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This document discusses differential thermal analysis (DTA). It begins by defining thermal analysis and classifying different techniques. DTA principles and instrumentation are then explained. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of DTA, as well as several applications including identification of substances and detection of impurities. Thermal analysis can provide information about physical and chemical changes that occur as a substance is heated. DTA specifically measures the temperature difference between a substance and an inert reference as both are heated. This temperature difference corresponds to exothermic or endothermic reactions occurring in the substance.
This document discusses thermal analysis techniques such as differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TGA). It explains that DTA involves measuring the temperature difference between a sample and reference material as they are heated, allowing physical and chemical changes to be identified. TGA measures the mass change of a sample as it is heated to determine information about physical phenomena like phase transitions and chemical phenomena like decomposition. The document provides details on the principles, instrumentation, factors affecting the techniques, and applications of DTA and TGA.
Thermal analysis techniques measure physical properties as a function of temperature. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) compare the temperature of a sample to an inert reference as each is subjected to a heating or cooling program. In DTA, any temperature difference between sample and reference indicates a chemical or physical change in the sample. DSC directly measures heat flow into or out of the sample, allowing determination of transition temperatures and heats of reactions. Both techniques find applications in chemistry, materials science, polymers, pharmaceuticals and more.
Thermal analysis methods like thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) can be used to quantitatively determine the composition of water-in-oil emulsions. TG allows determining the water content through isothermal measurements, while successive heating and cooling in DSC enables determining the amount of ammonium nitrate. If sodium nitrate is also present, it and ammonium nitrate must first be separated from organic matter using diethyl ether before TG. The ratio of ammonium nitrate to sodium nitrate can then be determined from their binary phase diagram.
Differential thermal analysis is a type of Thermal Analysis. This presentation includes definition of Thermal analysis, types of thermal analysis with focus on DTA, its principle, Instrumentation and applications.
IRJET- Erythritol based Nano-Pcm for Solar Thermal Energy StorageIRJET Journal
1) The document investigates using erythritol and nanoparticles like TiO2 and CNT as phase change materials for solar thermal energy storage between 100-150°C.
2) Experiments were conducted to examine the effect of adding 1% and 3% TiO2 or CNT nanoparticles by weight to erythritol on its thermal properties over 25 thermal cycles.
3) The results showed that nano-erythritol composites experienced less reduction in heat of fusion compared to pure erythritol after cycling, indicating they may be more suitable for solar thermal applications in the 100-150°C range.
This chapter discusses isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), which can be used to characterize binding interactions and enzyme kinetics. ITC directly measures heat effects to determine thermodynamic parameters of binding like binding constants and rates of enzymatic reactions. The chapter reviews experimental design, data analysis, and interpretation of results for both binding and kinetic experiments. It also provides background on calorimetry theory and the development and improvements of ITC instrumentation.
This document discusses differential thermal analysis (DTA). It begins by defining thermal analysis and classifying different techniques. DTA principles and instrumentation are then explained. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of DTA, as well as several applications including identification of substances and detection of impurities. Thermal analysis can provide information about physical and chemical changes that occur as a substance is heated. DTA specifically measures the temperature difference between a substance and an inert reference as both are heated. This temperature difference corresponds to exothermic or endothermic reactions occurring in the substance.
This document discusses thermal analysis techniques such as differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TGA). It explains that DTA involves measuring the temperature difference between a sample and reference material as they are heated, allowing physical and chemical changes to be identified. TGA measures the mass change of a sample as it is heated to determine information about physical phenomena like phase transitions and chemical phenomena like decomposition. The document provides details on the principles, instrumentation, factors affecting the techniques, and applications of DTA and TGA.
Thermal analysis techniques measure physical properties as a function of temperature. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) compare the temperature of a sample to an inert reference as each is subjected to a heating or cooling program. In DTA, any temperature difference between sample and reference indicates a chemical or physical change in the sample. DSC directly measures heat flow into or out of the sample, allowing determination of transition temperatures and heats of reactions. Both techniques find applications in chemistry, materials science, polymers, pharmaceuticals and more.
Thermal analysis methods like thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) can be used to quantitatively determine the composition of water-in-oil emulsions. TG allows determining the water content through isothermal measurements, while successive heating and cooling in DSC enables determining the amount of ammonium nitrate. If sodium nitrate is also present, it and ammonium nitrate must first be separated from organic matter using diethyl ether before TG. The ratio of ammonium nitrate to sodium nitrate can then be determined from their binary phase diagram.
Differential thermal analysis is a type of Thermal Analysis. This presentation includes definition of Thermal analysis, types of thermal analysis with focus on DTA, its principle, Instrumentation and applications.
IRJET- Erythritol based Nano-Pcm for Solar Thermal Energy StorageIRJET Journal
1) The document investigates using erythritol and nanoparticles like TiO2 and CNT as phase change materials for solar thermal energy storage between 100-150°C.
2) Experiments were conducted to examine the effect of adding 1% and 3% TiO2 or CNT nanoparticles by weight to erythritol on its thermal properties over 25 thermal cycles.
3) The results showed that nano-erythritol composites experienced less reduction in heat of fusion compared to pure erythritol after cycling, indicating they may be more suitable for solar thermal applications in the 100-150°C range.
This chapter discusses isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), which can be used to characterize binding interactions and enzyme kinetics. ITC directly measures heat effects to determine thermodynamic parameters of binding like binding constants and rates of enzymatic reactions. The chapter reviews experimental design, data analysis, and interpretation of results for both binding and kinetic experiments. It also provides background on calorimetry theory and the development and improvements of ITC instrumentation.
This document provides an overview of differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It discusses the principles, instrumentation, applications, and advancements of both techniques. DTA involves measuring the temperature difference between a sample and reference material as they are heated. DSC measures the heat flow into or out of a sample during phase transitions. The document outlines the components of DTA and DSC instruments and provides examples of how they are used to characterize materials and identify physical and chemical changes.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) are thermal analytical techniques that measure changes in the mass and temperature of a sample as it is heated. TGA measures weight changes that occur as a sample is heated, providing information on physical and chemical phenomena like phase transitions and decomposition. DTA measures the difference in temperature between a sample and an inert reference as both are heated, revealing endothermic and exothermic reactions in the sample. Together, TGA and DTA can be used to characterize materials and determine their composition, purity, and thermal stability.
Thermal analysis techniques such as thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) are used to study how the properties of materials change with temperature. TGA measures weight changes in a material as it is heated, revealing physical and chemical changes like decomposition and phase transitions. DTA detects exothermic or endothermic reactions in a sample material by comparing its temperature to a reference as both are heated. Common applications of these techniques include determining purity and stability, studying reaction kinetics, and characterizing complex mixtures.
Differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry are thermal analysis techniques that involve measuring physical properties of a sample as it is heated or cooled. In differential thermal analysis, the temperature difference between a sample and inert reference is measured as the sample undergoes physical or chemical changes. Differential scanning calorimetry directly measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated or cooled. Both techniques provide information about phase transitions, purity, crystallinity, and reactions in polymers, pharmaceuticals, minerals, and other materials.
This document discusses various thermal analysis techniques including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA measures the mass change of a sample as it is heated or cooled at a controlled rate. DTA detects physical or chemical changes in a sample by measuring the difference in temperature between the sample and an inert reference. DSC measures the heat absorbed or released by a sample during physical transitions or chemical reactions as it is heated or cooled. The document describes the basic principles, instrumentation, applications, and factors affecting the results of these thermal analysis methods.
Thermal analysis techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are described. TGA measures the mass change of a sample as temperature changes and is used to determine decomposition reactions and composition. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and reference as they are heated, revealing physical and chemical changes. DSC measures the heat flow into a sample relative to a reference as they are heated or cooled at a controlled rate, showing endothermic and exothermic transitions. The principles, instrumentation, and applications of these techniques are discussed in the document.
This document discusses the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to analyze various materials including ice melting points, specific heat capacity measurements of materials, starch gelatinization and retrogradation, protein denaturation, oil and fat crystallization, gel formation and melting, glass transition temperatures, and microbial growth measurements. DSC can be used to characterize many phase transitions and thermal properties of foods, polymers, and other materials.
Thermal analysis techniques measure properties of a sample as a function of temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measures the heat flow into or out of a sample relative to a reference as both are heated. DSC can identify phase transitions like melting or glass transitions through endothermic or exothermic events. Common applications include determining melting points, characterizing materials, and analyzing polymer mixtures. DSC provides both quantitative and qualitative information about physical and chemical changes.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the change in weight of a substance as it is heated. It works by heating a sample at a controlled rate and measuring its weight loss over time or temperature. Changes in weight are caused by physical or chemical processes like decomposition or evaporation. A TGA curve shows the weight change of a sample as it is heated. It can identify decomposition temperatures and determine purity and composition. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) measures the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference as both are heated. It identifies exothermic and endothermic transitions in a sample through temperature differences between the sample and reference.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique that can be used to characterize textile fibers. DSC measures the heat flow into and out of a sample as it is heated or cooled and can determine properties like glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature, melting temperature, and percent crystallinity. The document discusses the theoretical background and basic working principles of DSC, how to prepare and run samples, and how to interpret DSC curves to extract useful information about the thermal behavior and properties of polymers and fibers like nylon 6, PET, and polylactic acid.
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a technique that monitors the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference material as both are subjected to a controlled temperature program. Changes in the sample, whether endothermic or exothermic, can be detected relative to the reference. DTA provides information about physical and chemical changes that occur as a material is heated, such as melting, oxidation, and decomposition. The instrument consists of sample and reference holders connected to thermocouples, a furnace for heating, a temperature programmer, and a recording system to plot the differential temperature versus temperature or time.
This document provides an overview of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA measures the mass of a substance as it is heated, allowing the determination of thermal stability and decomposition points. It describes key concepts like dynamic and isothermal TGA, and outlines the typical components of a TGA instrument including a furnace, balance, and temperature controller. Sample preparation and factors affecting analysis are also discussed. Applications include characterization of materials used in industries like pharmaceuticals and petrochemicals.
This document provides an overview of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA measures how the mass of a sample changes as it is heated. Key points:
- TGA uses a high-precision balance called a thermogravimetric analyzer or thermobalance to measure mass changes as temperature is increased.
- Results are displayed as thermogravimetric (TG) curves plotting mass change vs. temperature or time. Curves reveal information about decomposition temperatures, reactions, and composition.
- Instrumentation includes the microbalance, furnace, temperature controller, and data recorder. Microbalances must precisely and rapidly detect small mass changes under varying conditions.
- Interpretation of TG
Thermal analysis techniques such as differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measure the difference in temperature or heat flow between a sample and a reference material as they undergo a controlled temperature program. These techniques can be used to characterize materials through measurements of phase transitions, glass transitions, melting points, crystallization, and chemical reactions. DTA and DSC provide both qualitative and quantitative information about physical and chemical changes in materials.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is introduced as a technique to measure the changes in mass of a material as it is heated. Key points made in the document include:
- TGA is commonly used to assess the thermal stability and determine the composition of polymers. It measures the mass of a sample as it is heated in a controlled atmosphere.
- Common factors analyzed from TGA curves include the shape, temperatures of mass changes, and magnitudes of mass changes. Temperature of initial degradation and 5% mass loss are used to compare thermal stability.
- Polymers typically undergo degradation through mechanisms like decomposition, desorption, or oxidation, which result in mass changes. TGA can be used
This document discusses the use of thermal analysis techniques like differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in preformulation studies. These techniques are used to characterize properties of drug substances and excipients like polymorphism, degree of crystallinity, moisture content, and thermal stability. They provide important information on aspects like purity, solid-solid interactions, and decomposition behavior which helps optimize dosage form development. The principles and applications of DTA, DSC, and TGA are explained to analyze various thermal events in materials.
It encloses a brief information about ITC its experimental instrumentation, working, results, and applications to other fields like pharmaceuticals, drug discovery etc.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held at constant temperature. DSC directly measures the energy required to establish a zero temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference material as both are subjected to an identical temperature program. This allows the determination of transition temperatures such as melting points and glass transition temperatures. DSC is commonly used in pharmaceutical analysis to characterize materials such as purity determination, polymorphism detection, and stability studies. The basic components of a DSC instrument include sample and reference pans, a furnace to heat the pans at a controlled rate, and sensors to measure the heat flow difference between
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a technique that measures how the weight of a material changes as it is heated. TGA provides information about decomposition temperatures, thermal degradation properties, and quantitative weight losses. The key components of a TGA instrument are a furnace, balance, temperature controller, and recorder. Samples are heated and their weight changes are measured continuously as a function of increasing temperature. Weight loss curves can indicate decomposition reactions and be used to determine composition. TGA has applications in characterizing materials used in various industries.
I. Thermal analysis is a technique used to study the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of materials as a function of temperature. It provides information about phase transitions and thermal decomposition.
II. Common thermal analysis methods include TGA, DTA, DSC, TMA, DMA, dilatometry, and laser flash analysis. TGA measures weight changes upon heating, DTA/DSC detect endothermic and exothermic reactions, and TMA/DMA analyze dimensional changes and viscoelastic properties.
III. Thermal analysis finds applications in materials characterization, stability evaluation, compositional analysis, and determination of properties like glass transition temperatures.
This document provides an overview of differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It discusses the principles, instrumentation, applications, and advancements of both techniques. DTA involves measuring the temperature difference between a sample and reference material as they are heated. DSC measures the heat flow into or out of a sample during phase transitions. The document outlines the components of DTA and DSC instruments and provides examples of how they are used to characterize materials and identify physical and chemical changes.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) are thermal analytical techniques that measure changes in the mass and temperature of a sample as it is heated. TGA measures weight changes that occur as a sample is heated, providing information on physical and chemical phenomena like phase transitions and decomposition. DTA measures the difference in temperature between a sample and an inert reference as both are heated, revealing endothermic and exothermic reactions in the sample. Together, TGA and DTA can be used to characterize materials and determine their composition, purity, and thermal stability.
Thermal analysis techniques such as thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) are used to study how the properties of materials change with temperature. TGA measures weight changes in a material as it is heated, revealing physical and chemical changes like decomposition and phase transitions. DTA detects exothermic or endothermic reactions in a sample material by comparing its temperature to a reference as both are heated. Common applications of these techniques include determining purity and stability, studying reaction kinetics, and characterizing complex mixtures.
Differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry are thermal analysis techniques that involve measuring physical properties of a sample as it is heated or cooled. In differential thermal analysis, the temperature difference between a sample and inert reference is measured as the sample undergoes physical or chemical changes. Differential scanning calorimetry directly measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated or cooled. Both techniques provide information about phase transitions, purity, crystallinity, and reactions in polymers, pharmaceuticals, minerals, and other materials.
This document discusses various thermal analysis techniques including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA measures the mass change of a sample as it is heated or cooled at a controlled rate. DTA detects physical or chemical changes in a sample by measuring the difference in temperature between the sample and an inert reference. DSC measures the heat absorbed or released by a sample during physical transitions or chemical reactions as it is heated or cooled. The document describes the basic principles, instrumentation, applications, and factors affecting the results of these thermal analysis methods.
Thermal analysis techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are described. TGA measures the mass change of a sample as temperature changes and is used to determine decomposition reactions and composition. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and reference as they are heated, revealing physical and chemical changes. DSC measures the heat flow into a sample relative to a reference as they are heated or cooled at a controlled rate, showing endothermic and exothermic transitions. The principles, instrumentation, and applications of these techniques are discussed in the document.
This document discusses the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to analyze various materials including ice melting points, specific heat capacity measurements of materials, starch gelatinization and retrogradation, protein denaturation, oil and fat crystallization, gel formation and melting, glass transition temperatures, and microbial growth measurements. DSC can be used to characterize many phase transitions and thermal properties of foods, polymers, and other materials.
Thermal analysis techniques measure properties of a sample as a function of temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measures the heat flow into or out of a sample relative to a reference as both are heated. DSC can identify phase transitions like melting or glass transitions through endothermic or exothermic events. Common applications include determining melting points, characterizing materials, and analyzing polymer mixtures. DSC provides both quantitative and qualitative information about physical and chemical changes.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the change in weight of a substance as it is heated. It works by heating a sample at a controlled rate and measuring its weight loss over time or temperature. Changes in weight are caused by physical or chemical processes like decomposition or evaporation. A TGA curve shows the weight change of a sample as it is heated. It can identify decomposition temperatures and determine purity and composition. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) measures the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference as both are heated. It identifies exothermic and endothermic transitions in a sample through temperature differences between the sample and reference.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique that can be used to characterize textile fibers. DSC measures the heat flow into and out of a sample as it is heated or cooled and can determine properties like glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature, melting temperature, and percent crystallinity. The document discusses the theoretical background and basic working principles of DSC, how to prepare and run samples, and how to interpret DSC curves to extract useful information about the thermal behavior and properties of polymers and fibers like nylon 6, PET, and polylactic acid.
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a technique that monitors the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference material as both are subjected to a controlled temperature program. Changes in the sample, whether endothermic or exothermic, can be detected relative to the reference. DTA provides information about physical and chemical changes that occur as a material is heated, such as melting, oxidation, and decomposition. The instrument consists of sample and reference holders connected to thermocouples, a furnace for heating, a temperature programmer, and a recording system to plot the differential temperature versus temperature or time.
This document provides an overview of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA measures the mass of a substance as it is heated, allowing the determination of thermal stability and decomposition points. It describes key concepts like dynamic and isothermal TGA, and outlines the typical components of a TGA instrument including a furnace, balance, and temperature controller. Sample preparation and factors affecting analysis are also discussed. Applications include characterization of materials used in industries like pharmaceuticals and petrochemicals.
This document provides an overview of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA measures how the mass of a sample changes as it is heated. Key points:
- TGA uses a high-precision balance called a thermogravimetric analyzer or thermobalance to measure mass changes as temperature is increased.
- Results are displayed as thermogravimetric (TG) curves plotting mass change vs. temperature or time. Curves reveal information about decomposition temperatures, reactions, and composition.
- Instrumentation includes the microbalance, furnace, temperature controller, and data recorder. Microbalances must precisely and rapidly detect small mass changes under varying conditions.
- Interpretation of TG
Thermal analysis techniques such as differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measure the difference in temperature or heat flow between a sample and a reference material as they undergo a controlled temperature program. These techniques can be used to characterize materials through measurements of phase transitions, glass transitions, melting points, crystallization, and chemical reactions. DTA and DSC provide both qualitative and quantitative information about physical and chemical changes in materials.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is introduced as a technique to measure the changes in mass of a material as it is heated. Key points made in the document include:
- TGA is commonly used to assess the thermal stability and determine the composition of polymers. It measures the mass of a sample as it is heated in a controlled atmosphere.
- Common factors analyzed from TGA curves include the shape, temperatures of mass changes, and magnitudes of mass changes. Temperature of initial degradation and 5% mass loss are used to compare thermal stability.
- Polymers typically undergo degradation through mechanisms like decomposition, desorption, or oxidation, which result in mass changes. TGA can be used
This document discusses the use of thermal analysis techniques like differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in preformulation studies. These techniques are used to characterize properties of drug substances and excipients like polymorphism, degree of crystallinity, moisture content, and thermal stability. They provide important information on aspects like purity, solid-solid interactions, and decomposition behavior which helps optimize dosage form development. The principles and applications of DTA, DSC, and TGA are explained to analyze various thermal events in materials.
It encloses a brief information about ITC its experimental instrumentation, working, results, and applications to other fields like pharmaceuticals, drug discovery etc.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held at constant temperature. DSC directly measures the energy required to establish a zero temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference material as both are subjected to an identical temperature program. This allows the determination of transition temperatures such as melting points and glass transition temperatures. DSC is commonly used in pharmaceutical analysis to characterize materials such as purity determination, polymorphism detection, and stability studies. The basic components of a DSC instrument include sample and reference pans, a furnace to heat the pans at a controlled rate, and sensors to measure the heat flow difference between
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a technique that measures how the weight of a material changes as it is heated. TGA provides information about decomposition temperatures, thermal degradation properties, and quantitative weight losses. The key components of a TGA instrument are a furnace, balance, temperature controller, and recorder. Samples are heated and their weight changes are measured continuously as a function of increasing temperature. Weight loss curves can indicate decomposition reactions and be used to determine composition. TGA has applications in characterizing materials used in various industries.
I. Thermal analysis is a technique used to study the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of materials as a function of temperature. It provides information about phase transitions and thermal decomposition.
II. Common thermal analysis methods include TGA, DTA, DSC, TMA, DMA, dilatometry, and laser flash analysis. TGA measures weight changes upon heating, DTA/DSC detect endothermic and exothermic reactions, and TMA/DMA analyze dimensional changes and viscoelastic properties.
III. Thermal analysis finds applications in materials characterization, stability evaluation, compositional analysis, and determination of properties like glass transition temperatures.
This document summarizes research on the electro-thermal and semiconductivity properties of a natural sintered complex carbonate ore. The ore was subjected to sintering treatments at temperatures ranging from 573 to 1273 K. Chemical, spectral, X-ray and thermal analyses were conducted on the native and sintered ore samples. The electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and thermoelectric power coefficient of the sintered ore materials were investigated as a function of temperature. Results showed that increasing the sintering temperature improved the electrical conductivity of the ore due to increased crystallinity and a more ordered crystal structure. Electron hopping between iron ions was found to be the main charge carrier mechanism.
Electro-Thermal and Semiconductivity Behaviour of Natural Sintered Complex Ca...Al Baha University
The electrical
conductivity (휎), thermal conductivity (퐾) and thermoelectric power coefficient (훼) have been investigated as a function of applied
temperature for the sintered ore materials. The electrical conduction is mainly achieved by free electrons near or in conduction
band or n-type. As the sintering temperature (푇s) increases the conduction of the ore is also increased due to the recombination
process taking place between the electrons and holes. Electrons hopping between Fe2+ and Fe3+ are the main charge carriers.The
formation of Fe3O4 at high sintering temperature acts as an active mineralizer, thus inducing an increased degree of crystallinity
and a more ordered crystal structure is produced.
This document summarizes research on the electro-thermal and semiconductivity properties of a natural sintered complex carbonate ore for potential thermo-technological applications. The ore was subjected to sintering treatments at temperatures between 573-1273 K. Analysis showed the sintered ore exhibited increased electrical conductivity with higher sintering temperatures due to electron recombination processes. The formation of Fe3O4 at high temperatures induced crystallinity, producing a more ordered crystal structure. Electrical conduction occurred through free or n-type electrons in the conduction band, with electron hopping between Fe2+ and Fe3+ being the main charge carriers.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is one of the important thermal analytical techniques in which specific physical properties of a material are measures as a function of temperature. It is used both in qualitative and quantitative analysis.
DSC is a technique for measuring the energy necessary to establish a nearly zero temperature difference between a substance and an inert reference material as the two specimens are subjected to identical temperature regimens in an environment heated or cooled at a controlled rate.
This technique was developed by E.S.Watson and M.J.O' Neill in 1964.
The device used to measure this is Calorimeter.
There are two types of DSC systems commonly used:
1. Power compensated DSC
2. Heat -flux DSC
A High resolution of PC-DSC is nowadays widely used known as Hyper DSC.
Preparation and Electrical Conductivity of Ni-Mg Ferrites IJERA Editor
Electrical conductivity of Ni-Mg ferrites of various compositions were investigated from room temperature to well beyond the curie temperature bytwo probe method.. Plots of conductivity versus temperature increases ith increasing temperature. On the basis of these results an explanation for the conduction mechanism in Ni-mg mixed ferrites is suggested
This document provides an overview of thermal methods of analysis, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It describes the basic principles, instrumentation, and applications of each technique. TGA measures changes in a sample's mass with temperature and is used to determine purity, composition of mixtures, and reaction kinetics. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and reference as they are heated and can identify phase transitions. DSC measures the heat flow into or out of a sample during transitions like glass transitions, melting, and crystallization. The techniques provide information about materials through endothermic and exothermic events observed in their thermal curves.
This document provides an overview of thermal methods of analysis, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It describes the basic principles, instrumentation, and applications of each technique. TGA measures changes in a sample's mass with temperature. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and reference material as they are heated. DSC measures the heat flow into or out of a sample during heating or cooling. All three techniques are used to study physical and chemical changes that occur in materials with temperature changes.
Increasing Thermal Conductivity of a Heat Exchanger Using Copper Oxide Nano F...IJERA Editor
A Nano fluid is the evolving concept which is very rarely used in the many core industries. Nano fluids have
found a great application in heat exchangers by increasing the thermal conductivity. We have aimed to
increasing the heat transfer co-efficient by using copper oxide Nano fluid. The Nano particles are formed by
using precipitation method and their fluids are formed by adding surfactants to the base fluid. The comparative
study on the Heat exchanger is made by using the CuO Nano Fluid and Hot water. The analysis and the results
shows that the overall heat transfer rate increases when subjected to Nano Fluids. The ethylene glycol fluid used
along with copper oxide Nano fluid will offer resistance to fouling.
1) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the weight changes of a material as it is heated in different atmospheres. It can be used to analyze inorganic materials, metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites.
2) The document describes using TGA to analyze the thermal decomposition of calcium oxalate monohydrate. Calcium oxalate monohydrate decomposes in three steps as it is heated.
3) The measured mass losses at each step of decomposition closely matched the theoretical predictions, validating the predicted thermal decomposition reactions of calcium oxalate monohydrate.
Thermal analysis techniques like differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measure properties of materials as they change with temperature. DSC works by comparing the heat flow into a sample and reference as both are heated. If the sample absorbs or releases more heat than the reference during physical transformations like melting, it can determine purity and reaction details. DSC provides information on phase changes through endothermic or exothermic peaks in its output graph. Instrument factors and sample amount/shape can impact DSC curves and their interpretation.
Synthesis & Heating Mechanisms of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Hyperthermia Trea...Nikita Gupta
This document summarizes research on synthesizing magnetic nanoparticles for use in hyperthermia cancer treatment. It discusses two samples of magnesium ferrite nanoparticles synthesized via co-precipitation at different temperatures and concentrations. Characterization with XRD and VSM showed the samples had hexagonal structure and increasing magnetization with higher sintering temperature. In hyperthermia experiments, both samples saw increased temperature over time with applied alternating magnetic fields, with better results at higher frequencies above 500 kHz needed to effectively treat cancer.
1. The document analyzes the threshold hydrogen solubility in Zr2.5Nb pressure tubes used in CANDU nuclear reactors using differential scanning calorimetry. Samples of zirconium exposed to hydrogen and deuterium were tested in a DSC to map the solubility of hydrides at different temperatures.
2. Testing involved annealing samples to uniformly diffuse hydrides, cutting samples to size, cleaning them, and then running "loop tests" in the DSC. This involved repeatedly heating and cooling samples to higher temperatures to observe their thermal properties.
3. Results showed that hydrides dissolve at temperatures beyond what was expected from previous models. A graph maps the relationship between temperature and percentage of
The document summarizes Bertan Sevinç's research project investigating the effects of ligand (NH3) concentration on the properties of tetraammine copper (II) sulfate monohydrate. Different concentrations of ammonia were used to synthesize coordination compounds of copper, which were then analyzed using techniques like thermal analysis, IR spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The results demonstrated significant differences in the thermal stability and chemical bonding of the complexes based on the ammonia concentration used in synthesis.
The thesis characterizes several magnetocaloric materials for potential use in room temperature magnetic refrigeration. It presents characterization of 8 samples of the material La(Fe,Co,Si)13, finding they have desirable properties for magnetic refrigerants including a tunable critical temperature between 255-345 K. It also studies the materials Y6(Fe,Mn)23 and Gd3Fe5O12, determining their magnetocaloric properties and phase transitions. The thesis demonstrates that too fast magnetic field sweep rates during measurements can cause temperature changes and inaccurate results.
Thermal analytical techniques measure physical properties of substances as a function of temperature. This document discusses differential thermal analysis (DTA), which compares the temperature of a sample to an inert reference as both are heated. DTA can detect exothermic or endothermic physical or chemical changes in a sample, such as melting, crystallization, or decomposition, as these processes cause the sample's temperature to increase or decrease relative to the reference. The temperature difference between sample and reference is plotted versus temperature or time to produce a DTA curve that can identify materials and characterize thermal processes.
Similar to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and limestone powder to replace cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Tests were conducted on SCC mixes with 0-50% replacement of cement with GGBS and 0-20% replacement with limestone powder. The results showed that replacing 30% of cement with GGBS and 15% with limestone powder produced SCC with the highest compressive strength of 46MPa, meeting fresh property requirements. The study concluded that this ternary blend of cement, GGBS and limestone powder can improve SCC properties while reducing costs.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
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Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
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Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
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Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERP
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 8 (August 2014), PP.22-28
Thermal Studies on Manganese Ores of Sandur Area,
Karnataka, India
Mahesh C. Swami1, H. M. Nagbhushan2, Ajaykumar N. Asode3,
Veeresh Menasinakai4
1Research Scholar, Dept. of studies in Geology, Karnatak University Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
2Professor, Vijayanagar Engineering College, Bellary, Karnataka, India.
3Research Scholar, Dept. of studies in Geology, Karnatak University Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
4Assistant Professor, SKSVMA College of Engineering and Technology Laxmeshwar, Gadag. Karnataka, India.
Abstract:- The manganese ore samples from Sandur were subjected to thermal studies. The thermal study of
minerals involves the Differential thermal analysis (DTA) a method of mineral analysis that is particularly
useful in the identification of the minerals which undergo transformation when heated to temperatures generally
below 12000c. If heat energy is absorbed the rate will decrease during the transformation and the reaction is
endothermic. The temperatures at which endothermic and exothermic transformations take place are
characteristic of certain substances. The DTA technique has been devised to determine these temperatures.
Since it is unlikely that any two minerals have chemical bonds of identical strength, they will decompose,
oxidize or change phase at different temperatures. The temperature at which the peak occurs often indicates
which mineral is present. Since many minerals undergo several endothermic or exothermic changes in the
temperature range studied, the aggregate peaks at the proper temperatures suffice in many instances to identify
the mineral. In this study it has been the objective to define the thermal curves of the simpler manganese
minerals and to study how the method can be applied to natural mixtures. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA)
technique deals with the study of the loss in weight of a substance as it is being heated. The behavior of the
minerals to the rising temperatures is studied. The studies are carried out with respect to their transformations
and weight loss due to the rising temperature. The studies show the presence of Manganese minerals such as
psilomelane, pyrolusite, manganite, cryptomelane and ramsdellite. The instrument used is SDT Q 600 TA
instruments, Waters USA.
Keywords:- DTA, TGA, Manganese, Sandur, Endothermic and Exothermic.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Karnataka Manganese ore deposits are believed to have been derived mainly by the process of
supergene enrichment of manganiferrous phyllites belonging to Dharwar system. Sandur schist belt is one of the
important greenstone belts of the Karnataka craton and is named after the town Sandur where it is typically
exposed. The rich manganese ore deposits associated with schist belt have evoked the interest from very early
times of economic geologists, mining engineers and metallurgist. The manganese ore samples from Sandur were
subjected to thermal studies. The thermal study of minerals involves the Differential thermal analysis (DTA)
and the Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The behaviour of the minerals to the rising temperatures is studied.
The studies are carried out with respect to their transformations and weight loss due to the rising temperature. If
during the process of heating change occurs in the substance and heat energy is liberated, the rate will increase
during the reaction because there is now a second source of heat, such a reaction is termed exothermic. In this
study it has been the objective to define the thermal curves of the simpler manganese minerals and to study how
the method can be applied to natural mixtures.
II. DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS (DTA)
A method of mineral analysis that is particularly useful in the identification of the minerals which
undergo transformation when heated to temperatures generally below 12000 c is called differential thermal
analysis (DTA) the method is suitable for both qualitative and semi-quantitative studies of minerals which
absorb or liberate energy on heating resulting from such transformations as dehydration, oxidation, inversion,
and decomposition and phase changes. Clay minerals, carbonates, hydrous oxides, and zeolites are particularly
well suited for this method of analysis. In this study it has been the objective to define the thermal curves of the
simpler manganese minerals and to study how the method can be applied to natural mixtures.
22
2. Thermal Studies On Manganese Ores Of Sandur Area, Karnataka, India
The temperature of the substance increases at a constant rate when heat is applied under a controlled
condition as long as no transformations occur in which heat energy is involved. If during the process of heating
change occurs in the substance and heat energy is liberated, the rate will increase during the reaction because
there is now a second source of heat, such a reaction is termed exothermic. If heat energy is absorbed the rate
will decrease during the transformation and the reaction is endothermic. This operation can be carried out
dynamically (differential thermal analysis) in which the system is heated at constant rate. It is called differential
because the temperature difference between an inert material and the sample is measured as both are being
heated at constant rate.
The temperatures at which transformations endothermic and exothermic, take place are characteristic of
certain substances. The DTA technique has been devised to determine these temperatures. It involves the use of
dual terminal thermocouple. One terminal is placed in the sample to be tested; the second is placed in a
substance that is thermal inert over the range of the temperatures to be employed. Here we have used calcined
Alumina. Both substances are placed in a furnace and heated at a constant rate. No current will be generated as
long as both sample and inert material are at a same temperature. When either an exothermic or an endothermic
reaction occurs in the sample, the two terminals of the thermocouple will be at different temperatures and a
current will flow. This current is amplified and then led into an automatic recorder.
Pavlovitch (1935) stated that the response of minerals to rising temperature depends on the conditions
of heating. When the rate of heating is constant, the thermogram is straight line. If an endothermic reaction
occurs in a sample a peak appears in a certain direction on the thermogram. If the reaction is exothermic, the
peak will be in opposite direction. The position of the peak on the graph indicates the temperature of
transformation, and its height is a measure of the magnitude of the transformation.
Since it is unlikely that any two minerals have chemical bonds of identical strength, they will
decompose, oxidize or change phase at different temperatures. The temperature at which the peak occurs often
indicates which mineral is present. Since many minerals undergo several endothermic or exothermic changes in
the temperature range studied, the aggregate peaks at the proper temperatures suffice in many instances to
identify the mineral. The relative amplitude and shape of a peak is a function of the type of change, as well as
the rate at which it occurs. The amplitude of the peak is related to the concentration of a particular mineral, and
hence semi-quantitative estimates are possible by simple inspection. Since each mineral will ordinarily yield a
characteristic set of peaks independent of the foreign constituents, frequently the members of a mixture in a
fine-grained aggregate may be defined. Obviously the more complex the mixture and the larger the number of
components with overlapping peaks the more difficult becomes the interpretation.
Pure substances have characteristic peaks. Mixed substances have thermograms which are composites
of the thermograms of the substances that make up the mixture. In the present investigation samples subjected
for thermal studies comprise of the mixture of different minerals of manganese.
Instrument- The instrument used is SDT Q 600 TA instruments, Waters USA.
Fig. 1: SDT Q 600 TA instruments, Waters USA.
Ten samples were subjected to DTA and TGA analysis; the results are discussed below, for respective
23
samples. The DTA curves are shown in the fig 2.
3. Thermal Studies On Manganese Ores Of Sandur Area, Karnataka, India
Sample No. Mg 2- The DTA curve of the sample shows, a gradual endothermic depression at 359°C,
this matches with the curve given in the literature for manganite. Endothermic depression observed at 583.56° C
corresponds to manganite. Endothermic depression observed at 856.41°C corresponds to the curves given in the
literature for cryptomelane.
1) Sample No. Mg 3-The DTA curve of the sample shows, an exothermic bulging (peak) around 380-
24
391.16°C depicts the presence of Pyrolusite.
2) Sample No. Mg 4- The DTA curve of the sample shows, an endothermic depression seen between 590-
600° C depicts presence of pyrolusite.
3) Sample No. Mg 13- The DTA curve of the sample shows, an endothermic depression seen at 288.67° C
corresponds to the dehydration of goethite. Endothermic depression observed between 597.53 to 600° C
can be attributed to the presence of pyrolusite. Endothermic depression at 861.41° C can be attributed to
the cryptomelane.
4) Sample No. Mg 14- The DTA curve of the sample shows, endothermic depression observed between
575.51 to 600°C depicts the presence of manganite; the same temperature range corresponds to
conversion of manganite to pyrolusite. Endothermic depression observed at 858.91°C can be attributed to
the presence of cryptomelane.
5) Sample No. Mg 15-The DTA curve of the sample shows, endothermic depression at 586.18°C depicts the
presence of manganite.
6) Sample No. Mg 16- The DTA curve of the sample shows, exothermic peak at 415.68°C corresponds to
ramsdellite to pyrolusite conversion (Kulp and Perfetti 1950)
7) Sample No. Mg 17- The DTA curve of the sample shows, endothermic depression at 485.57°C depicts
the presence of ramsdellite.
8) Sample No. Mg 20- The DTA curve of the sample shows, an endothermic depression observed at
579.44°C can be attributed to the presence of manganite. Endothermic depression observed at 864.50°C
can be attributed to the presence of cryptomelane.
9) Sample No. Mg 21- The DTA curve of the sample shows, endothermic depression observed at 509.34°C
can be attributed to the presence of manganite. Endothermic depression observed at 891.05°C depicts the
presence of cryptomelane.
The results are tabulated in table no 1.
Table I: DTA observation Table
Sr. No Sample No. Endothermic
peak ° C
Minerals Identified Remarks
1 Mg 2 359
583.56
856.41
Manganite
Manganite
Cryptomelane
-
2 Mg 3 Pyrolusite -
3 Mg 4 590-600 Pyrolusite -
4 Mg 13 288.67 Dehydration of Goethite
5 Mg 14 575-600 Manganite Conversion of Manganite
to Pyrolusite
6 Mg 15 586.18 Manganite -
7 Mg 16 415.68 Conversion of Ramsdellite
to Pyrolusite
8 Mg 17 485.57 Ramsdellite -
9 Mg 20 579.44 Manganite -
10 Mg 21 509.34
891.05
Manganite
Cryptomelane
-
III. THERMO GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS (TGA)
This technique consists of studying the loss in weight of a substance as it is being heated. The
applications of the TGA methods are various and have been widely used in mineralogy and silicate technology.
In many cases the TGA curve may be related to the DTA curve of the corresponding mineral. The loss of weight
of known amount of powdered sample is noted by heating up to a temperature of 1000°C, each time for period
of 10 minutes at a regular intervals of temperature as follows 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and
1000°C. 0.5 gm of powder has been used and the percent weight loss has been calculated and plotted in the
graph.
4. Thermal Studies On Manganese Ores Of Sandur Area, Karnataka, India
In the present investigation ten samples of the Deogiri manganese ores are subjected for the TGA
analysis. The TGA curves of the samples are shown in fig.3 the results for the respective samples are discussed
below and tabulated in table 2,
Sample No. Mg 2- The TGA curve shows, a gradual weight loss up to 511.25° C is observed. The rate
of loss of weight is increased rapidly temperature range 511.25 to 609.59° C (9.413 %), which corresponds to
the temperature where pyrolusite is transformed to bixbyte (-Mn2O3).
Sample No. Mg 3- The TGA curve shows, the loss of weight between temperatures 491.35 to 607.37°
C (8.646%) corresponds to the presence of cryptomelane. The minimum rate of loss of weight (2.336%)
between temperatures 607.67 to 783.61° C is attributed to the presence of psilomelane.
Sample No. Mg 4- The TGA curve shows, a gradual weight loss up to 551.33° C is observed. The rate
of loss of weight is increased rapidly temperature range 551.33 to 606.68° C (12.42 %), which corresponds to
the temperature where pyrolusite is transformed to bixbyte (-Mn2O3). A gradual weight loss (3.945%) is
observed between 767.71 to 857.54° C which can be attributed to change of Mn2O3 to Mn3O4.
Sample No. Mg 13- The TGA curve shows, the rate of loss of weight is increased rapidly between temperature
range 527.06 to 614.84° C (8.609 %), which corresponds to the temperature where pyrolusite is transformed to
bixbyte (-Mn2O3).
Sample No. Mg 14- The TGA curve shows, the rate of loss of weight is increased rapidly between
temperatures 513.20 to 602.22° C (7.282 %), which corresponds to the presence of pyrolusite. The loss of
weight (9.647%) between 400 to 900° C corresponds to dehydration of psilomelane as stated by Fleischer
(1960).
Sample No. Mg 15- The TGA curve shows, the loss of weight between temperature range 491.35 to
613.47° C corresponds to the presence of cryptomelane. Further the minimum rate of loss of weight (2.030%)
between temperatures 650 to 800° C is attributed to the presence of psilomelane.
Sample No. Mg 16- The TGA curve shows, the loss of weight between temperatures 487.61 to 608.08° C
corresponds to the presence of cryptomelane.
Sample No. Mg 17- The TGA curve shows, the maximum loss of weight between temperatures 450.17
to 529.37° C attributes to the presence of cryptomelane. The loss of weight (9.029%) between 450 to 940° C
corresponds to dehydration of psilomelane as stated by Fleischer (1960).
Sample No. Mg 20- The TGA curve shows, the rate of loss of weight is increased rapidly between
temperature range 502.85 to 590.94° C (8.857 %), which corresponds to the temperature where pyrolusite is
transformed to bixbyte (-Mn2O3).
Sample No. Mg 21- The TGA curve shows, the maximum loss of weight between temperatures 471.00
to 557.88° C attributes to the presence of cryptomelane. Further the minimum rate of loss of weight (2.557%)
between temperatures 650 to 800° C is attributed to the presence of psilomelane in the given sample.
Table II: TGA observation Table
25
Sr. No Sample No Loss of
weight %
Temperature
Range ° C
Correspondin
g Mineral
Remarks
1 Mg 2 9.413 511.25-609.59 Temp range corresponds to conversion
of Pyrolusite to Bixbyte.
2 Mg 3 8.646
2.336
491.35-607.37
607.67-783.61
Cryptomelane
Psilomelane
-
3 Mg 4 12.42 551.33-606.68 Temp range corresponds to conversion
of Pyrolusite to Bixbyte.
4 Mg 13 8.609 527.06-614.84 Temp range corresponds to conversion
of Pyrolusite to Bixbyte.
5 Mg 14 7.282
9.647
513.20-602.22
400-900
Pyrolusite
-
Dehydration of Psilomelane
6 Mg 15 7.617
2.030
491.35-613.47
650-800
Cryptomelane
Psilomelane
-
7 Mg 16 6.795 487.61-608.08 Cryptomelane -
8 Mg 17 6.312 450.17-529.37
450-950
Dehydration of Psilomelane
Dehydration of Psilomelane
9 Mg 20 8.857 502.85-590.94 Temp range corresponds to conversion
of Pyrolusite to Bixbyte.
10 Mg 21 7.407
2.557
471.00-557.88
650-800
Cryptomelane
Psilomelane
-
Fig. 2: DTA curves of Manganese ores of Sandur
6. Thermal Studies On Manganese Ores Of Sandur Area, Karnataka, India
Fig. 3: TGA curves of Manganese ores of Sandur
IV. CONCLUSIONS
From the Differential thermal analysis and Thermo gravimetric analysis of Sandur Manganese ores
following conclusions may be drawn: Endothermic peaks for Manganite are observed at 359°, 509° and between
580° to 590°. Endothermic peak between 590-600°c and a exothermic peak between 380-391°c shows the
presence of Pyrolusite. Endothermic peaks at 856.41 and 891.05°c shows the presence of Cryptomelane.
Ramsdellite shows exothermic peak at 485.57°c. The temperature range 575-600°c corresponds to the change
27
7. Thermal Studies On Manganese Ores Of Sandur Area, Karnataka, India
conversion of Manganite to pyrolusite. Exothermic peak at 415.68°c corresponds to the conversion of
Ramsdellite to Pyrolusite. The TGA studies shows presence of cryptomelane, psilomelane and pyrolusite. The
presence of Cryptomelane is observed by the weight loss of 8.646% in 49.35-607.37°c range. The loss of weight
of 2.556% between 790-852°c marks the presence of psilomelane. Pyrolusite can be identified with the loss of
weight 7.282% between 513.20-602.22°c. The curves obtained in the study match with those given in the
literature for Manganese minerals. There is a minor shift in the values in some samples, which can be attributed
to the accessory and gangue minerals present in the samples.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank Mr. Ganesh Kundargi, USIC Karnatak University Dharwad for his efforts to
analyze the Manganese ore samples for DTA and TGA studies. I also express my deep sense of gratitude
towards Dr. H. M. Jayasheela for his help and support for the present studies.
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