This study analyzed the effect of focus on the intensity of disyllabic words in Mandarin Chinese. The results show that:
1) The average intensity of rhymes is significantly greater than that of onsets in both syllables.
2) Under focused conditions, the average intensity of the first syllable rhyme is significantly greater than the second syllable rhyme.
3) Focus has a significant effect of increasing average intensity across onsets and rhymes in both syllables.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
Effect of down step on High-Low Tones in ChineseIJRES Journal
In this study, the downstep principle in Chinese tone production is analyzed, and it is found that
downstep exists for high (H) tones. They always drop to a lower scale compared to the forgoing ones. The
degree of the first downstep is always larger than the following ones, but there are no differences in the degrees
of downsteps for the later HL sequences. The speaker does not only raise the initial H tone when there are more
downsteps, but also depress the final H tone.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Ignatius Mattingly helped establish the theoretical link between reading and speech through his research on reading in different orthographic systems, including Chinese. A study he advised on found that tone rules in Chinese, known as "tone sandhi", which apply in speech also apply in short-term memory, suggesting reading involves generating surface phonetic forms. Later work proposed the process of reading involves separate target assignment and target execution processes in the phonological system.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the acoustic properties of an imitator impersonating the voice of a South Indian actor. The imitator was able to closely match the timing of some words but diverged over time. Mean formant frequencies and pitch did not match the target voice. While the imitation sounded close to the human ear, acoustic analysis showed the voices were distinct in timing, formant frequencies, and pitch. The study concludes that voice is unique and difficult to perfectly copy acoustically.
Portofoliodiscourseanalysisfix 140428225714-phpapp02 (2)Kylle Wolf
This document discusses communication theory and constraints in human communication. It covers several key points:
1) There are universal constraints in all communication systems, including channel open/close signals, backchannel signals, turnover signals, and ensuring messages are interpretable.
2) Goffman identified eight system constraints that appear in all languages: channel open/close signals, backchannel signals, turnover signals, interpretable messages, bracket signals, nonparticipant constraints, preempt signals, and Gricean communication norms.
3) Conversation analysis techniques are used to transcribe spoken language into written data through transcription conventions covering overlaps, pauses, intonation, stress, softer speech, and nonverbal sounds. This allows
This document analyzes Taiwanese rising tone and its two approaches to tone sandhi. It first clarifies the definition of Taiwanese rising tone based on linguistic studies. It then investigates the two ways the rising tone can sandhi into distinctive tones: horizontal assimilation and vertical assimilation. The document uses tone assimilation theory to explain these two mapping approaches. It also discusses one exception to demonstrate that other historical and geographical factors are also involved in Taiwanese tone sandhi.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
Effect of down step on High-Low Tones in ChineseIJRES Journal
In this study, the downstep principle in Chinese tone production is analyzed, and it is found that
downstep exists for high (H) tones. They always drop to a lower scale compared to the forgoing ones. The
degree of the first downstep is always larger than the following ones, but there are no differences in the degrees
of downsteps for the later HL sequences. The speaker does not only raise the initial H tone when there are more
downsteps, but also depress the final H tone.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Ignatius Mattingly helped establish the theoretical link between reading and speech through his research on reading in different orthographic systems, including Chinese. A study he advised on found that tone rules in Chinese, known as "tone sandhi", which apply in speech also apply in short-term memory, suggesting reading involves generating surface phonetic forms. Later work proposed the process of reading involves separate target assignment and target execution processes in the phonological system.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the acoustic properties of an imitator impersonating the voice of a South Indian actor. The imitator was able to closely match the timing of some words but diverged over time. Mean formant frequencies and pitch did not match the target voice. While the imitation sounded close to the human ear, acoustic analysis showed the voices were distinct in timing, formant frequencies, and pitch. The study concludes that voice is unique and difficult to perfectly copy acoustically.
Portofoliodiscourseanalysisfix 140428225714-phpapp02 (2)Kylle Wolf
This document discusses communication theory and constraints in human communication. It covers several key points:
1) There are universal constraints in all communication systems, including channel open/close signals, backchannel signals, turnover signals, and ensuring messages are interpretable.
2) Goffman identified eight system constraints that appear in all languages: channel open/close signals, backchannel signals, turnover signals, interpretable messages, bracket signals, nonparticipant constraints, preempt signals, and Gricean communication norms.
3) Conversation analysis techniques are used to transcribe spoken language into written data through transcription conventions covering overlaps, pauses, intonation, stress, softer speech, and nonverbal sounds. This allows
This document analyzes Taiwanese rising tone and its two approaches to tone sandhi. It first clarifies the definition of Taiwanese rising tone based on linguistic studies. It then investigates the two ways the rising tone can sandhi into distinctive tones: horizontal assimilation and vertical assimilation. The document uses tone assimilation theory to explain these two mapping approaches. It also discusses one exception to demonstrate that other historical and geographical factors are also involved in Taiwanese tone sandhi.
Intonation serves several important functions in speech. It helps express attitudes and emotions, accentuate important words, distinguish statements from questions, and clarify grammatical relationships and discourse structure. Intonation patterns include falling, rising, fall-rising and rise-falling tones, which take on different meanings based on factors like voice quality, pitch range, and placement within utterances. While intonation is challenging to analyze, it plays a key role in conveying meaning in spoken language.
This document discusses pitch, stress, and rules of syllabic stress in language. It defines pitch as the highness and lowness of voice and stress as the prominence given to certain syllables or words. The rules of syllabic stress state that words can only have one stress, which is always on a vowel. The document also provides examples of stress patterns on different syllables in words and how pitch and stress contribute to expression, meaning, and comprehension.
DYNAMIC PHONE WARPING – A METHOD TO MEASURE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN PRONUNCIATIONS cscpconf
Human beings generate different speech waveforms while speaking the same word at different times. Also, different human beings have different accents and generate significantly varying speech waveforms for the same word. There is a need to measure the distances between various words which facilitate preparation of pronunciation dictionaries. A new algorithm called Dynamic Phone Warping (DPW) is presented in this paper. It uses dynamic programming technique for global alignment and shortest distance measurements. The DPW algorithm can be used to enhance the pronunciation dictionaries of the well-known languages like English or to build pronunciation dictionaries to the less known sparse languages. The precision measurement experiments show 88.9% accuracy.
This document provides information about rate of speech and guidelines for varying speech rate. It discusses typical word per minute rates for different types of speech and how speech rate can reflect personality traits and moods. The document also covers how to vary speech rate through pauses, emphasis on certain words or phrases, and adjusting vowel and consonant pronunciation. Overall it aims to provide guidance on using varied speech rates and techniques like pausing to engage audiences and emphasize key points.
Automatic Speech Recognition of Malayalam Language Nasal Class PhonemesEditor IJCATR
Speech recognition applications are becoming common and useful in this day and age as many of the modern devices are designed and produced user-friendly for the convenience of general public. Speaking/communicating directly with the machine to achieve desired objectives make usage of modern devices easier and convenient. Although may interactive software applications are available, the use of these applications is limited due to language barriers. Hence development of speech recognition systems in local languages will help anyone to make use of this technological advancement. In this paper we discuss the results of the Nasal phonetic class wise speech recognition performance of Malayalam language
Influence of social media on the academic performance of the undergraduate st...Alexander Decker
1) The document examines the influence of social media on the academic performance of undergraduate students at Kogi State University in Nigeria. It finds that students have high levels of access to social media, especially Facebook.
2) The study also finds that exposure to social media has a negative effect on students' academic performance. Students spend more time on social media than studying, and rely on social media instead of course materials.
3) Based on these findings, the document concludes that social media exposure negatively impacts academic performance for undergraduates at Kogi State University. It recommends that students minimize social media use and focus more on academic activities.
academic as an associated factor of stress among studentsNur Atikah Amira
This document summarizes research on academic stress among university students. It identifies several key factors that can cause academic stress, such as academic overload, unclear evaluation criteria, project deadlines, absence of faculty, and searching for course references. Studies found that exams, fear of failure, competition with peers, and lack of time were also primary stressors. Excessive stress can negatively impact students' academic performance and health. The literature review discusses research showing that academic factors like assignments, workloads, and examinations are major sources of stress for university students. Managing stress is important, as too much unmanaged stress can lead students to drop out or have other adverse outcomes.
This paper presents a method to improve transient stability and damping of low frequency oscillations in a multi-machine power system using adaptive neuro-fuzzy control of FACTS devices. A Simulink model of a three generator power system equipped with a UPFC is developed. Simulation results show that a UPFC controlled using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system controller more effectively improves transient stability and damps power oscillations compared to using SSSC. The neuro-fuzzy controller is trained using a hybrid learning algorithm to tune its parameters online based on generator speed deviation and acceleration as inputs.
This document summarizes research on constructing a phylogenetic tree for COX genes using multiple sequence alignments with ClustalW. It begins by introducing phylogenetic analysis and the COX gene. It then describes the methodology used, which involved obtaining nucleotide sequences from a COX protein sequence in mice, performing a tBLASTn search to find related genes, aligning the sequences with ClustalW, and constructing rooted and unrooted phylogenetic trees. The results include the input protein sequence, tBLASTn output, ClustalW alignment, and the rooted and unrooted phylogenetic trees produced. It concludes that phylogenetic analysis is important for understanding gene and protein evolution.
Relationship between Personality Traits, Academic Achievement and Salary: An ...iosrjce
Most of the B-Schools in India are facing problems in placing their students. Recruiters claim that
the reason for this is the absence of required skill-sets in the students. The challenge is in identifying the skills
or personality traits which lead to good placements. In this study, personality traits were borrowed from the
psychological concept of OCEAN. Ten traits were short-listed and the objective was to find out if there is a
correlation between them and CGPA (academic achievement) and Salary Obtained during placements. The
study, which was carried out in a reputed B-school in Bangalore (India), revealed that out of these 10 traits,only
confidence has a correlation with salary. The traits which have correlation with CGPA are self-motivation and
confidence. Another aspect that was studied was the efficacy of a program called personality enhancement
program- which forces students to learn from activities like public speaking, presentations etc.It was found that
this program helps students to build their confidence levels and confidence is impacting, both, CGPA as well as
salary. The study also found that there is no correlation between CGPA and Salary. SEM is also corroborating
the above results, which were obtained through regression analysis and ANOVA.
This document provides a summary of Nidhi Sharma's educational qualifications, internship experience, skills, academic achievements, and extracurricular activities. She has a MSc in Chemistry from IIT Roorkee with high marks and was a university topper in her BSc from Delhi University. Her internships focused on separation of lanthanides and actinides using HPLC and synthesis of antimicrobial polymers. She has strong skills in chemistry software and languages. She received numerous academic awards and scholarships. Her extracurriculars include leadership positions and competition wins in quizzes, presentations, and seminars on topics like energy and hydrocarbons.
This document summarizes two algorithms - MFA and ATRA - for processing top-k spatial preference queries. MFA is a threshold-based algorithm that partitions queries into three features - spatial, preference, and text - and retrieves objects with the highest aggregate scores. ATRA uses a hybrid indexing structure called AIR-tree to more efficiently retrieve only relevant objects without revisiting the same data. The paper then proposes using an R-tree index structure combined with an enhanced branch-and-bound search algorithm to answer preference-based top-k spatial keyword queries by ranking objects based on feature quality in their neighborhoods.
Knowledge and perception of students regarding islamic banking in Sindh Pakistansanaullah noonari
Abstract
This research investigated the relationship between the university student’s perception and knowledge about
different concepts and terms used in the Islamic banking and products and services offered. Impact of age,
gender, area of study, area of residence, CGPA and family’s monthly income on the perception and knowledge
of students about Islamic banking was also analyzed. Data was collected from the postgraduate students
(Respondents # 60) selected randomly from two public sectors universities (Sindh Agriculture University Tando
jam and University of Sindh) along with one private sectors (ISRA) university of Hyderabad. Simple linear
regressions were used in order to check the impact of socioeconomic characteristics on the knowledge and
perception of students. University students were mainly surveyed to assess the knowledge and perception of
country’s intellectual cream of Islamic banking crop. Results showed that religious sincerity, not the better
knowledge of Islamic banking was the strongest predictor of personal banking performances. Result reflected
that overall perception and knowledge of students was significantly different from zero. Result suggested that
students had better perception about the Islamic banking but poor knowledge. It was found that the Arabic
language in specifying the products and services hindered the understandings of the students. Coefficient of age
and income showed a positive relation with the perception and knowledge of students regarding Islamic banking
in both public sector universities and Private Sector University. Result for area of study also displayed positive
relation with the perception and knowledge of students regarding Islamic banking. Gender, area of residence and
CGPA were not statistically significant which means these did not affected significantly on the perception and
knowledge of students about Islamic banking however in case of private Sector University CGPA count to be
factor, significantly effecting the perception of students.
Keywords: Islamic banking, perception, knowledge, products and services.
This study investigated the effects of different grading policies (lenient vs. strict) on engineering students' cumulative grade point averages (CGPAs) in Pakistan. A sample of 1578 students was analyzed, with around half graded under a lenient policy with 5 letter grades and the other half under a strict policy with 7 letter grades. Results showed that students graded under the strict policy had statistically higher CGPAs on average compared to those under the lenient policy. Low-performing students benefited more from the strict policy in terms of improved CGPA. The study provides evidence that stricter grading policies can positively motivate students to achieve higher performance levels.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new Position Based Opportunistic Routing Protocol (POR) to improve reliable data delivery in mobile ad hoc networks. Existing geographic routing protocols have issues with route failures and delays in discovering new routes when nodes move. The proposed POR protocol selects multiple forwarding candidate nodes to opportunistically forward packets. If the primary forwarder fails, backup candidates can forward packets to avoid transmission interruptions. Simulation results show the POR protocol has lower delay and higher packet delivery ratio compared to existing protocols.
A RESEARCH ON EFFECT OF STRESS AMONG KMPh STUDENTS Natrah Abd Rahman
Stress is the feeling that is created when we react to particular events. It can make you feel threatened or upset. It is a combination of psychological, physiological and behavioral reactions that people have in response to events that threaten or challenge them.
The document presents a theoretical framework for analyzing the impact of internet usage on student performance. It hypothesizes that education, social status, cooperation from teachers, and reliability of online information positively impact internet usage, while risks/uncertainties and expenses negatively impact usage. A regression model is developed to measure the relationship between these independent variables and the dependent variable of internet usage.
THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENT...Kasthuripriya Nanda Kumar
This document is a research paper that examines the effects of social networking sites on the academic performance of college students. It begins with background information on the rise of social networking and introduces the research problem of whether these sites impact students' grades. The purpose is to determine this impact through a study of 30 students at Taj International College. A literature review discusses previous research, which has found mixed results on whether time spent on social networking correlates with academic performance.
This document summarizes a research study on factors affecting mathematics performance of high school students at Laguna State Polytechnic University in the 2009-2010 academic year. The study examines student-related factors like interest in mathematics, study habits, and teacher-related factors such as personality traits, teaching skills, and instructional materials. It provides background information on the importance of mathematics and reviews previous related studies. The research methodology, data collection instruments, and statistical analysis plan are also outlined.
S A M P L E P A P E R S54INHIBITORY INFLUENCES ON ASYCHRO.docxagnesdcarey33086
S A M P L E P A P E R S54
INHIBITORY INFLUENCES ON ASYCHRONY 3
Inhibitory Influences on Asychrony as a Cue for Auditory Segregation
Auditory grouping involves the formation of auditory objects from the sound mixture
reaching the ears. The cues used to integrate or segregate these sounds and so form auditory
objects have been defined by several authors (e.g., Bregman, 1990; Darwin, 1997; Darwin &
Carlyon, 1995). The key acoustic cues for segregating concurrent acoustic elements are
differences in onset time (e.g., Dannenbring & Bregman, 1978; Rasch, 1978) and harmonic
relations (e.g., Brunstrom & Roberts, 1998; Moore, Glasberg, & Peters, 1986). In an example of
the importance of onset time, Darwin (1984a, 1984b) showed that increasing the level of a
harmonic near the first formant (F1) frequency by adding a synchronous pure tone changes the
phonetic quality of a vowel. However, when the added tone began a few hundred milliseconds
before the vowel, it was essentially removed from the vowel percept.… [section continues].
General Method
Overview
In the experiments reported here, we used a paradigm developed by Darwin to assess the
perceptual integration of additional energy in the F1 region of a vowel through its effect on
phonetic quality (Darwin, 1984a, 1984b; Darwin & Sutherland, 1984).…[section continues].
Stimuli
Amplitude and phase values for the vowel harmonics were obtained from the vocal-tract
transfer function using cascaded formant resonators (Klatt, 1980). F1 values varied in 10-Hz
steps from 360–550 Hz—except in Experiment 3, which used values from 350– 540 Hz—to
produce a continuum of 20 tokens.…[section continues].
Listeners
Elements of empirical studies, 1.01
Figure 2.2. Sample Two-Experiment Paper (The numbers refer to num-
bered sections in the Publication Manual. This abridged manu-
script illustrates the organizational structure characteristic of
multiple-experiment papers. Of course, a complete multiple-
experiment paper would include a title page, an abstract page,
and so forth.)
Paper adapted from “Inhibitory Influences on Asychrony as a Cue for Auditory Segregation,” by S. D.
Holmes and B. Roberts, 2006, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32,
pp. 1231–1242. Copyright 2006 by the American Psychological Association.
M A N U S C R I P T S T R U C T U R E A N D C O N T E N T 55
INHIBITORY INFLUENCES ON ASYCHRONY 4
Listeners were volunteers recruited from the student population of the University of
Birmingham and were paid for their participation. All listeners were native speakers of British
English who reported normal hearing and had successfully completed a screening procedure
(described below). For each experiment, the data for 12 listeners are presented.…[section
continues].
Procedure
At the start of each session, listeners took part in a warm-up block. Depending on the
number of conditions in a particular experiment, the warm-up blo.
Intonation serves several important functions in speech. It helps express attitudes and emotions, accentuate important words, distinguish statements from questions, and clarify grammatical relationships and discourse structure. Intonation patterns include falling, rising, fall-rising and rise-falling tones, which take on different meanings based on factors like voice quality, pitch range, and placement within utterances. While intonation is challenging to analyze, it plays a key role in conveying meaning in spoken language.
This document discusses pitch, stress, and rules of syllabic stress in language. It defines pitch as the highness and lowness of voice and stress as the prominence given to certain syllables or words. The rules of syllabic stress state that words can only have one stress, which is always on a vowel. The document also provides examples of stress patterns on different syllables in words and how pitch and stress contribute to expression, meaning, and comprehension.
DYNAMIC PHONE WARPING – A METHOD TO MEASURE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN PRONUNCIATIONS cscpconf
Human beings generate different speech waveforms while speaking the same word at different times. Also, different human beings have different accents and generate significantly varying speech waveforms for the same word. There is a need to measure the distances between various words which facilitate preparation of pronunciation dictionaries. A new algorithm called Dynamic Phone Warping (DPW) is presented in this paper. It uses dynamic programming technique for global alignment and shortest distance measurements. The DPW algorithm can be used to enhance the pronunciation dictionaries of the well-known languages like English or to build pronunciation dictionaries to the less known sparse languages. The precision measurement experiments show 88.9% accuracy.
This document provides information about rate of speech and guidelines for varying speech rate. It discusses typical word per minute rates for different types of speech and how speech rate can reflect personality traits and moods. The document also covers how to vary speech rate through pauses, emphasis on certain words or phrases, and adjusting vowel and consonant pronunciation. Overall it aims to provide guidance on using varied speech rates and techniques like pausing to engage audiences and emphasize key points.
Automatic Speech Recognition of Malayalam Language Nasal Class PhonemesEditor IJCATR
Speech recognition applications are becoming common and useful in this day and age as many of the modern devices are designed and produced user-friendly for the convenience of general public. Speaking/communicating directly with the machine to achieve desired objectives make usage of modern devices easier and convenient. Although may interactive software applications are available, the use of these applications is limited due to language barriers. Hence development of speech recognition systems in local languages will help anyone to make use of this technological advancement. In this paper we discuss the results of the Nasal phonetic class wise speech recognition performance of Malayalam language
Influence of social media on the academic performance of the undergraduate st...Alexander Decker
1) The document examines the influence of social media on the academic performance of undergraduate students at Kogi State University in Nigeria. It finds that students have high levels of access to social media, especially Facebook.
2) The study also finds that exposure to social media has a negative effect on students' academic performance. Students spend more time on social media than studying, and rely on social media instead of course materials.
3) Based on these findings, the document concludes that social media exposure negatively impacts academic performance for undergraduates at Kogi State University. It recommends that students minimize social media use and focus more on academic activities.
academic as an associated factor of stress among studentsNur Atikah Amira
This document summarizes research on academic stress among university students. It identifies several key factors that can cause academic stress, such as academic overload, unclear evaluation criteria, project deadlines, absence of faculty, and searching for course references. Studies found that exams, fear of failure, competition with peers, and lack of time were also primary stressors. Excessive stress can negatively impact students' academic performance and health. The literature review discusses research showing that academic factors like assignments, workloads, and examinations are major sources of stress for university students. Managing stress is important, as too much unmanaged stress can lead students to drop out or have other adverse outcomes.
This paper presents a method to improve transient stability and damping of low frequency oscillations in a multi-machine power system using adaptive neuro-fuzzy control of FACTS devices. A Simulink model of a three generator power system equipped with a UPFC is developed. Simulation results show that a UPFC controlled using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system controller more effectively improves transient stability and damps power oscillations compared to using SSSC. The neuro-fuzzy controller is trained using a hybrid learning algorithm to tune its parameters online based on generator speed deviation and acceleration as inputs.
This document summarizes research on constructing a phylogenetic tree for COX genes using multiple sequence alignments with ClustalW. It begins by introducing phylogenetic analysis and the COX gene. It then describes the methodology used, which involved obtaining nucleotide sequences from a COX protein sequence in mice, performing a tBLASTn search to find related genes, aligning the sequences with ClustalW, and constructing rooted and unrooted phylogenetic trees. The results include the input protein sequence, tBLASTn output, ClustalW alignment, and the rooted and unrooted phylogenetic trees produced. It concludes that phylogenetic analysis is important for understanding gene and protein evolution.
Relationship between Personality Traits, Academic Achievement and Salary: An ...iosrjce
Most of the B-Schools in India are facing problems in placing their students. Recruiters claim that
the reason for this is the absence of required skill-sets in the students. The challenge is in identifying the skills
or personality traits which lead to good placements. In this study, personality traits were borrowed from the
psychological concept of OCEAN. Ten traits were short-listed and the objective was to find out if there is a
correlation between them and CGPA (academic achievement) and Salary Obtained during placements. The
study, which was carried out in a reputed B-school in Bangalore (India), revealed that out of these 10 traits,only
confidence has a correlation with salary. The traits which have correlation with CGPA are self-motivation and
confidence. Another aspect that was studied was the efficacy of a program called personality enhancement
program- which forces students to learn from activities like public speaking, presentations etc.It was found that
this program helps students to build their confidence levels and confidence is impacting, both, CGPA as well as
salary. The study also found that there is no correlation between CGPA and Salary. SEM is also corroborating
the above results, which were obtained through regression analysis and ANOVA.
This document provides a summary of Nidhi Sharma's educational qualifications, internship experience, skills, academic achievements, and extracurricular activities. She has a MSc in Chemistry from IIT Roorkee with high marks and was a university topper in her BSc from Delhi University. Her internships focused on separation of lanthanides and actinides using HPLC and synthesis of antimicrobial polymers. She has strong skills in chemistry software and languages. She received numerous academic awards and scholarships. Her extracurriculars include leadership positions and competition wins in quizzes, presentations, and seminars on topics like energy and hydrocarbons.
This document summarizes two algorithms - MFA and ATRA - for processing top-k spatial preference queries. MFA is a threshold-based algorithm that partitions queries into three features - spatial, preference, and text - and retrieves objects with the highest aggregate scores. ATRA uses a hybrid indexing structure called AIR-tree to more efficiently retrieve only relevant objects without revisiting the same data. The paper then proposes using an R-tree index structure combined with an enhanced branch-and-bound search algorithm to answer preference-based top-k spatial keyword queries by ranking objects based on feature quality in their neighborhoods.
Knowledge and perception of students regarding islamic banking in Sindh Pakistansanaullah noonari
Abstract
This research investigated the relationship between the university student’s perception and knowledge about
different concepts and terms used in the Islamic banking and products and services offered. Impact of age,
gender, area of study, area of residence, CGPA and family’s monthly income on the perception and knowledge
of students about Islamic banking was also analyzed. Data was collected from the postgraduate students
(Respondents # 60) selected randomly from two public sectors universities (Sindh Agriculture University Tando
jam and University of Sindh) along with one private sectors (ISRA) university of Hyderabad. Simple linear
regressions were used in order to check the impact of socioeconomic characteristics on the knowledge and
perception of students. University students were mainly surveyed to assess the knowledge and perception of
country’s intellectual cream of Islamic banking crop. Results showed that religious sincerity, not the better
knowledge of Islamic banking was the strongest predictor of personal banking performances. Result reflected
that overall perception and knowledge of students was significantly different from zero. Result suggested that
students had better perception about the Islamic banking but poor knowledge. It was found that the Arabic
language in specifying the products and services hindered the understandings of the students. Coefficient of age
and income showed a positive relation with the perception and knowledge of students regarding Islamic banking
in both public sector universities and Private Sector University. Result for area of study also displayed positive
relation with the perception and knowledge of students regarding Islamic banking. Gender, area of residence and
CGPA were not statistically significant which means these did not affected significantly on the perception and
knowledge of students about Islamic banking however in case of private Sector University CGPA count to be
factor, significantly effecting the perception of students.
Keywords: Islamic banking, perception, knowledge, products and services.
This study investigated the effects of different grading policies (lenient vs. strict) on engineering students' cumulative grade point averages (CGPAs) in Pakistan. A sample of 1578 students was analyzed, with around half graded under a lenient policy with 5 letter grades and the other half under a strict policy with 7 letter grades. Results showed that students graded under the strict policy had statistically higher CGPAs on average compared to those under the lenient policy. Low-performing students benefited more from the strict policy in terms of improved CGPA. The study provides evidence that stricter grading policies can positively motivate students to achieve higher performance levels.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new Position Based Opportunistic Routing Protocol (POR) to improve reliable data delivery in mobile ad hoc networks. Existing geographic routing protocols have issues with route failures and delays in discovering new routes when nodes move. The proposed POR protocol selects multiple forwarding candidate nodes to opportunistically forward packets. If the primary forwarder fails, backup candidates can forward packets to avoid transmission interruptions. Simulation results show the POR protocol has lower delay and higher packet delivery ratio compared to existing protocols.
A RESEARCH ON EFFECT OF STRESS AMONG KMPh STUDENTS Natrah Abd Rahman
Stress is the feeling that is created when we react to particular events. It can make you feel threatened or upset. It is a combination of psychological, physiological and behavioral reactions that people have in response to events that threaten or challenge them.
The document presents a theoretical framework for analyzing the impact of internet usage on student performance. It hypothesizes that education, social status, cooperation from teachers, and reliability of online information positively impact internet usage, while risks/uncertainties and expenses negatively impact usage. A regression model is developed to measure the relationship between these independent variables and the dependent variable of internet usage.
THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENT...Kasthuripriya Nanda Kumar
This document is a research paper that examines the effects of social networking sites on the academic performance of college students. It begins with background information on the rise of social networking and introduces the research problem of whether these sites impact students' grades. The purpose is to determine this impact through a study of 30 students at Taj International College. A literature review discusses previous research, which has found mixed results on whether time spent on social networking correlates with academic performance.
This document summarizes a research study on factors affecting mathematics performance of high school students at Laguna State Polytechnic University in the 2009-2010 academic year. The study examines student-related factors like interest in mathematics, study habits, and teacher-related factors such as personality traits, teaching skills, and instructional materials. It provides background information on the importance of mathematics and reviews previous related studies. The research methodology, data collection instruments, and statistical analysis plan are also outlined.
S A M P L E P A P E R S54INHIBITORY INFLUENCES ON ASYCHRO.docxagnesdcarey33086
S A M P L E P A P E R S54
INHIBITORY INFLUENCES ON ASYCHRONY 3
Inhibitory Influences on Asychrony as a Cue for Auditory Segregation
Auditory grouping involves the formation of auditory objects from the sound mixture
reaching the ears. The cues used to integrate or segregate these sounds and so form auditory
objects have been defined by several authors (e.g., Bregman, 1990; Darwin, 1997; Darwin &
Carlyon, 1995). The key acoustic cues for segregating concurrent acoustic elements are
differences in onset time (e.g., Dannenbring & Bregman, 1978; Rasch, 1978) and harmonic
relations (e.g., Brunstrom & Roberts, 1998; Moore, Glasberg, & Peters, 1986). In an example of
the importance of onset time, Darwin (1984a, 1984b) showed that increasing the level of a
harmonic near the first formant (F1) frequency by adding a synchronous pure tone changes the
phonetic quality of a vowel. However, when the added tone began a few hundred milliseconds
before the vowel, it was essentially removed from the vowel percept.… [section continues].
General Method
Overview
In the experiments reported here, we used a paradigm developed by Darwin to assess the
perceptual integration of additional energy in the F1 region of a vowel through its effect on
phonetic quality (Darwin, 1984a, 1984b; Darwin & Sutherland, 1984).…[section continues].
Stimuli
Amplitude and phase values for the vowel harmonics were obtained from the vocal-tract
transfer function using cascaded formant resonators (Klatt, 1980). F1 values varied in 10-Hz
steps from 360–550 Hz—except in Experiment 3, which used values from 350– 540 Hz—to
produce a continuum of 20 tokens.…[section continues].
Listeners
Elements of empirical studies, 1.01
Figure 2.2. Sample Two-Experiment Paper (The numbers refer to num-
bered sections in the Publication Manual. This abridged manu-
script illustrates the organizational structure characteristic of
multiple-experiment papers. Of course, a complete multiple-
experiment paper would include a title page, an abstract page,
and so forth.)
Paper adapted from “Inhibitory Influences on Asychrony as a Cue for Auditory Segregation,” by S. D.
Holmes and B. Roberts, 2006, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32,
pp. 1231–1242. Copyright 2006 by the American Psychological Association.
M A N U S C R I P T S T R U C T U R E A N D C O N T E N T 55
INHIBITORY INFLUENCES ON ASYCHRONY 4
Listeners were volunteers recruited from the student population of the University of
Birmingham and were paid for their participation. All listeners were native speakers of British
English who reported normal hearing and had successfully completed a screening procedure
(described below). For each experiment, the data for 12 listeners are presented.…[section
continues].
Procedure
At the start of each session, listeners took part in a warm-up block. Depending on the
number of conditions in a particular experiment, the warm-up blo.
The document discusses phonology, which is concerned with how speech sounds are classified and organized in language. It covers the basic units of phonology including phones, phonemes, and allophones. It also describes segmental phonology, which involves sound changes like assimilation, elision, and linking, as well as phonotactics. Suprasegmental phonology involves word stress, sentence stress, and tones. Word stress refers to emphasizing certain syllables to distinguish words' meanings, while sentence stress emphasizes important information words.
STUDY OF ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF NASAL AND NONNASAL VOWELS IN TEMPORAL DOMAINcscpconf
There has been considerable amount of work done in exploring the acoustic correlates of nasalized and non-nasalized vowels in the frequency domain. Nasalized vowels are characterized by the presence of extra pole-zero pairs near the first formant region and across thespectrum. Several other automatically extractable acoustic features have been proposed by researchers across the globe. This area has not been explored much in the temporal domain. In this study we have tried to find quantifiable differences/similarities between the nasal and non-nasal vowel /a/ in the temporal domain at the pitch synchronous level. The results show significant differences between nasalized and non-nasalized vowel /a/
Study of acoustic properties of nasal and nonnasal vowels in temporal domaincsandit
There has been considerable amount of work done in exploring the acoustic correlates of nasalized and
non-nasalized vowels in the frequency domain. Nasalized vowels are characterized by the presence of extra
pole-zero pairs near the first formant region and across the spectrum. Several other automatically
extractable acoustic features have been proposed by researchers across the globe. This area has not been
explored much in the temporal domain. In this study we have tried to find quantifiable
differences/similarities between the nasal and non-nasal vowel /a/ in the temporal domain at the pitch
synchronous level. The results show significant differences between nasalized and non-nasalized vowel /a/.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effect of prosody on the temporal realization of segments in Chinese. The study examined how prosodic word boundaries and prosodic phrase boundaries impact the voice onset time (VOT) of consonants and duration of vowels. Key findings include: 1) Vowels preceding prosodic phrase boundaries were longer than those preceding prosodic word boundaries; 2) Place of articulation of the second consonant also impacted vowel duration; 3) VOT of initial consonants was affected by prosody but not place of articulation; 4) VOT of final consonants was impacted by place of articulation but not prosody. The results demonstrate the interaction between prosodic structure and segmental temporal realization
The document discusses various aspects of stress and intonation in English, including how stress is realized through louder, longer, and higher pitched syllables and how intonation contributes to the meaning and expression of utterances through rising and falling tones. Word stress rules and patterns of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary stress are examined along with examples of different types of stress including emphatic, contrastive, tonic, and new information stress.
This document summarizes a book about the nature and management of stuttering. It begins by explaining the need to use phonetic symbols to accurately represent speech sounds. It then discusses sound spectrography and how it revealed that neighboring speech sounds influence each other, known as coarticulation. Coarticulation allows for faster speech production through overlapping articulator movements between sounds. Understanding coarticulation and analyzing speech sounds is important for defining and managing stuttering.
An Introduction To Speech Sciences (Acoustic Analysis Of Speech)Jeff Nelson
1) Speech science is the study of speech production, transmission, perception, and comprehension through various disciplines including acoustics, anatomy, physiology, and neurology.
2) Acoustic analysis of speech involves studying the physical characteristics of speech sounds using methods like waveform analysis, measurements of voice onset time, and formant frequency analysis.
3) Characteristics of disordered speech differ from normal speech and may include shorter and lower amplitude vowels in stuttered speech compared to fluent speech.
Accents of English have been investigated for many years both from the perspective of native and non-native speakers of the language. Various research results imply that non-native speakers of English language produce certain speech characteristics which are uncommon in native speakers’ speech. This is because non-native speakers do not produce the same tongue movement as native speakers. This paper presents an isolated English word recognition system devised with the speech of local Bangladeshi people, who are also non-native speakers of English language. Here, we have also noticed a different speech characteristic which is not available within the speech of native English speakers. Two acoustic features, ‘pitch’ and ‘formants’ have been utilized to develop the system. The system is speaker-independent and stands on Template based approach. The recognition method applied here is very simple and the recognition accuracy is also very satisfactory.
Vietnamese Acquisition Of English Word Stressenglishonecfl
This document summarizes research on the acquisition of English word stress patterns by Vietnamese learners. The study examined how native English speakers and Vietnamese learners at beginning and advanced levels used four acoustic cues (fundamental frequency, intensity, syllable duration, and vowel duration) to distinguish between stressed and unstressed syllables in English noun-verb pairs. The results showed that all groups used pitch and intensity contrasts successfully, but only advanced learners and native speakers used duration contrasts, while beginning learners did not. The degree of acoustic differentiation between stressed and unstressed syllables increased with English proficiency.
This document provides an overview of intonation patterns in language. It begins with definitions of intonation as the variation in pitch when speaking and discusses its importance in communication. Key components of intonation like pitch, stress, and rhythm are explained. There are two basic intonation patterns - falling and rising. Falling intonation conveys certainty while rising intonation implies uncertainty. Intonation serves grammatical, accentual, discourse, attitudinal, and sociolinguistic functions. Examples are given to demonstrate how intonation impacts meaning. The document concludes that teaching intonation is important to avoid misunderstandings in conversation.
Upgrading the Performance of Speech Emotion Recognition at the Segmental Level IOSR Journals
This document presents research on improving the accuracy of automatic speech emotion recognition using minimal inputs and features. The researchers used only the vowel formants from English speech recordings of 10 female speakers producing neutral and 6 basic emotions. They analyzed the vowel formants using statistical analysis and 3 classifiers to identify the best performing formants. An artificial neural network using the selected formant values achieved 95.6% accuracy in classifying emotions, higher than previous studies. The approach requires fewer features and less complex processing while achieving good recognition rates.
Louise Stringer and Paul Iverson from UCL investigated how accent influences word recognition and electrophysiological measures of speech processing for native English and Spanish listeners. They found that a regional Scottish accent and non-native Spanish accent showed some influence on early phonological and lexical processing even in quiet conditions. More intelligible accents in noise elicited larger brain responses, suggesting processing difficulties with accented speech occur even without noise. Accents may affect listeners' expectations about upcoming words.
This document analyzes, models, and synthesizes British, Australian, and American accents. It discusses the acoustic differences between accents, including differences in phonetic transcriptions and realizations, as well as prosodic correlates like formants, pitch, duration, and voice quality. The document then describes methods for accent analysis using tools like HMMs, formant tracking, and pitch estimation. It also presents techniques for accent morphing through formant and prosody modification to transform a source accent into a target one.
This document discusses phonetics, phonology, and related linguistic concepts. It begins by defining phonetics as the scientific study of speech sounds and their production and perception, while phonology is the study of phonemes, or meaningful units of sound, in a language.
It goes on to define key terms like phone, phoneme, and allophone. Phones are distinct speech sounds, phonemes are sounds that distinguish meaning, and allophones are variant pronunciations of phonemes that do not change a word's meaning.
The document also covers phonological concepts like place and manner of articulation, phonotactics, and prosody. It includes examples of phonetic transcription and minimal pairs.
This document provides an overview of syllabic and accentual structure in English words. It discusses theories of syllable formation and division, defining syllables as consisting of an onset, nucleus, and coda. English syllable structure is introduced, with many syllables having an onset and/or coda in addition to the nucleus. The functions of syllables in English are described as constitutive, distinctive, and identificatory. Word stress in English is then examined, distinguishing types of stress (dynamic, musical, quantitative, qualitative) and degrees of stress. English is characterized as having a free stress system with variable stress placement within words.
This document summarizes a study on how the structural position of sounds affects their acquisition by English learners of Spanish. It tested if learners rely on distributional information when acquiring sounds. The study found that learners were most successful with sounds that have overlapping distributions in English and Spanish, and least successful with sounds only in Spanish. This suggests learners do use distribution to learn sounds and confirms the importance of comparing sound systems between languages.
Vowel sounds contain multiple pitches that give each vowel its distinctive quality. The lowest three formants distinguish vowels from one another. Formants arise from echoes in the vocal tract as sound waves reflect between the vocal folds and lips. Changes in vocal tract shape alter the formant frequencies, while pitch is determined by vocal fold vibration rate. Computer programs like Praat and WaveSurfer are used to analyze sounds and visualize formants on spectrograms.
The document discusses phonetics and the creation of speech sounds. It explains that speech sounds are created when air from the lungs passes through the vocal tract. The positions of the articulators like the vocal folds, tongue, and lips modify the air to create different speech sounds. It also discusses the source-filter model of speech production and the anatomy of structures involved like the larynx and vocal folds.
Stress refers to the emphasis or prominence given to certain syllables in a word. In English, stressed syllables are louder, higher-pitched, and longer than unstressed syllables. The location and degree of stress can influence the meaning of words and is an important part of pronunciation. Rules for determining stress are complex and often irregular, so it is best learned through listening practice.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
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Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
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Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
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IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
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dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
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at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
G1074853
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 7 (July 2014), PP.48-53
Effect of Focus on the Intensity of Disyllabic Words in Chinese
Qi Gong
College of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Abstract:- In this experiment, the intensity pattern and the effect of focus on it for disyllabic words in Chinese
is analyzed. Results show that, in most cases, the average intensity of rhyme in the first syllable is
comparatively great, while for the onset, due to intervocalic voicing, that in the second syllable is great. Focus
has great effect on intensity. Under focused condition, the overall intensity will greatly increase. The results
from this study will be useful in speech engineering.
48
Keywords:- Onset, rhyme, intensity, focus, syllable
I. INTRODUCTION
The study of focus is of great importance in speech engineering. Focus refers certain part of an
utterance which is the centre of attention. It indicates what the speaker presents as being significant or what the
speaker supposes to be more revealing to the listener. Focus can be presented acoustically. For example, it is
generally believed that focus is intimately related to pitch and durations. The acoustic realization of focus can be
explained in the following way: Firstly, there is usually a dramatic rise in pitch on the focused phrase [1-3];
secondly, an extension in duration of the focused syllables [4, 5]; and thirdly, a general pitch reduction in the
post-focus sequence [2, 3].
Besides pitch and duration, it is exhibited that intensity is also a dependable correlate of focus. Heldner
[6] argues that intensity is a dependable correlate of focal accent in the sense that there are statistically
significant differences between focal and non-focal words, in all positions and for all speakers in the analyzed
materials, as well as in the sense that they are helpful for automatic detection of focus. In addition, he argues
that the results in his research work might prove useful in modeling for speech synthesis. Plag et al. [7]
examined the acoustic correlates of primary and secondary stress in North American English, and it is found that
the differences in pitch and intensity between the two stressed syllables are great, especially in accented left-prominent
words.
In Chinese, much research work has been conducted on the representation of pitch and duration of
focus. It is displayed that focus arrangements are realized as pitch range variations imposed on different parts of
an utterance. The pitch range of tonal contours directly under focus is usually expanded; the pitch range after the
focus is greatly repressed; and the pitch range before the focus does not change much from the neutral-focus
condition. Thus, there seem to be three focus-related pitch ranges: expanded in non-final focused words,
reduced in post-focus words, and neutral in all other words. It is also indicated that the on-focus force increases
the rising slope of the rising tone in Chinese, and research on focus in both English and Chinese has displayed
many similarities between the two languages [3, 8].
Regarding the duration lengthening of focused constituent, it is indicated that when the word is in
utterance medial position, focus triggers great lengthening. When a focused domain is multi-syllabic, the pattern
of lengthening is non-uniform: there is a strong trend of edge effect, with the last syllable lengthened the most.
There is also spill-over lengthening on the adjacent syllables outside the focused domain. The extent of such
lengthening is conditioned by prosodic boundaries where word boundaries decrease lengthening more than
syllable boundaries [5]. Chinese is a tone language, so syllables in most Chinese words are of roughly equal
stress, except those with neutral tones. Lin et al. [9] investigated the maximum intensity of disyllabic words in
Chinese, and found that in most cases the maximum intensity of the first syllable is larger than that of the second
one.
The present study will examine the effect of focus on the intensity of disyllabic words in Chinese. In
particular, it will try to answer the following questions. What are the intensity patterns of disyllabic words under
unfocused and focused condition? What is the effect of focus on intensity of disyllabic words in Chinese?
II. METHODOLOGY
A. Speakers and stimuli
The subjects for this experiment are eight native speakers of Standard Chinese, four male and four
female. The stimuli are twenty disyllabic verbs, in the form of „Onset1 Rhyme1 Onset2 Rhyme2‟, like „Shanghai‟
(hurt) and „Xinshang‟ (appreciate). In Chinese, most of the syllables consist of two parts, the onset and the
2. Effect of Focus on the Intensity of Disyllabic Words in Chinese
rhyme, except the „zero-onset‟ syllables. For instance, in the syllable of „shang‟, the onset is „sh‟ and the rhyme
is „ang‟. However, in a zero-onset syllable like „ai‟, there is no onset, only the rhyme „ai‟. In experiment 1, only
syllables with both onset and thyme were used, and the intensity of onset and rhyme will be examined separately.
For the twenty stimuli, the onsets include fricatives like „x‟, „sh‟, etc, and nasals like „n‟, „m‟, and the rhymes
include monophthongs like „i‟, „u‟, etc, diphthongs like „ai‟, „ao‟, etc, triphthongs like „iou‟, and VN
combinations like „in‟, „ang‟, etc.
All the twenty verbs are normally stressed, without neutral tones. They occur in sentence medial
position, in the carrier structure „Nana VERB Lili‟, in which „Nana‟ and „Lili‟ are assumed to be two girls‟
names. The sentences were read under three focus conditions, one focusing on the initial noun „Nana‟, one on
the VERB, and still another on the final noun „Lili‟. As a result, there yielded three focus conditions for the
VERB, post-focused, focused, and pre-focused. Foci were triggered by questions. In the first case the question is
„Shui VERB Lili? (Who VERB Lili?)‟, in the second case, „Nana zenme Lili? (What did Nana do to Lili? or
How does Nana like Lili?)‟, and in the last case it is „Nana VERB shui? (Who does Nana VERB?)‟.
49
B. Procedure and measurements
The orders of the sentences are randomized when recording. The questions for triggering foci are
recorded beforehand and played from a loudspeaker, and the subjects read the answer after the question was
played. Each speaker read the sentences on each focus condition once, yielding a total of 480 recorded sentences
(8 speakers × 20 sentences × 3 focus conditions).
After the recording, acoustic data were segmented and labeled, with onsets and rhymes of both the first
and the second syllables of the key words marked, and intensity extracted using Praat [10]. The segmentation
was first done by a segmenting program and then manually corrected. The time step for exacting intensity is 10
milliseconds. Analysis was done by a self-written visual basic program, by which the average of the intensity
values within the onset and the rhyme of each syllable of the key word were computed. For example, if the
duration of the rhyme of a syllable is 200 ms, the extraction will get 20 intensity values within it, and the
average intensity is the mean of the 20 intensity values. Statistic analysis was done in SPSS.
III. RESULTS
A. Post-focused vs. focused
Fig. 1 displays the average intensity values of the onset and the rhyme of both the first and the second
syllable, under post-focused and focused conditions. In the following sub-sections, detailed analysis will be
illustrated about them.
1) Onset and rhyme
It is displayed from repeated measures ANOVA results that the main effect of onset versus rhyme is
significant, i.e. there are significant difference between the average intensity values of onset and rhyme: F(1,
159) = 352, p < 0.001, with the intensity value of the rhyme much greater than that of the onset.
65
60
55
50
45
Onset Rhyme Onset Rhyme
First syllable Second syllable
Average intensity (dB)
Post-focused Focused
Fig. 1. Average intensity values of onset and rhyme at two syllable
positions and under two focused conditions
2) The first and the second syllable
A. Under post-focused condition: Repeated measures ANOVA results show that, under post-focused
condition, significant difference also exists between the average intensity values of the first and second syllables
for both the onset and the rhyme. But there is interactive effect. For onset, F(1, 159) = 4.82, p = 0.03, with the
3. Effect of Focus on the Intensity of Disyllabic Words in Chinese
average intensity of the second syllable a little greater than that of the first. For rhyme, F(1, 159) = 39.23, p <
0.001, with the average intensity of the first syllable much greater than that of the second.
B. Under focused condition: The intensity pattern under focused condition is quite similar to that under
post-focused one. Repeated measures ANOVA results show that, under focused condition, there are also
significant difference and interactive effect. For onset, F(1, 159) = 10.13, p = 0.002, with the average intensity
of the second syllable greater than that of the first syllable. For rhyme, F(1, 159) = 10.52, p = 0.001, with the
average intensity of the first syllable greater than that of the second.
50
3) Focus
Results show that the effect of focus on intensity is great. It is revealed from repeated measures
ANOVA results that, whether the onset or the rhyme, and regardless of the first or the second syllable, the effect
of focus on average intensity is always significant, with the average intensity value under focused condition
much greater than that under post-focused one. For onset, first syllable: F(1, 159) = 104.9, p < 0.001; second
syllable: F(1, 159) = 132.8, p < 0.001. For rhyme, first syllable: F(1, 159) = 204.2, p < 0.001; second syllable:
F(1, 159) = 221.7, p < 0.001.
Fig. 2 presents the waveform and intensity contours of the sentence „Nana xinshang Lili‟ (Nana likes
Lili), with the key word „xinshang‟ at the medial position, which is (a) under focused condition and (b) under
post-focused condition. From Fig. 2 it is shown that for both the onset and the rhyme in the first and the second
syllable, the intensity of those under focused condition are greater than those under post-focused condition.
Nana x in sh ang Li li
(a) ‘xinshang’ under focused condition
Nana xin shang Li li
(b) ‘xinshang’ under post-focused condition
Fig. 2. The waveform and intensity contour of ‘Nana xinshang Lili’, with ‘xinshang’ under
(a) focused and (b) unfocused condition
4. Effect of Focus on the Intensity of Disyllabic Words in Chinese
51
B. Pre-focused vs. focused
Fig. 3 presents the average intensity values of the onset and the rhyme of both the first and the second
syllable, under pre-focused and focused conditions. Detailed analysis will be presented about them in the
following sub-sections.
65
60
55
50
45
Onset Rhyme Onset Rhyme
First syllable Second syllable
Average intensity (dB)
Pre-focused Focused
Fig. 3. Average intensity values broken down by syllable position,
onset and rhyme and focus condition
1) Onset and rhyme
It is shown from repeated measures ANOVA results that the main effect of onset and rhyme is
significant, i.e. there are significant difference between the average intensity values of onset and rhyme: F(1,
159) = 301.9, p < 0.001, with the average intensity of the rhyme significantly greater than that of the onset.
2) The first vs. the second syllable under pre-focused condition
Repeated measures ANOVA results display that, under pre-focused condition, significant difference
exists between the mean intensity values of the first and second syllables for the onset: F(1, 159) = 10.9, p =
0.001, with mean intensity of the second syllable greater than that of the first. However, as for the rhyme, there
is no significant difference: F(1, 159) = 2.46, p = 0.119. The first and the second syllable are of similar average
intensity.
3) Focus
When the key words occur at the pre-focused position, the effect of focus on intensity is also great.
Repeated measures ANOVA results indicate that, whether the onset or the rhyme, and regardless of the first or
the second syllable, the effect of focus on average intensity is consistently significant, with the average intensity
under focused condition much greater than that under pre-focused one. For onset, first syllable: F(1, 159) = 63.4,
p < 0.001; second syllable: F(1, 159) = 38.4, p < 0.001. For rhyme, first syllable: F(1, 159) = 31.4, p < 0.001;
second syllable: F(1, 159) = 44.1, p < 0.001.
IV. DISCUSSION
Results from this experiment showed that, first of all, the intensity of the rhyme is much greater than
that of the onset. Generally speaking, the onset is optional and the rhyme obligatory in a syllable. If the onset
occurs in a syllable, it must be a consonant or consonant cluster. The rhyme is usually a vowel or a combination
of vowel and consonant. The vowel is usually called the „nuclear‟ and the consonant in the rhyme is called the
„coda‟. The vowel is perceptually louder than the consonant, i.e. the intensity value of the vowel is greater than
that of the consonant, and it is we believed that this is true in any language. Therefore, the intensity of the rhyme
is greater than that of the onset.
It is also indicated from the previous section that the intensity value of the rhyme in the first syllable is
much greater than that in the second one. We conjecture that the reason for this is similar to that for pitch. It is
found that in an utterance, the pitch is usually high at initial position and low at final position [11]. It is also the
case for intensity. In an utterance, the energy of the initial word is greater than the latter ones. Similarly, in a
word, the energy of the first syllable is usually greater than the subsequent ones. In a syllable, the vowel of the
rhyme is the nuclear, so the rhyme contributes more to the energy than the onset. Therefore, the intensity of the
rhyme in the first syllable is greater than that in the second.
However, when the key word is under pre-focused condition, it is not the case. There is no significant
difference between the average intensity values for the rhymes of the first and the second syllables. The first
reason for this is that, under pre-focused condition, the intensity values of both the first and the second syllables
5. Effect of Focus on the Intensity of Disyllabic Words in Chinese
are restrained, not as large as those under focused condition. When they are restrained, the difference between
the first and the second syllable will not be as obvious as that under focused condition. The second reason is that,
key word at position, with the focus following it. The intensity of the focused word is great, and what
immediately precedes the focused word is the rhyme of the second syllable. Due to the anticipatory effect of the
following focused word, the intensity of the rhyme of the second syllable will increase. Owing to the dual effect
of restraint and the anticipatory influence, the difference between the intensity values of the rhymes in the first
and the second syllables disappears.
Regarding the onset, however, it is not the case: The intensity of onset in the second syllable is a little
larger than that in the first syllable. As is mentioned above, the onset contributes little to the energy of the
syllable, so the intensity mode of the onset is not in line with that of the rhyme. We assume that the reason for
greater onset intensity in the second syllable is intervocalic voicing. A consonant occurring at intervocalic
position will sometimes get voiced. When a voiceless consonant get voiced, its intensity will get greater. Fig. 4
presents the waveform and spectrogram of „shanghai‟ (hurt) under unfocused condition, from which it can be
seen that „sh‟ in the first syllable remains voiceless, while „h‟ in the second syllable gets voiced.
shang hai
Fig. 4 The wave form and spectrogram of ‘shanghai’ (hurt) under pre-focused condition
Fig. 4 displays an example of intervocalic voicing. However, intervocalic voicing is not quite common
in Chinese. When the data are examined closely, it is found that in most cases the intervocalic consonants keep
unchanged in Chinese disyllabic words. Fig. 5 is one of the case, where the intervocalic consonant „s‟ does not
get voiced.
husong
Fig. 5. The wave form and spectrogram of ‘husong’ (escort) under unfocused condition
In this experiment, it is also found that the effect of focus on intensity value is great. No matter the first
or the second syllable, and regardless of the onset or the rhyme, the intensity value under focused condition is
consistently greater than that under unfocused condition. The intensity values of both the onset and the rhyme,
of both the first and the second syllable, are all increased. Intensity is a dependable correlate of focus.
V. CONCLUSION
In this study, the intensity pattern as well as the effect of focus on the intensity of disyllabic words in
Chinese is analyzed. Results show that, energy is mainly carried be the rhyme of the syllable. In disyllabic
52
6. Effect of Focus on the Intensity of Disyllabic Words in Chinese
words, in most cases, the intensity of the rhyme in the first syllable is great, while under pre-focused condition,
there is no significant difference between the average intensity values for the rhymes of the first and the second
syllables. In regard to the onset, due to intervocalic voicing, the intensity of the second syllable is comparatively
great. Focus has great effect on intensity. Under focused condition, the overall intensity will increase. These
results will be applicable in engineering like speech synthesis and speech recognition.
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