not the
type of heat-treatment process that sub-stantially affects the
tool life, but ®rst of all the proper choice of hardening and
tempering tempera-tures.
(4) The results presented, con®rmed by daily data,
justify the use of modern vacuum heat-treatment
technology and the use of the newest high-perfor-mance
high speed steels to achieve great improve-ments in the
lives of ®ne-blanking tools and overall economy.
7. V. Lesko6s'ek, B. Ule : Journal of Materials Processing Technology 82 (1998) 89±94 93
Fig. 7. Fine-blanking tool for a ratchet wheel.
pering temperature of 510°C, irrespectively of the
austenitizing temperature (1050 to 1230°C, SG21 to SG8),
con®rms the hypothesis that the austenite grain size is not
the only dominant parameter affecting the fracture
toughness of high-speed steel M2.
punches and dies were tested on a 250t triple-action
hydraulic press and compared with the ®ne-blanking tools
for ®ne-blanking ratchet wheels conventionally heat-
treated in a salt bath [1]. The ®nal hardness of the
conventionally heat-treated tools achieved after double
tempering at 600°C:1 h, was 58 to 59 HRc, depending on
the alloying. The tests [1] showed that higher working
hardness (61.5 HRc) and improved fracture toughness of
vacuum heat-treated punches and dies Ð particularly those
double tempered at 510°C Ð had a signi®cant affect on the
defects on the cutting edges. The vacuum heat-treated tool
life was greater by 15 ± 20%, compared to conventionally
heat-treated ®ne blanking tools tempered at 600°C.
None of the in-service dimensional instability due to the
later-transformed retained austenite was found at tool
testing. Namely, X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the
content of retained austenite did not exceed 1 vol.% in all
of the specimens [1].
5. Tool life tests
Long production runs have underlined the impor-tance
of improved ®ne blanking tool life, Fig. 7.
The qualities most commonly required from a ®ne-
blanking tool are wear resistance and toughness, which are
needed to maintain a keen cutting edge, combined with
suf®cient red hardness. In ®ne blank-ing, close
dimensional stability is essential. Since gross plastic
deformation of a ®ne blanking tool is not de-sirable in this
respect, the initial compressive yield stress is important. On
the basis of the experimental results shown in Fig. 6, it was
found that the opti-mum vacuum heat-treatment of ®ne-
blanking tools from high speed steel M2 needs at least two
pre-heat-ing stages (650 and 850°C respectively), a
variable hardening temperature (usually 1050 ± 1150°C)
and double tempering at the same temperature (510°C:1 h).
The life of a ®ne-blanking tool varies considerably
depending on the size and design of the blank, the type of
blanking steel, and the care and maintenance of the tool. To
establish tool life, three tools for a ®ne-blanking ratchet
wheel were selected.
The punches and dies were from high-speed steel M2.
The blanks, with a material gauge of 4 mm were from AISI
C 1045 blanking steel in a spheroidized-annealed
condition. The punches and dies were stress-relieved at
650°C:4 h and vacuum heat-treated. Depending on the
alloying and the condition of austenitization (1100°C:2
min), a ®nal hardness of 61.5 HRc and a ®nal fracture
toughness of 17.3 MNm 3:2
were obtained after double
tempering at 510°C for 1 h (Fig. 6). The vacuum heat-
treated
6. Conclusions
On the basis of a study of the in¯uence of vacuum heat-
treatment on mechanical properties and ®ne-blanking
performance of AISI M2 high-speed steel, the following
conclusions are drawn.
(1) The measurements of wear on the cutting edges of
punches and dies show that double tempering at 510°C:1 h
after vacuum hardening prolongs the life of a ®ne-blanking
tool for ratchet wheels by 15 ± 20%, compared to
conventionally heat-treated tools that were hardened at the
same austenitizing temperature and tempered twice at
600°C.
(2) The different fracture toughness at the same grain
size (SG8, 1230 ± 510°C) and the nearly constant fracture
toughness at the tempering temperature 510°C,
irrespectively of the austenitizing temperatures (1050 ±
1230°C), con®rm the hypothesis that the austenite grain
size is not the only dominant parame-ter affecting the
fracture toughness of high-speed steel M2.
(3) There is a marked improvement in ®ne-blank-ing
tool life when the tempering temperature is de-creased
from the currently recommended 600 ± 510°C. It is not the
type of heat-treatment process that sub-stantially affects the
tool life, but ®rst of all the proper choice of hardening and
tempering tempera-tures.
(4) The results presented, con®rmed by daily data,
justify the use of modern vacuum heat-treatment
technology and the use of the newest high-perfor-mance
high speed steels to achieve great improve-ments in the
lives of ®ne-blanking tools and overall economy.