E-waste refers to improperly disposed electronics. Rapid development of new electronics and disposal of old ones has created a large problem, as recycling in places like rural China leads to toxic materials seeping into the environment. One example is Guiyu, China, which has become a center for e-waste recycling, with waste recycling areas being a focal point for toxic poisoning impacting human development and the surrounding environment. Toxins from e-waste like lead, cadmium, mercury, and plastics contaminate water and land, threatening human health and the environment. Efforts are underway to combat e-waste dumping internationally and reduce e-waste through individual actions like recycling electronics and purchasing less toxic devices.

1. E-WasteEdward KappusZachary Woolems

2. What Is It?E-Waste is a shortening of electronic waste.Any improperly disposed electronics can be classified as e-waste.

3. The IssueDue to the breakneck speed of the modern world at developing new electronics and discarding old ones, a huge problem is brewing.The recycling procedures used in disposal centers in rural china lead to toxic materials like lead to seep into the surrounding environment.This practice occurs all over places like India, Pakistan, Singapore, and specifically, China.The example being studied is the small village of Guiyu, China, which has become a centerpiece in this issue.

4. Map of e-waste recycling countries

5. Case in point: Guiyu, ChinaThe town of Guiyu is located in the Chaozhou region of the greater Guangdong Province in southeast China. "Since 1995, Guiyu has been transformed from a poor, rural, rice-growing community to a booming e-waste processing center. While rice is still growing in the fields, virtually all of the available building space has given way to providing many hundreds of small and often specialized e-waste recycling shelters and yards" (Puckett et al. 2002: 17).

6. Toxic Substances Present in E-wasteThere are many harmful materials used in consumer electronics including lead, cadmium, mercury and plastics.

7. Effects of Toxins: LeadLead can be found in circuit boards and monitor cathode ray tubes (CRTs). Lead is particularly dangerous to the environment because of its ability to accumulate and persist in plants, animals, and microorganisms (Puckett et al. 2002: 11). The bioaccumulation of lead in the human body is particularly harmful because its primary target is the central nervous system. Lead can cause permanent damage to the brain and nervous system, causing retardation and behavioral changes. Infants and young children are particularly susceptible because of the impairment of cognitive and behavioral development it can cause (Ryan et al. 2004: 19A).

8. Effects of Toxins: CadmiumCadmium can be found in SMD (surface mount device) chip resistors, infrared detectors and semiconductors (Puckett et al. 2002: 11). Like lead, cadmium is particularly toxic to humans because it accumulates in the human body and poses an environmental danger due to both acute and chronic toxicity (Puckett et al. 2002: 11). Renal damage is the most common effect of cadmium toxicity. Cadmium that enters the system through the gastrointestinal tract resides in human kidneys with a half-life of 10-20 years (Nordberg et al. 1985).

9. Effects of toxins: MercuryMercury is the most prevalent toxic metal found in e-waste. It is in circuit boards, switches, medical equipment, lamps, mobile phones, and batteries. Mercury transforms into methylmercury in water, where it can accumulate in living organisms, typically via fish, concentrating in large fish and humans at the top of the food chain (Puckett et al. 2002: 11). Mercury is readily absorbed by the human body, ultimately inhibiting enzymatic activity and leading to cell damage (Boyer et al. 1959).

10. Effects of toxins: PlasticsThe most abundant component of e-waste is plastics. Plastics comprise almost twenty-three percent of a typical desktop computer (Microelectronics 1995). They are used for insulation, cables and housing for all electronic devices; the variety of products available for recovery complicates the de-manufacturing process. Due to the complex recovery process, large amounts of plastic e-waste are disposed of through landfills, incinerators and open burning, allowing toxic substances to leach into the environment.

11. The Problem IN Pictures

12. Waste recycling areas inGuiyu, China are a focal point for toxic poisoning in areas such as human development, and environmental cleanliness.

13. Effects on humans

14. Effects on surrounding environmentLarge amounts of imported e-waste material and process residues never get recycled and are simply dumped in open fields; along riverbanks, ponds, and wetlands; in rivers; and in irrigation ditches (Puckett et al. 2002: 23-24). This indiscriminate dumping has exacerbated contamination of drinking water sources and sediments. Water samples from the Liangjiang River outside of Guiyu, China show cadmium and lead levels to be well above World Health Guidelines and EPA Drinking Water Standards (table 1)

15. Effects on water quality

16. Combating e-wasteThough e-waste is a persisting issue, efforts are being made around the world to combat e-waste dumping in countries like China.

17. Programs combating E-waste

18. What can you do?In order to lessen the amount of e-waste being produced, individuals can do many things:Keep your old electronics longer instead of replacing them.If discarding old electronics, be sure to recycle them at a trusted recycling center. Purchase efficient electronics that do not contain hazardous materials such as mercury and lead.

19. Useful Linkshttp://earthtrends.wri.org/features/view_feature.php?theme=3&fid=66

20. Websites usedNakagawa, Layne. "TOXIC TRADE: THE REAL COST OF ELECTRONICS WASTE EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES." Http://earthtrends.wri.org/. World Resources Institute, June 2006. Web. 2 Dec. 2009. <http://earthtrends.wri.org/features/view_feature.php?theme=3&fid=66>.