Demographic variables are the most popular bases for segmenting the customer groups. One reason is that consumer needs, wants, preferences and usage rates often highly associated with demographic variables. Another is that demographic variables are easier to measure than the most of other type variables. Marketers are keenly interested in the size and growth rate of population in different cities, regions, nations; age distribution; educational levels; household patterns; and regional characteristics and movements. Because, on the basis of these measures only, marketers have to formulate their marketing strategies in order to fulfil the needs, wants and preferences of consumers. Moreover, demographic variables make known the ongoing trends, such as shifts in age, sex and income distribution that signal new business opportunities to the marketers. Demographic trends are highly reliable for the short and intermediate run. This paper, with a strong backing of literature, explains the role of educational qualification of consumers on recognizing a need for car.
Prediction of Consumer Purchase Decision using Demographic Variables: A Study...IOSR Journals
The demographic environment is of major interest to marketers because it involves people and people make up market. Fragmentation of the mass market into numerous micro markets differentiated by age, sex, education, life style, geography and so on. Because each group has strong preferences and consumer characteristics that can be easily reached through increasingly targeted communication and distribution channels. Most of marketers’ strategic decision making heavily depend on the demographic variables of people in the region where they focus on marketing their products. This study makes known the vital demographic structure of premium car owners in Chennai city and provides models for predicting the consumer’s decision to buy a car when his exact demographic profile is known. The relationship established between the demographic variables and the different stages of consumer’s purchase decision process further helps identifying the significant demographic variables. This will be definitely helpful to the marketers of cars to know their target group and to evolve marketing strategies to make them becoming a car owner.
The document summarizes a research study that examined Malaysian consumers' shopping behaviors and factors influencing repurchase intentions. The study developed a framework to analyze the relationships between product attributes, demographics, interpersonal influence, and repurchase intentions. A survey of 500 Malaysian consumers found that: 1) Purchase importance and influencing factors varied for high vs low involvement products. 2) Quality, price, brand, and information strongly predicted repurchase intentions for high involvement products, while price and brand were most important for low involvement products. 3) Interpersonal influences did not significantly impact repurchase intentions regardless of product type. The research contributes to understanding consumer purchase behaviors and can help marketers improve strategies.
Consumer buying behavior involves a process where individuals select, purchase, use, and dispose of products and services to meet their needs and desires. Understanding consumer behavior is complex as consumers can say one thing but do another or be influenced by factors they are not fully aware of. Consumer behavior is influenced by cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors. Marketers research consumer buying behavior to understand what influences purchase decisions and how to meet consumer needs.
Planned Versus Unplanned Groc ery Shopping Behaviour- An Empirical Study Jessica Sangster
This document summarizes a study that examined planned and unplanned grocery shopping behavior. The researchers conducted surveys of 100 grocery shoppers before and after their shopping trips to identify planned purchases and reasons for unplanned purchases. They found that most shoppers planned to buy only a few items but made more purchases overall. Factor analysis identified five key factors that influenced unplanned purchases: checkout queue times, availability of popular brands, value for money, availability of store brands and loyalty programs. The study aims to provide insights into marketing strategies to influence consumer purchasing behavior.
The Role of Attitude as Relationship Mediation between Products Knowledge an...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses how social media data and analytics are increasingly important for market segmentation. It explores how new data sources and analytical techniques allow companies to better understand customer attributes and behaviors to develop more precise segmentation models. While social media provides valuable insights, companies must ensure they use the data appropriately and comply with privacy regulations. Effective use of social media data can enhance relationship building with customers and improve targeting.
This study identified 8 factors (price, quality, warranty, advertisement, brand, friends/family recommendations, packaging) that influence rural consumers' purchasing decisions in India. It found that the importance of these factors varies based on consumers' age and income. Specifically, price and quality become significantly more important considerations as consumers get older and earn more. Advertisement and brand were significantly more influential for higher-income rural consumers. Meanwhile, friends/family recommendations and packaging had a greater impact on lower-income consumers' decisions. In general, all factors became more important to rural consumers as their age and income increased.
Prediction of Consumer Purchase Decision using Demographic Variables: A Study...IOSR Journals
The demographic environment is of major interest to marketers because it involves people and people make up market. Fragmentation of the mass market into numerous micro markets differentiated by age, sex, education, life style, geography and so on. Because each group has strong preferences and consumer characteristics that can be easily reached through increasingly targeted communication and distribution channels. Most of marketers’ strategic decision making heavily depend on the demographic variables of people in the region where they focus on marketing their products. This study makes known the vital demographic structure of premium car owners in Chennai city and provides models for predicting the consumer’s decision to buy a car when his exact demographic profile is known. The relationship established between the demographic variables and the different stages of consumer’s purchase decision process further helps identifying the significant demographic variables. This will be definitely helpful to the marketers of cars to know their target group and to evolve marketing strategies to make them becoming a car owner.
The document summarizes a research study that examined Malaysian consumers' shopping behaviors and factors influencing repurchase intentions. The study developed a framework to analyze the relationships between product attributes, demographics, interpersonal influence, and repurchase intentions. A survey of 500 Malaysian consumers found that: 1) Purchase importance and influencing factors varied for high vs low involvement products. 2) Quality, price, brand, and information strongly predicted repurchase intentions for high involvement products, while price and brand were most important for low involvement products. 3) Interpersonal influences did not significantly impact repurchase intentions regardless of product type. The research contributes to understanding consumer purchase behaviors and can help marketers improve strategies.
Consumer buying behavior involves a process where individuals select, purchase, use, and dispose of products and services to meet their needs and desires. Understanding consumer behavior is complex as consumers can say one thing but do another or be influenced by factors they are not fully aware of. Consumer behavior is influenced by cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors. Marketers research consumer buying behavior to understand what influences purchase decisions and how to meet consumer needs.
Planned Versus Unplanned Groc ery Shopping Behaviour- An Empirical Study Jessica Sangster
This document summarizes a study that examined planned and unplanned grocery shopping behavior. The researchers conducted surveys of 100 grocery shoppers before and after their shopping trips to identify planned purchases and reasons for unplanned purchases. They found that most shoppers planned to buy only a few items but made more purchases overall. Factor analysis identified five key factors that influenced unplanned purchases: checkout queue times, availability of popular brands, value for money, availability of store brands and loyalty programs. The study aims to provide insights into marketing strategies to influence consumer purchasing behavior.
The Role of Attitude as Relationship Mediation between Products Knowledge an...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses how social media data and analytics are increasingly important for market segmentation. It explores how new data sources and analytical techniques allow companies to better understand customer attributes and behaviors to develop more precise segmentation models. While social media provides valuable insights, companies must ensure they use the data appropriately and comply with privacy regulations. Effective use of social media data can enhance relationship building with customers and improve targeting.
This study identified 8 factors (price, quality, warranty, advertisement, brand, friends/family recommendations, packaging) that influence rural consumers' purchasing decisions in India. It found that the importance of these factors varies based on consumers' age and income. Specifically, price and quality become significantly more important considerations as consumers get older and earn more. Advertisement and brand were significantly more influential for higher-income rural consumers. Meanwhile, friends/family recommendations and packaging had a greater impact on lower-income consumers' decisions. In general, all factors became more important to rural consumers as their age and income increased.
Consumer behavior and factors influencing consumer behaviorWish Mrt'xa
The document discusses factors that influence consumer behavior, including cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors. Cultural factors encompass elements like culture, subcultures, and social classes that shape consumer values and preferences. Social factors include reference groups, family influences, and social roles/status. Personal factors pertain to individual characteristics like age, lifestyle, and income that affect purchasing decisions. Psychological factors are motivations, perceptions, learning, and beliefs/attitudes that drive consumer behavior at a subconscious level. Understanding these various influences is important for analyzing consumer decision-making processes.
The document discusses demographics and their impact on consumer behavior. It defines demographics as groups that share market-relevant attributes like age, income, gender, etc. The document discusses pros and cons of targeting specific demographics in marketing campaigns. It can help personalize campaigns but risks generalizing. The document also provides tips for selecting profitable demographics to target, including ongoing research, testing new attributes, collaborating with others, and anticipating exceptions. Examples are given of how search engines and online advertising use demographic targeting to improve metrics like conversions and click-through rates. The fashion industry in the US is also briefly discussed.
The document discusses how materialism, brand engagement, and status consumption influence clothing involvement and brand loyalty. It presents hypotheses that materialism, brand engagement, and status consumption will positively correlate with clothing involvement and brand loyalty based on previous research. The document provides an overview of literature on these topics and concepts in order to develop the hypotheses.
Fast changing consumer behaviour in indiasilpa $H!lu
This document discusses factors that influence consumer behavior in India. It outlines several key factors, including culture, social groups, personal characteristics, and psychology. It also describes trends in India's changing consumer landscape since the 1990s economic reforms, including the growth of communications/IT sectors, globalization, and increasing rural consumption. Emerging trends are noted, such as consumers prioritizing value over price and brand, and preferences changing with greater health awareness. The consumption patterns of Indian consumers depend on various economic and social changes.
This document discusses consumer behavior and the factors that influence consumer purchasing decisions. It covers cultural, social, personal, psychological factors as well as the stages of the consumer decision process including need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, and the final purchase decision. The key factors discussed are cultural influences like social class, reference groups, and family influence. Personal factors covered include occupation, lifestyle, personality and motivation. Psychological concepts like perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes are also examined.
Comparison of consumer behavior of millennials and generation z in pre and po...wicked41
This document compares the consumer behavior of Millennials and Generation Z in the pre- and post-Covid era. It discusses how factors like perception, motivation, expectations, and psychology influence their behavior differently. The Covid-19 pandemic significantly impacted consumer behavior, with Generation Z more willing to adapt to digital shopping while Millennials tended to stockpile essentials. Generation Z's behavior is shaped more by experiences on social media and a focus on sustainability, while Millennials remain attached to in-person shopping experiences. Understanding the unique impacts of the pandemic on different generations is important for marketers.
This document discusses market segmentation, targeting, and positioning. It defines segmentation as dividing the market into groups based on common characteristics. There are two types of segmentation bases: behavioral and cognitive. Behavioral bases include demographic factors that can be easily measured, like age or income. Cognitive bases involve psychological attributes that are more abstract, like attitudes or perceptions. The document also lists criteria for effective targeting, such as segments being identifiable, sizable, stable, and reachable. It provides examples of behavioral segmentation bases like demographics, family lifecycle stage, and usage patterns. Finally, it defines positioning as differentiating a brand in consumers' minds and discusses umbrella, premier, and repositioning strategies.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated factors influencing customers' choice of grocery supermarkets in Northeast Thailand. The author surveyed 300 customers and used exploratory factor analysis to identify six key factors: convenience, discounts, stock availability, payment/promotion, children's facilities, and prices. While these factors combined resulted in customer satisfaction, satisfaction had a less than significant impact on store choice. The findings showed that education and income levels significantly impacted store choice, with higher-income customers more likely to switch from Tesco to Big C. The conceptual framework used factor analysis to model the relationships between 14 factors and 42 questions regarding customers' supermarket choices.
Comparison of consumer behavior of millennials and generation z in pre and po...wicked41
This document compares the consumer behavior of Millennials and Generation Z in the pre-Covid and post-Covid eras. It finds that Generation Z is more comfortable with online shopping compared to Millennials. The Covid-19 pandemic disrupted in-person shopping and pushed more Millennials to shop online. Marketers need to understand the differences between these generations, as their perceptions, motivations, and expectations vary. Factors like culture, social influences, and the pandemic's impact on social behavior must be considered when analyzing consumer behavior.
Factors influencing consumer behaviour in link direct pvt ltdRashid Mustahsan
Consumer behavior refers to how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption-related items. This includes what they buy, why they buy it, when they buy it, where they buy it, how often they buy it, and how often they use it. Consumer behavior is influenced by cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors. Marketers must understand these factors and how they influence consumers at different stages of the buying process. This document discusses the key factors that influence consumer behavior for Link Direct International, including cultural, social, personal, and psychological considerations. It also provides a brief SWOT analysis of the organization.
This document defines families and households, discusses different types of families such as traditional, new, and blended families. It also covers the family life cycle in 5 stages from bachelorhood to post-parenthood. Additionally, it discusses social class measurement using objective measures like occupation, education and income. Geodemographic clustering is discussed where families of similar socioeconomic backgrounds reside together. The roles of influencers, decision makers, and users in family purchasing decisions are outlined. Consumer socialization is defined as how people acquire consumer skills and preferences.
This study classifies youth into different segments based on their compulsive buying nature. Cluster analysis approach is adopted in this study. This would help the
marketers to design strategies to target the Indian compulsive buyers. This Study compared customers of one cosmopolitan city and metro city of India.
The document discusses market segmentation and summarizes key points from the literature. It begins by defining market segmentation as dividing a large market into smaller subgroups based on common needs and behaviors. It then reviews several common bases for segmentation, including geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral factors. Some examples discussed include segmenting by age, gender, income level, lifestyle, and occasions. The document also outlines criteria for effective market segments and reviews literature on the importance and competitive necessity of segmentation. It concludes by describing the sources of data gathered - official Indian census data and projected population data from a marketing textbook.
This document discusses how demographics and lifestyle impact consumer behavior and retail strategies. It defines demographics as factors like age, income, gender, etc. that help marketers identify target segments. Lifestyle represents how individuals live and is influenced by culture, family and social class. The VALS system segments consumers into eight groups based on motivations like ideals, achievement or self-expression. Retail implications include adapting to changing gender roles, more sophisticated consumers with less time, and lifestyle becoming less predictable and more individualized. Demographics and lifestyle analysis helps retailers understand customers and develop effective marketing strategies.
INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR
3. WHAT IS CULTURE?
4. BELIEFS AND VALUES:
5. WHAT IS CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR?
6. THE INVISIBLE HAND OF CULTURE
7. Culture exists at different subjective levels:
8. CULTURE SATISFIES NEEDS
10. HOW IS CULTURE LEARNED?
11. How Culture Is Learned
12. ACQUISITION OF CULTURE
13. LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS:
15. RITUALS:
16. SHARING OF CULTURE
18. CULTURE IS DYNAMIC
20. Mythology
21. THE MEASUREMENT OF CULTURE:
25. Value Measurement Survey Instruments:
27. CONCLUSION
29. REFERENCES:
CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR – NINTH EDITION
WRITTEN BY: LEON G. SCHIFFMAN
LESLIE LAZAR KANUK
A Study of Consumer Behavior towards Grocery Retailing in Delhi Region of Na...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes several previous studies on mango fruit drinks and soft drinks. It discusses 18 different studies conducted between 1984-1993. The key findings of the studies include:
- Campa Cola was found to be the most popular soft drink brand among consumers in India in the 1980s. Factors like age, profession and income influenced brand preferences.
- Family members have significant influence on purchase decisions. Advertising was found to influence consumer behavior and create preferences for advertised brands.
- Television was the most effective advertising medium for soft drinks. Tetra Paks became more popular than bottles due to convenience. Gold Spot was often the most preferred soft drink brand.
The document discusses factors that influence consumer decision making such as cultural, social, personal and psychological factors. It also outlines the consumer buying process which involves problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision and post-purchase behavior. Finally, it examines business markets and key differences in business buying processes compared to consumer buying.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
This document summarizes a study on the effects of occupational stress on the work performance of police officers in Nakuru police division, Kenya. The study found that police officers experience high levels of occupational stress due to factors like role overload and ambiguity. It also found that their work performance was rated as only fair. The study established that high occupational stress negatively impacts the work performance of police officers. Additionally, it was found that police officers lack adequate welfare support despite the stressful nature of their work. The study recommends that the National Police Service Commission implement policies and mechanisms to reduce work-related stress and improve police officers' work performance.
This document discusses performance issues related to the interoperability between IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet or wired LAN) and IEEE 802.11 (wireless LAN) standards in a heterogeneous network environment. It provides an overview of the two standards, including their development and key features. The document then examines interoperability issues that can occur when combining these different network types. It describes how data is exchanged between wired and wireless networks at the data link layer. The document also presents results from a simulation that showed LAN data transfer to be faster than WLAN information exchange.
Consumer behavior and factors influencing consumer behaviorWish Mrt'xa
The document discusses factors that influence consumer behavior, including cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors. Cultural factors encompass elements like culture, subcultures, and social classes that shape consumer values and preferences. Social factors include reference groups, family influences, and social roles/status. Personal factors pertain to individual characteristics like age, lifestyle, and income that affect purchasing decisions. Psychological factors are motivations, perceptions, learning, and beliefs/attitudes that drive consumer behavior at a subconscious level. Understanding these various influences is important for analyzing consumer decision-making processes.
The document discusses demographics and their impact on consumer behavior. It defines demographics as groups that share market-relevant attributes like age, income, gender, etc. The document discusses pros and cons of targeting specific demographics in marketing campaigns. It can help personalize campaigns but risks generalizing. The document also provides tips for selecting profitable demographics to target, including ongoing research, testing new attributes, collaborating with others, and anticipating exceptions. Examples are given of how search engines and online advertising use demographic targeting to improve metrics like conversions and click-through rates. The fashion industry in the US is also briefly discussed.
The document discusses how materialism, brand engagement, and status consumption influence clothing involvement and brand loyalty. It presents hypotheses that materialism, brand engagement, and status consumption will positively correlate with clothing involvement and brand loyalty based on previous research. The document provides an overview of literature on these topics and concepts in order to develop the hypotheses.
Fast changing consumer behaviour in indiasilpa $H!lu
This document discusses factors that influence consumer behavior in India. It outlines several key factors, including culture, social groups, personal characteristics, and psychology. It also describes trends in India's changing consumer landscape since the 1990s economic reforms, including the growth of communications/IT sectors, globalization, and increasing rural consumption. Emerging trends are noted, such as consumers prioritizing value over price and brand, and preferences changing with greater health awareness. The consumption patterns of Indian consumers depend on various economic and social changes.
This document discusses consumer behavior and the factors that influence consumer purchasing decisions. It covers cultural, social, personal, psychological factors as well as the stages of the consumer decision process including need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, and the final purchase decision. The key factors discussed are cultural influences like social class, reference groups, and family influence. Personal factors covered include occupation, lifestyle, personality and motivation. Psychological concepts like perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes are also examined.
Comparison of consumer behavior of millennials and generation z in pre and po...wicked41
This document compares the consumer behavior of Millennials and Generation Z in the pre- and post-Covid era. It discusses how factors like perception, motivation, expectations, and psychology influence their behavior differently. The Covid-19 pandemic significantly impacted consumer behavior, with Generation Z more willing to adapt to digital shopping while Millennials tended to stockpile essentials. Generation Z's behavior is shaped more by experiences on social media and a focus on sustainability, while Millennials remain attached to in-person shopping experiences. Understanding the unique impacts of the pandemic on different generations is important for marketers.
This document discusses market segmentation, targeting, and positioning. It defines segmentation as dividing the market into groups based on common characteristics. There are two types of segmentation bases: behavioral and cognitive. Behavioral bases include demographic factors that can be easily measured, like age or income. Cognitive bases involve psychological attributes that are more abstract, like attitudes or perceptions. The document also lists criteria for effective targeting, such as segments being identifiable, sizable, stable, and reachable. It provides examples of behavioral segmentation bases like demographics, family lifecycle stage, and usage patterns. Finally, it defines positioning as differentiating a brand in consumers' minds and discusses umbrella, premier, and repositioning strategies.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated factors influencing customers' choice of grocery supermarkets in Northeast Thailand. The author surveyed 300 customers and used exploratory factor analysis to identify six key factors: convenience, discounts, stock availability, payment/promotion, children's facilities, and prices. While these factors combined resulted in customer satisfaction, satisfaction had a less than significant impact on store choice. The findings showed that education and income levels significantly impacted store choice, with higher-income customers more likely to switch from Tesco to Big C. The conceptual framework used factor analysis to model the relationships between 14 factors and 42 questions regarding customers' supermarket choices.
Comparison of consumer behavior of millennials and generation z in pre and po...wicked41
This document compares the consumer behavior of Millennials and Generation Z in the pre-Covid and post-Covid eras. It finds that Generation Z is more comfortable with online shopping compared to Millennials. The Covid-19 pandemic disrupted in-person shopping and pushed more Millennials to shop online. Marketers need to understand the differences between these generations, as their perceptions, motivations, and expectations vary. Factors like culture, social influences, and the pandemic's impact on social behavior must be considered when analyzing consumer behavior.
Factors influencing consumer behaviour in link direct pvt ltdRashid Mustahsan
Consumer behavior refers to how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption-related items. This includes what they buy, why they buy it, when they buy it, where they buy it, how often they buy it, and how often they use it. Consumer behavior is influenced by cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors. Marketers must understand these factors and how they influence consumers at different stages of the buying process. This document discusses the key factors that influence consumer behavior for Link Direct International, including cultural, social, personal, and psychological considerations. It also provides a brief SWOT analysis of the organization.
This document defines families and households, discusses different types of families such as traditional, new, and blended families. It also covers the family life cycle in 5 stages from bachelorhood to post-parenthood. Additionally, it discusses social class measurement using objective measures like occupation, education and income. Geodemographic clustering is discussed where families of similar socioeconomic backgrounds reside together. The roles of influencers, decision makers, and users in family purchasing decisions are outlined. Consumer socialization is defined as how people acquire consumer skills and preferences.
This study classifies youth into different segments based on their compulsive buying nature. Cluster analysis approach is adopted in this study. This would help the
marketers to design strategies to target the Indian compulsive buyers. This Study compared customers of one cosmopolitan city and metro city of India.
The document discusses market segmentation and summarizes key points from the literature. It begins by defining market segmentation as dividing a large market into smaller subgroups based on common needs and behaviors. It then reviews several common bases for segmentation, including geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral factors. Some examples discussed include segmenting by age, gender, income level, lifestyle, and occasions. The document also outlines criteria for effective market segments and reviews literature on the importance and competitive necessity of segmentation. It concludes by describing the sources of data gathered - official Indian census data and projected population data from a marketing textbook.
This document discusses how demographics and lifestyle impact consumer behavior and retail strategies. It defines demographics as factors like age, income, gender, etc. that help marketers identify target segments. Lifestyle represents how individuals live and is influenced by culture, family and social class. The VALS system segments consumers into eight groups based on motivations like ideals, achievement or self-expression. Retail implications include adapting to changing gender roles, more sophisticated consumers with less time, and lifestyle becoming less predictable and more individualized. Demographics and lifestyle analysis helps retailers understand customers and develop effective marketing strategies.
INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR
3. WHAT IS CULTURE?
4. BELIEFS AND VALUES:
5. WHAT IS CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR?
6. THE INVISIBLE HAND OF CULTURE
7. Culture exists at different subjective levels:
8. CULTURE SATISFIES NEEDS
10. HOW IS CULTURE LEARNED?
11. How Culture Is Learned
12. ACQUISITION OF CULTURE
13. LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS:
15. RITUALS:
16. SHARING OF CULTURE
18. CULTURE IS DYNAMIC
20. Mythology
21. THE MEASUREMENT OF CULTURE:
25. Value Measurement Survey Instruments:
27. CONCLUSION
29. REFERENCES:
CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR – NINTH EDITION
WRITTEN BY: LEON G. SCHIFFMAN
LESLIE LAZAR KANUK
A Study of Consumer Behavior towards Grocery Retailing in Delhi Region of Na...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes several previous studies on mango fruit drinks and soft drinks. It discusses 18 different studies conducted between 1984-1993. The key findings of the studies include:
- Campa Cola was found to be the most popular soft drink brand among consumers in India in the 1980s. Factors like age, profession and income influenced brand preferences.
- Family members have significant influence on purchase decisions. Advertising was found to influence consumer behavior and create preferences for advertised brands.
- Television was the most effective advertising medium for soft drinks. Tetra Paks became more popular than bottles due to convenience. Gold Spot was often the most preferred soft drink brand.
The document discusses factors that influence consumer decision making such as cultural, social, personal and psychological factors. It also outlines the consumer buying process which involves problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision and post-purchase behavior. Finally, it examines business markets and key differences in business buying processes compared to consumer buying.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
This document summarizes a study on the effects of occupational stress on the work performance of police officers in Nakuru police division, Kenya. The study found that police officers experience high levels of occupational stress due to factors like role overload and ambiguity. It also found that their work performance was rated as only fair. The study established that high occupational stress negatively impacts the work performance of police officers. Additionally, it was found that police officers lack adequate welfare support despite the stressful nature of their work. The study recommends that the National Police Service Commission implement policies and mechanisms to reduce work-related stress and improve police officers' work performance.
This document discusses performance issues related to the interoperability between IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet or wired LAN) and IEEE 802.11 (wireless LAN) standards in a heterogeneous network environment. It provides an overview of the two standards, including their development and key features. The document then examines interoperability issues that can occur when combining these different network types. It describes how data is exchanged between wired and wireless networks at the data link layer. The document also presents results from a simulation that showed LAN data transfer to be faster than WLAN information exchange.
This document describes the design and development of a low-cost, portable microcontroller-based hygrometer. The hygrometer uses an HSM-20G sensor module to measure relative humidity and temperature. The sensor outputs analog voltages that are converted to digital values by a PIC16F876A microcontroller and displayed on a 16x2 LCD screen. The system is powered by a 9V battery and uses voltage regulators to provide stable 5V power. Programming was done in C language using MikroC Pro to continuously display the humidity and temperature readings from the sensor.
This document discusses quality assurance in technical vocational education (TVE) for sustainable national development in the 21st century. It defines TVE and outlines its importance for providing skilled workers and empowering youth. The status of TVE in Nigeria is examined, noting issues like inadequate funding, resources, and the perception of TVE. Quality assurance is defined as measures to ensure TVE achieves its goals. Sustainable development and the role of TVE in enabling it are also discussed. The document concludes with recommendations like increasing government funding for TVE to improve its quality and contribution to Nigeria's sustainable development.
Pollution Due To Noise from Selected PlacesIOSR Journals
Noise pollution degrades environment and also causes health hazard to human beings. In urban areas major sources of noise pollution are traffic and construction activities. Available guide lines for noise pollution have been reviewed in the paper. Measurement of noise levels at selected locations reported in the paper, for example, railway stations, use of machinery at construction sites, etc., was made and compared with the guide line values. It has been observed that the noise level at all locations exceeds the value prescribed by the competent authorities. At the pedestrian locations the noise level is 60 dB to 110 dB. At the railway crossing the noise level is 45 dB to 110 dB. The above inference shows that the noise pollution is paramount at all sources. Due to the various adverse impacts of noise on humans and environment, noise should be controlled. The conclusion drawn from this study is that the technique or the combination of techniques to be employed for noise control depends upon the extent of the noise reduction required, nature of the equipment used and the economy aspects of the available techniques
Recent Developments and Analysis of Electromagnetic Metamaterial with all of ...IOSR Journals
Recent advances in metamaterials (MMs) research have highlighted the possibility to create novel
devices with electromagnetic functionality. The metamaterial have the power which can easily construct
materials with a user-designed EM response with a particular target frequency. This is the important
phenomena of THz frequency region that can make a considerable progress in design fabrication, and define the
characteristics of MMs at THz frequencies. This article illustrates the latest advancements of THz MMs
research.
This document discusses conjunctive use of surface and groundwater as an agri-tourism resource facilitator in developing nations. It reviews literature on conjunctive water use and case studies of implementations in different countries. The key points are:
1) Conjunctive water use aims to minimize negative impacts and optimize water supply through coordinated management of surface and groundwater. This can enhance sustainable agri-tourism by ensuring reliable water availability.
2) Case studies show successes and failures of conjunctive use programs globally. Benefits include increased incomes, water savings and irrigation expansion. Challenges include poor water quality mixing and lack of awareness.
3) Planning conjunctive use aims to
Design and Implementation of Encoder for (15, k) Binary BCH Code Using VHDL a...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In this paper we have designed and implemented(15, k) a BCH Encoder on FPGA using VHDL for reliable data transfers in AWGN channel with multiple error correction control. The digital logic implementation of binary encoding of multiple error correcting BCH code (15, k) of length n=15 over GF (24) with irreducible primitive polynomial x4+x+1 is organized into shift register circuits. Using the cyclic codes, the reminder b(x) can be obtained in a linear (15-k) stage shift register with feedback connections corresponding to the coefficients of the generated polynomial. Three encoder are designed using VHDL to encode the single, double and triple error correcting BCH code (15, k) corresponding to the coefficient of generated polynomial. Information bit is transmitted in unchanged form up to k clock cycles and during this period parity bits are calculated in the LFSR then the parity bits are transmitted from k+1 to 15 clock cycles. Total 15-k numbers of parity bits with k information bits are transmitted in 15 code word. Here we have implemented (15, 5, 3), (15, 7, 2) and (15, 11, 1) BCH code encoder on Xilinx Spartan 3 FPGA using VHDL and the simulation & synthesis are done using Xilinx ISE 13.3. BCH encoders are conventionally implemented by linear feedback shift register architecture. Encoders of long BCH codes may suffer from the effect of large fan out, which may reduce the achievable clock speed. The data rate requirement of optical applications require parallel implementations of the BCH encoders. Also a comparative performance based on synthesis & simulation on FPGA is presented. Keywords: BCH, BCH Encoder, FPGA, VHDL, Error Correction, AWGN, LFSR cyclic redundancy checking, fan out .
This document discusses performance of matching algorithms for signal approximation. It begins by introducing matching pursuit algorithms like Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) and Stagewise Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (StOMP) which are greedy algorithms that approximate sparse signals. It then describes the Non-Negative Least Squares algorithm which solves non-negative least squares problems. Finally, it discusses Extranious Equivalent Detection (EED), a modification of OED that incorporates non-negativity of representations by using a non-negative optimization technique instead of orthogonal projection.
This document compares the performance of IPv4 and IPv6 over MPLS networks. It summarizes the results of simulations run using OPNET 14.5 that evaluated packet delay, packet loss, and throughput for IPv4 and IPv6 over MPLS. The simulations found that IPv6 over MPLS exhibited higher packet loss, higher throughput, and higher delay compared to IPv4 over MPLS which had lower throughput and delay with less dropped packets. Therefore, IPv6 may be suitable for applications requiring high bandwidth but not for real-time applications due to its higher delays and packet loss.
This document analyzes the capacity of MIMO wireless channels when accounting for impairments from physical transceiver hardware limitations. It is shown that when including the effects of transceiver impairments like non-linearities, phase noise, and quantization noise, the capacity of MIMO channels reaches a finite limit as SNR increases, rather than increasing without bound. This results in a zero multiplexing gain, unlike the ideal case without impairments. However, the relative capacity increase from MIMO over single-antenna channels remains at least as large when including impairments. Various figures are presented showing the capacity and multiplexing gain for different channel models and transceiver configurations. The document concludes by stating the analysis provides insights into understanding
The document describes a proposed framework called UPS for privacy-preserving personalized web search. The UPS framework aims to generalize user profiles for each query according to user-specified privacy requirements, while balancing privacy risk and personalization utility. Two key contributions of the proposed system are: 1) Supporting runtime profiling to dynamically generalize user profiles on a per-query basis; and 2) Allowing for customization of privacy requirements by users to designate sensitive topics in their profiles. Algorithms are proposed to generalize profiles to optimize these metrics during the personalization process.
This document describes an online signature verification system that uses vector quantization and hidden Markov models. Signatures are collected using a graphics tablet and preprocessed to reduce noise and normalize size and phase. Features like velocity, acceleration, and pressure are extracted from segments of each signature. K-means clustering is used to generate a codebook, and vector quantization maps signatures to code words. Hidden Markov models are trained on the code words using the Baum-Welch algorithm. In verification, the forward algorithm calculates the probability that a signature was generated by a claimed user's model. The system achieved an equal error rate of 14% for verification.
Analysis of Ketoconazole and Piribedil Using Ion Selective ElectrodesIOSR Journals
This document describes an analysis of two compounds, Ketoconazole and Piribedil, using ion selective electrodes. Four electrodes were prepared based on incorporating the ion-exchangers Ketoconazole and Piribedil into a PVC matrix using either DOP or DBP as a plasticizer. The electrodes showed wide usable concentration ranges, good selectivity, and were not significantly affected by pH or temperature changes within certain ranges. The compounds were successfully determined in solutions using potentiometric and conductiometric titrations as well as standard additions. The electrodes could potentially be used to analyze these compounds in pharmaceutical formulations.
Study on Coupling Model of Methanol Steam Reforming and Simultaneous Hydrogen...IOSR Journals
1) A simplified mechanistic model was developed for coupling methanol steam reforming and hydrogen combustion in microchannels of a parallel plate reactor. The reforming reaction is endothermic and requires heat, which is provided by the exothermic hydrogen combustion reaction in an adjacent channel.
2) Kinetic expressions were used to model the reforming and combustion reactions. MATLAB simulations were performed to analyze parameters like temperature, velocity and conversion. Operative diagrams showed the temperature and velocities required for complete methanol conversion.
3) Efficiency curves were generated based on hydrogen produced versus consumed. With a molar ratio of 0.9664, the maximum efficiency was 86.8%, indicating over 80% efficiency is achievable via coupling of
This document discusses serial communication interfaces and error detection techniques. It begins with an introduction to serial communication interfaces and some common interfaces like RS-232, I2C, and SPI. It then discusses the differences between synchronous and asynchronous serial communication. The bulk of the document focuses on using Hamming codes for error detection and correction in serial transmission. It provides an example of how Hamming codes can be used to detect and correct single bit errors in transmitted data. The document concludes by stating that error correction can improve the reliability and fault tolerance of integrated circuits.
A Novel Approach of Area-Efficient FIR Filter Design Using Distributed Arithm...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In this paper, a highly area-efficient multiplier-less FIR filter is presented. Distributed Arithmetic (DA) has been used to implement a bit-serial scheme of a general asymmetric version of an FIR filter, taking optimal advantage of the 3-input LUT-based structure of FPGAs. The implementation of FIR filters on FPGA based on traditional arithmetic method costs considerable hardware resources, which goes against the decrease of circuit scale and the increase of system speed. This paper presents the realization of area efficient architectures using Distributed Arithmetic (DA) for implementation of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter. The performance of the bit-serial and bit parallel DA along with pipelining architecture with different quantized versions are analyzed for FIR filter Design. Distributed Arithmetic structure is used to increase the resource usage while pipeline structure is also used to increase the system speed. In addition, the divided LUT method is also used to decrease the required memory units. However, according to Distributed Arithmetic, we can make a Look-Up-Table (LUT) to conserve the MAC values and callout the values according to the input data if necessary. Therefore, LUT can be created to take the place of MAC units so as to save the hardware resources. The simulation results indicate that FIR filters using Distributed Arithmetic can work stable with high speed and can save almost 50 percent hardware resources to decrease the circuit scale, and can be applied to a variety of areas for its great flexibility and high reliability. This method not only reduces the LUT size, but also modifies the structure of the filter to achieve high speed performance. Keywords: DSP, Digital Filters, FIR , FPGA, MAC, Distributed Arithmetic(DA),Divided LUT, pipeline
Structural elucidation, Identification, quantization of process related impur...IOSR Journals
Major process related unknown impurity associated with the synthesis of Hydralazine hydrochloride bulk drug was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and was subjected to high resolution accurate liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (HR/AM-LCMS) for identification. The proposed impurity was isolated from Hydralazine hydrochloride active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by preparative chromatographic method and was injected on HPLC for comparison of retention time with that of the unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride. The molecular ion peak of preparatively isolated impurity and that of unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride were compared for confirmation. The postulated structure was unambiguously confirmed with the help of HR/AM- LC MS/MS, NMR and FTIR data proposed to be 1-(2-phthalazin-1-ylhydrazino)phthalazine (Hazh Dimer). This impurity of Hydralazine hydrochloride is not been previously reported. A rapid Acquity H-class gradient method with runtime of 15.0min was developed for Quantitation on Unisphere Cyno column and validated for parameters such as accuracy, precision, linearity and range, robustness. The LOD and LOQ of method were 0081% and 0.0246% respectively.
This document discusses quality technical and vocational education and training (TVET) as a tool for self-reliance. It begins by defining TVET and identifying skills and knowledge as important for economic growth. The study aims to investigate factors that contribute to quality TVET for self-reliance, including student factors, school factors, instructional materials, and government strategies. A questionnaire was administered to 36 TVET teachers. The results found that students often lack background in TVET and confidence in it as a career. Schools have inadequate facilities, materials, and practical periods. Instructional materials like tools, textbooks, and ICT resources are also insufficient. The document recommends that governments prioritize TVET curriculum planning and ensure qualified teaching staff
Electromagnetic fields of time-dependent magnetic monopoleIOSR Journals
Dirac-Maxwell’s equations, retained for magnetic monopoles, are generalized by introducing
magnetic scale field. It allows the magnetic monopoles to be time-dependent and the potentials to be Lorentz
gauge free. The non-conserved part or the time-dependent part of the magnetic charge density is responsible to
produce the magnetic scalar field which further contributes to the magnetic and electric vector fields. This
contribution makes possible to create an ideal square wave magnetic field from an exponentially rising and
decaying magnetic charge.
Impact of Consumer innovativeness on shopping styles; A Case of Pakistaninventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Purpose: The main objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of consumer innovativeness on shopping styles in Pakistan. It is written with an aim to explore the relations among consumer innovativeness and shopping styles. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Survey method was used to generate the Reponses and sample of our study consists of 300 useful responses of respondents which were generated through questionnaire and Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied by using Statistica 7 to examine the relation among cognitive and sensory innovativeness and six different shopping patterns. FINDINGS: We find that Consumers along with cognitive innovativeness have quality consciousness, price consciousness and confused by over choice when they make decisions. Consumers with sensory innovativeness have brand consciousness, fashion consciousness and habitual orientation towards decision making. It means that cognitive and sensory innovativeness can lead to diverse shopping patterns. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS: In our study we use convenience sampling technique to generate responses. So sample of 300 respondents generates exact results but these results cannot be applied on the whole population of Pakistan having different age groups. So major limitation of our research paper is generality of results MANAGERIAL IMPLICATION: The findings of our research paper enable manager to get the idea how customer are different in their shopping styles. Marketers can develop complete understanding about customer’s innovativeness and shopping styles so that they can launch successful marketing strategies for development of new products and make successful existing products.
5 consumer behaviour research paper publishedin international journalmaaranhari
This document summarizes a research paper on analyzing consumer behavior and factors that influence marketing. It discusses how studying consumer behavior is important for marketers to understand what influences consumer purchasing decisions. It also explores the different factors that influence consumer behavior, including advertising, financial conditions, personal preferences, peer influence, and purchasing power. Additionally, it examines patterns in consumer behavior like area of purchase, time and frequency of purchase, and method of purchase. The document concludes that understanding consumer psychology is key for marketers to appeal to customers on an emotional level and find opportunities to engage positive psychological reactions in potential consumers.
This document summarizes a research paper on analyzing consumer behavior and factors that influence marketing. It discusses how studying consumer behavior is important for marketers to understand what influences consumer purchasing decisions. It also explores the different factors that influence consumer behavior, including advertising, financial conditions, personal preferences, peer influence, and purchasing power. Additionally, it examines patterns in consumer behavior like area of purchase, time and frequency of purchase, and method of purchase. The document concludes that understanding consumer psychology is key to convincing people and creating an emotional appeal that can gain long-term customers.
This document summarizes a research paper on analyzing consumer behavior and factors that influence marketing. It discusses how studying consumer behavior is important for marketers to understand what influences consumer purchasing decisions. It also explores the different factors that influence consumer behavior, including advertising, financial conditions, personal preferences, peer influence, and purchasing power. Additionally, it examines patterns in consumer behavior like area of purchase, time and frequency of purchase, and method of purchase. The document concludes that understanding consumer psychology is key to convincing people and creating an emotional appeal that can gain long-term customers.
The changing perception and buying behaviour of women consumer in Urban IndiaIOSR Journals
The working women segment has significantly influenced the modern marketing concept. The objective of this paper is to identify the changing perception and comparison of buying behaviour for working and non-working women in Urban India. It suggests that women due to their multiple roles influence their own and of their family members’ buying behaviour. The study also reveals that working women are price, quality and brand conscious and highly influenced by the others in shopping.
Consumer behavior and decision making processes are complex. There are typically five stages: 1) need recognition where a consumer identifies a problem or need, 2) information search where a consumer gathers information about products, 3) alternative evaluation where a consumer evaluates and ranks options, 4) purchase decision, and 5) post-purchase evaluation where a consumer compares expectations to the actual product experience. Understanding these stages helps marketers develop effective strategies to meet consumer needs and influence decisions at each phase. The success of firms relies on effectively meeting diverse consumer wants through customized offerings and long-term relationships.
1. The study examines Malaysian consumers' shopping behavior and factors influencing repurchase intentions for selected consumer goods.
2. A survey was conducted of 1000 consumers, of which 500 responses were analyzed. The study developed a framework relating product attributes, demographics, interpersonal influence to repurchase intentions.
3. Regression analysis found that for high involvement products, quality, brand name, informational influence, and product information significantly predicted repurchase intentions, while for low involvement products, price and brand name were significant predictors. Interpersonal influence did not significantly affect repurchase intentions for either product type.
1. The study examines Malaysian consumers' shopping behavior and factors influencing repurchase intentions for selected consumer goods.
2. A survey was conducted of 1000 consumers, of which 500 responses were analyzed. The study developed a framework relating product attributes, demographics, interpersonal influence, and repurchase intentions.
3. Regression analysis found that for high involvement products, quality, brand name, informational influence, and product information significantly predicted repurchase intentions, while for low involvement products, price and brand name were significant predictors. Interpersonal influence did not significantly affect repurchase intentions for either product type.
1) The document discusses factors that influence consumers' shopping behaviors and purchase decisions for different types of products.
2) It conducted a survey of 1000 Malaysian consumers to examine relationships between product attributes, demographics, social influence, and repurchase intentions.
3) The results supported that purchase involvement and influential factors vary between high and low involvement products, with quality, brand name, and information influencing high involvement purchases more while price and brand name mattered more for low involvement products.
The document provides an introduction to consumer behaviour, including definitions of key concepts and the 5-stage consumer decision process. It discusses the nature and scope of studying consumer behaviour, including understanding consumer needs, influences on them, and patterns of shopping behaviour. It also outlines some major worldwide trends in consumer behaviour, such as demographic shifts like an aging population and women in the workforce. Technological trends discussed include an increasingly interconnected world and more tech-savvy customers. The implications of these trends on the 3 roles of consumers are also mentioned.
Determinants of consumer purchase decisions in zero rated hotels in eldoretJoseph Musyoki
This documents examines the factors that affect the decisions of consumers when they are making purchases of good and services especially in the hospitality industry. it will enable the readers to understand the extent of the influence of the determinants of consumer behaviour
5 consumer behaviour research paper hari masterpiece HariMasterpiece
This document summarizes a research paper on analyzing factors that influence consumer behavior and promoting in marketing. It discusses how studying consumer behavior is important for marketers to understand what influences consumers' purchasing decisions. It also examines different types of consumer behavior and factors that affect consumer behavior, such as advertising, financial conditions, personal preferences, social influence, and purchasing power. Additionally, it outlines patterns of consumer behavior including area of purchase, time and frequency of purchase, and method of purchase. The document concludes that understanding consumer psychology and how consumers think, feel, reason and make decisions is important for effective marketing.
Consumer behavior all material Prepared by karventhan karventhanps
The document outlines Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy on customer service. It states that a customer is the most important visitor and the purpose of a business. A business depends on customers, not the other way around, and customers should be served with respect rather than as a favor.
The document provides an acknowledgement and abstract for a project on consumer behavior and purchasing decisions related to laptops.
The acknowledgement thanks various individuals who provided support and guidance in completing the project, including the director of the institute, a professor who provided guidance and support, and fellow students.
The abstract introduces the topic of studying the factors that influence consumers' purchase decisions of laptops and whether there are differences among consumer groups (stayers, satisfied switchers, dissatisfied switchers) in the importance given to these factors. It also discusses understanding the attitudes of these three customer groups to help with retention and loyalty strategies.
Culture plays an important role in shaping consumer behavior. The elements of culture, such as beliefs, traditions, language and symbols, influence consumers' perceptions, preferences and purchase decisions. For marketers, it is essential to understand the cultural factors and their impact on behavior in both domestic and global markets. Failing to account for cultural differences can lead to ineffective marketing strategies. Learning about a culture allows marketers to develop communications and position products in a way that addresses local needs and is acceptable to target consumers.
This document discusses consumer behavior and the factors that influence it. It defines consumer behavior as the study of how consumers purchase and dispose of products. Marketers analyze consumer behavior to understand what influences consumers' decisions and how to best market products to fill needs in the market. The study of consumer behavior helps marketers understand consumers' thinking and feelings towards brands and how the environment and social groups influence choices. Key factors that influence consumer behavior include personal demographics, psychological responses, social influences, marketing campaigns, economic conditions, and personal or group purchasing power. Online marketing allows detailed analysis of consumer behavior through personalized offerings and emerging markets.
1. The document discusses key aspects of consumer behavior and the consumer decision-making process. It covers cultural, social, and personal factors that influence consumer behavior as well as the various stages involved in purchase decision making.
2. The stages of the consumer decision process include problem recognition, information search, market partitioning, and evaluation of alternatives. Marketers must understand consumer behavior and target consumers at each decision stage.
3. The second document discusses considerations for companies going global. It outlines the stages of internationalization and factors to consider when deciding which foreign markets to enter, such as competitive dynamics, growth opportunities, and country characteristics. Developing markets like Brazil, China, India, and South Africa offer large potential but also
Consumer behavior refers to how individuals select, purchase, use, and dispose of goods and services. It is influenced by cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors. Understanding consumer behavior allows businesses to develop effective marketing strategies. The scope of consumer behavior is broad and includes product development, pricing, promotion, distribution, and other marketing activities. Studying consumer behavior helps businesses understand customer needs, create suitable products and services, enhance customer satisfaction, and identify opportunities for growth. Businesses can apply insights from consumer behavior research to decisions around target markets, marketing mix, and designing strategies for social and nonprofit organizations.
Understanding consumer behavior is important for businesses to develop effective marketing strategies. Consumer behavior involves how individuals select, purchase, use, and dispose of products and services. It is influenced by cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors. Businesses can use consumer behavior insights across their marketing mix - in product development, pricing, promotion, and distribution. Analyzing consumer behavior helps businesses understand customer needs, create resonant messaging, identify growth opportunities, and enhance customer satisfaction.
Similar to Role of Educational Qualification of Consumers on Need Recognition: A Study with Reference to Car (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
𝐔𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐢𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐍𝐄𝐖𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐃𝐄’𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬
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Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
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This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
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Role of Educational Qualification of Consumers on Need Recognition: A Study with Reference to Car
1. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)
e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 12, Issue 5 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 27-31
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 27 | Page
Role of Educational Qualification of Consumers on Need
Recognition: A Study with Reference to Car
Dr. S. Prem Kumar
Associate Professor, Department of Sports Management, Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University,
Chennai – 600 127, India.
Abstract: Demographic variables are the most popular bases for segmenting the customer groups. One reason
is that consumer needs, wants, preferences and usage rates often highly associated with demographic variables.
Another is that demographic variables are easier to measure than the most of other type variables. Marketers
are keenly interested in the size and growth rate of population in different cities, regions, nations; age
distribution; educational levels; household patterns; and regional characteristics and movements. Because, on
the basis of these measures only, marketers have to formulate their marketing strategies in order to fulfil the
needs, wants and preferences of consumers. Moreover, demographic variables make known the ongoing trends,
such as shifts in age, sex and income distribution that signal new business opportunities to the marketers.
Demographic trends are highly reliable for the short and intermediate run. This paper, with a strong backing of
literature, explains the role of educational qualification of consumers on recognizing a need for car.
Key words: Demographic Variables, Educational Qualification, Consumer Purchase Decision, Need
Recognition
I. Introduction
Demography is the study of the vital and measurable statistics of a population (Schiffman and Leslie,
2004). The demographic variables are age, gender, marital status, family size, family life cycle, income,
occupation, education, religion, race, generation, nationality and social class (Kotler, 2003). Demographics are
used to describe a population in terms of its size, distribution and structure. Size means the number of
individuals in a population while structure describes the population in terms of age, income, education and
occupation. Distribution of the population describes the location of individuals in terms of geographic regions
and rural, urban or suburban locations. Each of these factors influences the behaviour of consumer and
contributes to the overall demand for various products and services (Hawkins, 1995). Schiffman and Kanuk
(2004) define Consumer behaviour as the behavior that consumers display in searching for, purchasing, using,
evaluating and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs. Consumer buying
behavior incorporates the acts of individuals directly involved in obtaining, using and disposing of economic
goods and services including the decision process that precede and determine these acts (Huctings 1995).
Lamb, Hair and McDaniel (1992) note that consumer behaviour is a study of the processes the consumer uses to
make purchase decisions as well as the use and disposal of the purchased goods or services. It also includes the
analysis of factors that influence purchase decisions and good/service usage. Further, it is important to note that
consumer behavior is a process and purchase is only one stage in that process.
II. Conceptual Framework
Like psychological and social variables, demographic variables are also considered as the personal
buying decision variables (Adcock, Bradfield, Halbord and Ross 1998). Barry (1986) defines demography as
the study of population characteristics. These characteristics describe people – who are there, where they live,
and where they are moving. Evans and Berman (1984) state demographics are easily identifiable and
measurable statistics that are used to describe the population. Trends in population size indicate future potential
and thus, influence market plans. The size of the population indicates the potential market demand for
consumer products and services. Oldroyd (1989) notes demography is an important demand condition, helping
the marketer to predict both size and change in target markets. Demographic factors have a bearing on the types
of product which individuals want where they shop and how they evaluate possible purchases (Lancaster and
Massingham 1998).
Marketers combine demographic, social and psychological data and study consumer decision making
in order to better understand the consumers. These dimensions help to explain consumer life styles; the ways
the people live. By understanding consumers, a firm is able to determine the most appropriate audience whom
to appeal and the combination of a marketing factors that will satisfy this audience. So, it is imperative for
marketers to use demographic data in conjunction with and part of social, psychological and consumer decision-
making analyses. Evans and Berman (1984) claim that a person‟s demographic background has a strong
2. Role of Educational Qualification of Consumers on Need Recognition: A Study with Reference to Car
www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page
influence in the life style or in the way of living adopted. The demographic information helps to locate a target
market whose motives and behavior can then be explained and predicted using psychological or social cultural
investigation. Demographic information identifies potential for sales and consumption of product although it
does not identify why or by whom a particular brand is used. It is also relatively accessible and cost-effective to
gather. Further, the demographic variables reveal trends relevant to marketers such as shifts in age and income
distributions, etc. They can establish consumer profiles that may present attractive market opportunities. These
are the causes why marketers, in growing numbers, are using demographic statistics for developing marketing
strategies and programmes.
Consumer behavior is not just making a purchase decision or the act of purchasing; it includes the full
range of experiences associated with using or consuming products and services. It also includes a sense of
pleasure and satisfaction derived from possessing or collecting „things‟. The outputs of consumption are
changes in feelings, moods, or attitudes; reinforcement in lifestyles; an enhanced sense of self; satisfaction of a
consumer-related need; belonging to groups; and expressing and entertaining oneself. A consumer‟s decision to
purchase or not to purchase a product or service is an important moment for most marketers. It can signify
whether a marketing strategy has been wise, insightful, and effective, or whether it was poorly planned and
missed the mark. Thus, marketers are particularly interested in the consumer‟s decision-making process. For a
consumer to make a decision, more than one alternative must be available. In executing a purchase intention, the
consumer may make up to five purchase sub decisions: a brand decision, vendor decision, quantity decision,
timing decision and payment – method decision (Kotler, Philip2003).
2.1 Need Recognition:
The buying process starts where the buyer recognizes a problem or need. The need may be triggered
by internal or external stimuli. Everyone has unsatisfied needs and wants that create tension or discomfort.
Some needs can be satisfied by acquiring and consuming goods and services. Thus, the process of deciding
what to buy begins when a need, which can be satisfied through consumption, becomes strong enough to
motivate a person. Mahatoo (1985) states that when the consumer becomes aware of a discrepancy between the
existing state and a desired state, need is aroused. The existing state is the total situation of a consumer: the
current needs, attitudes, and motives; the desired state is the situation after the kinds of changes the consumer
wishes. The existing state and the desired state are the functions of the consumer‟s motivation, personality, and
past experience of cultural and social influences and of past marketing stimuli. Evans and Berman (1984)
define a stimulus as a cue intended to motivate a person to act. It may be social, commercial, noncommercial or
an inner drive. Need recognition signifies a person‟s readiness to act. Becoming aware of a need does not
guarantee that the decision making process will continue. Only if the problem is important to the consumer and
he or she believes that a solution is available will it continue (Baker 2000). Kotler (2003) suggests that, by
gathering information from a number of consumers, marketers can identify the most frequent stimuli that spark
an interest in a product category. They can then develop marketing strategies that trigger consumer interest.
2.2 Education:
Education is a powerful influence on consumer behavior; the level of literacy in specific areas and
regions may provide marketers with opportunities to sell sophisticated products and services. Higher education
gives entry to the professions; social aspiration and consumption levels are raised (Chisnall, 1994). As the
population of a society gets more educated it become more sophisticated in its buying behavior. Marketers must
adjust to that increasing level of consumer sophistication (Barry 1986). With an increasing number of people
attaining higher levels of education, marketers can expect to see i) changes in product preferences and ii)
buyers with higher incomes and more discriminating tastes (Stanton, Etzel and Walker 1994).
III. Literature Review
Everyone has unsatisfied needs and wants that create tension or discomfort. Some needs can be
satisfied by acquiring and consuming goods and services. Thus, the process of deciding what to buy begins
when a need, which can be satisfied through consumption, becomes strong enough to motivate a person.
Mahatoo (1985) states that when the consumer becomes aware of a discrepancy between the existing state and a
desired state, need is aroused. The existing state is the total situation of a consumer: the current needs, attitudes,
and motives; the desired state is the situation after the kinds of changes the consumer wishes. The existing state
and the desired state are the functions of the consumer‟s motivation, personality, and past experience of cultural
and social influences and of past marketing stimuli. Evans and Berman (1984) define a stimulus as a cue
intended to motivate a person to act. It may be social, commercial, noncommercial or an inner drive. Need
recognition signifies a person‟s readiness to act. Becoming aware of a need does not guarantee that the decision
making process will continue. Only if the problem is important to the consumer and he or she believes that a
solution is available will it continue (Baker 2000). Kotler (2003) suggests that, by gathering information from a
3. Role of Educational Qualification of Consumers on Need Recognition: A Study with Reference to Car
www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
number of consumers, marketers can identify the most frequent stimuli that spark an interest in a product
category. They can then develop marketing strategies that trigger consumer interest.
Marketers need to identify the circumstances that trigger a particular need. Bruner (1987) points out
that among the consumers, there seem to be two different need or problem recognition styles. Some consumers
are actual state types, who perceive that they have a problem when a product fails to perform satisfactorily. In
contrast, other consumers are desired state type, for whom the desire for something new may trigger the decision
process. Zaltman and Wallendorf (1979) considered two major traditions in consumer behavior for building
model for need recognition. The first tradition is Maslow‟s hierarchy needs. This theory suggests that needs can
be prioritized in hierarchy and that consumers satisfy higher order needs before they satisfy those lower in the
hierarchy. The second tradition is that McClelland theory which suggests that needs are learned. This approach
emphasizes the importance of contextual variables in consumer choice. Bruner (1985) says that when faced with
an imbalance between actual and desired states, an individual experiences problem recognition. The desired
state, the individual would like to achieve, reflects a need. Reibstein (1985) points out that consumers recognize
unfulfilled wants in the following ways: i) a currently used product or brand is not performing properly, ii) a
buyer wants to do something but can‟t find a product that will do it, iii) a buyer hears about or sees a product
whose features seem superior to the one currently used, iv) a buyer has difficulty in locating or purchasing a
preferred product and v) a buyer in running out of a product that is generally kept on hand.
Bass, Tigert and Lonsdale (1968) conducted an extensive study and found that light and heavy users of
ten product categories were different with respect to their income, educational level, marital status, occupation
and number of children. Nielson Survey Report (2000) reveals that consumers with lower incomes, lower
education, and blue-collar occupations tend to spend more time online at home than those with higher income,
higher education and white-collar occupations. One possible reason for this difference is that those in blue-
collar jobs often do not have access to the internet during the course of the workday. Forrester Research (2001)
reports that affluent customers have an affinity for technology, especially when it comes to the task of managing
their finances. Goldman (1999) defines middle class as households composed of college-educated adults who in
some way use computers to make a living are involved in their children‟s education, and are confident that they
can maintain the quality of their family‟s life.
IV. Research Methodology
This study is descriptive in nature. The purpose of this study is to find out whether the educational
qualification of consumers influence need recognition of consumer purchase decision process. For this purpose,
primary data have been collected from 405 car owners who bought their car during the year 2010-11 in Chennai
city. Simple random sampling method has been adopted for identifying samples from the population. A specific
questionnaire was developed for the study and the same was used to collect data from the respondents. SPSS
package has been used for analyzing the data using both one way ANOVA for establishing relationship between
the educational qualification of consumers and need recognition.
4.1 Ranking of factors influencing the Need Recognition:
Weighted average method is used for ranking the various factors which influence the respondents in
recognizing the need for a car. By knowing the significant factors, the car marketers could concentrate on those
factors in order to create a need in the minds of the consumers to buy a car. The weighted average score and
assigned ranks for the factors are given in the following table:
Table 1: Weighted Average Score for Ranking the Factors Influencing Need Recognition
Factors
Small Segment Mid Segment Premium Segment
Weighted
Average
Assigned
Rank
Weighted
Average
Assigned
Rank
Weighted
Average
Assigned
Rank
Social Status 62.87 6 23.13 5 12.27 6
Family Necessity 77.67 1 27.33 2 13.60 2
Business Convenience / status 67.73 4 26.60 3 12.93 4
Comfort & Convenience 74.93 2 27.93 1 13.27 3
Availability of Loans for Purchase 58.07 7 17.00 12 10.00 12
Advertisement & Its Impact 51.13 10 19.13 9 11.27 9
Offer / Discount Availability 49.33 11 18.27 10 10.13 11
Easy Instalment Schemes 52.20 9 18.13 11 10.73 10
Publicity & Personal Selling 48.93 12 19.67 8 11.80 8
Symbol of Success 55.53 8 21.93 7 13.87 1
Economy of Purchase / Use 64.47 5 23.07 6 12.20 7
Transportation Requirement 74.33 3 24.67 4 12.53 5
Source: Primary Data
4. Role of Educational Qualification of Consumers on Need Recognition: A Study with Reference to Car
www.iosrjournals.org 30 | Page
The Table 1 shows the weighted average score for the various factors which influence the respondents
recognition of the need for buying a car. As far as the small segment is concerned, the highest weighted average
score is 77.69 for family necessity which is ranked first and followed by comfort and convenience (74.93),
transportation requirement (74.33), business convenience and status (67.73), economy of purchase/use (64.47)
etc., and the least weighted average score is 48.93 for publicity and personal selling.
5.2 The role of Educational Qualification of the respondents on Need Recognition:
One way analysis of variance is used to test the following the hypothesis:
Ho: There is no significant difference among the various educational qualifications of respondents with
regard to the level of need recognition.
Table 2: One Way Analysis of Variance among the Various Educational Qualifications of Respondents
With Regard to Need Recognition
S. No. Segments Df SS MS X
Statistical
Inference
1
Small Segment
Between Groups
Within Groups
3
262
433.781
10986.083
144.594
41.932
G1=43.00
G2=43.10
G3=42.20
G4=36.91
F = 3.448
P < 0.05
Significant
2
Mid Segment
Between Groups
Within Groups
2
90
393.457
4186.435
196.729
46.516
G1=43.84
G2=42.61
G3=48.36
G4=40.54
F = 4.229
P < 0.05
Significant
3
Premium Segment
Between Groups
Within Groups
2
43
546.155
2415.780
273.078
56.181
G1=49.66
G2=45.20
G3=57.21
G4=42.74
F = 4.861
P < 0.05
Significant
G1=School / Diploma G2= Graduate G3= Post Graduate G4=Others
Source: Primary Data
The Table 2 indicates that there is a significant difference among the various educational qualifications
of small car owners with regard to their level of need recognition and Ho is rejected. Further, the mean score
reveals that the car owners who are graduates, experience a higher level of need recognition than the other
groups.With regard to the mid and premium segments, there is a significant difference among the various
educational qualifications of respondents with regard to their level of need recognition and Ho is accepted.
Further, the mean score reveals that the midsized and premium car owners who have completed their post
graduation degree, experience a higher level of need recognition than the other groups.
V. Conclusion
Demographics are uncontrollable variables in the external environment. Hence, studying the population
in terms of its demographic structure is very significant for marketing managers in the prevailing competitive
scenario. The relationship established between educational qualification and need recognition of consumers
would further help the marketers understand the target group and evolve marketing strategies to make them buy
their brands.
Acknowledgement
The author sincerely thank Dr.S.Kaliyamoorthy, Professor and Director, Alagappa Institute of
Management, Alagappa University, Prof.S.Joseph Jeya Anand, Assistant Professor, VIT Business School, VIT
University and Mr.S.Alwin Reginald for their help and guidance in carrying out this study successfully.
5. Role of Educational Qualification of Consumers on Need Recognition: A Study with Reference to Car
www.iosrjournals.org 31 | Page
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