The document provides an overview of dyes, defining them as color substances that can be fixed to various materials like fabrics and paper, emphasizing the importance of chromophores and auxochromes in dye composition. It classifies dyes based on their structure, detailing types such as nitro, azo, triphenylmethane, phthalein, indigoid, thioindigoid, and anthraquinone dyes, along with their properties and usages. Additionally, it includes information on specific dyes like methyl orange, crystal violet, and alizarin, highlighting their preparation methods, applications, and characteristics.

1. DYES
Dr. Nilesh R. Thakare

2. Intorduction
 “Dyes are coloured substances capable of
being fixed to fabrics like silk, wool and cotton
and other substances such as paper, leather.
When fixed, dyes must be fast to light and
resistant to the action of water, dilute acids,
alkali solution and bleaching.”

3. Two important conditions for a coloured
compound to act as a dye are-
 Presence of Chromophore :-
These are the groups which are responsible for producing colour to
a dye because they are capable of absorbing light in the near U.V.
region.
Some important chromophores are ;
─N═O, ─NO2, ─N═N, >C═O, ═C═S, ─C≡N, etc.
The compounds bearing chromophores are known as chromogens.
 Presence of auxochromes :-
Dye must be attached to fibres by means of stable chemical bonds.
Those bonds are formed by some acidic or basic groups. Such
groups are known as auxochromes.
e.g. ─OH, ─COOH, ─SO3H (acidic)
─NH2, ─NHR, ─NR2 (basic)

4. Classification
1. Classification of dyes on the basis of structure
Depending upon the type of chromophore present in
their structures the dyes are classified into following
main types.
 Nitro and Nitroso dyes.
 Azo dyes.
 Triphenyl methane dyes.
 Phthalein dyes.
 Indigoid and Thioindigoid dyes.
 Anthraquinone dyes.
 Miscellaneous dyes. (Azine dyes, sulphur dyes,
xanthene dyes, phthalo-cyanine dyes )

5. Nitro and Nitroso dyes
 These are polynitro derivatives of phenols and
naphthols in which at least one nitro (-NO2)
group or nitroso (-N=O) group is ortho or para
to the -OH group. Colours of these dyes are
not fast and hence they are industrially less
important.
 Naphhthol yellow-S is one of the dyes used for
colouring edible materials.

6. Nitro and Nitroso dyes

7. Azo Dyes
These contain one or more azo (─N=N─) groups
as chromophores.
The auxochromes present in these dyes are
─OH, ─SO3H, ─NH2, ─NR2 etc. These dyes
possess a wide range of colours ranging from
yellow to orange and red. These are prepared
in the following stages.

8. Methyl Orange

9. It is an azo dye containing one azo N=N group.It
also contains SO3H group (acidic) making it
more souble.
 Preparation :-
Step- 1: Diazotisation of sulphanilic Acid

10. Step 2 : Coupling of diazo compound with
dimethyl aniline

11. Properties and Uses
 Water is soluble because it contains acidic -SO3H
group.
 It is not sufficiently fast to light and soap. Hence it
is used as a dye.
 It is generally isolated as the sodium salt, which is
used as dyeing.
 It imparts orange colour to wool and silk.
 It is used as an indicator in acid alkali titration. It is
orange in alkaline solution an red in acid solution.
The change in the structure of the ion.

12. Triphenyl Methane Dyes. (Triaryl
Methane)

13. Crystal Violet
 Preparation: It involves two steps -
Step 1:- Preparation of Michler’s ketone

14. Step 2 : Condensation of Michler’s ketone with
dimethyl aniline

16. Properties and Uses
 This dye forms large crystals which are violet in colour. Hence
the name Crystal violet.
 It is soluble in water and gives deep blue colour.
 It dyes wool, silk and tannin mordanted cotton fibre.
Uses
 In the manufacture of inks, stamping pads and type –writer
ribbons.
 As an indicator to find out H+ ion concentration of solution.
 Gentian violet (a combination of crystal violet and methyl
violet) is used as an antiseptic for certain skin diseases like
burn, ulcers and also used for washing the wounds.
 Used as biological stain.
 Used in making pencils.

17. Phthalin Dyes
The term phthalein is used to represent the dyes
formed from phthalic anhydride and phenols; in
presence of dehydrating agents like fused
ZnCl2 or conc.H2SO4. The characteristic
chromophoric group present in these dyes is
triphenyl-methane structure.

18. Phenolphthalin:-

19. Indigoid and thioindigoid
Dyes
The Indigoid dye contains above linkage as a chromophoric group

20. Preparation:-
Indigo is used on large scale for dyeing
cotton by vat process. The fabric is soaked
in solution of indigo and then exposed to
air when fabrics gets a dark blue colour
which is extremely fast to washing.

21. Thioindigoids:-
Thioindigo is similar to indigo but differs only in one
respect that in place of two ─NH groups there are
two ‘S’ -atoms . Thioindigo is used to dye cotton,
wool and polyester.

22. Anthraquinone Dyes:-
 These include hydroxy or amino derivatives of anthraquinone.
 The para quinoid chromophore is present in these
anthracene-type dyes. Alizarin is the typical anthraquinone
dye.

23. Preparation of Alizarin:-
 Step : 1 Preparation of
Anthraquinone

24.  Step 2 : Sulphonation of
anthraquinone
Step 3 : Conversion of 2-Anthrquione
sulphonic acid into
Alizarin
Preparation of Alizarin:-

25. Properties and Uses:-
 It forms ruby red crystals M.P. 2900 C.
 Sparingly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol and
ether.
 It dissolves in alkalis to give violet or purple coloured
salt called alizarate .
 It sublimes on heating.
 It is a mordant dye i.e.it forms coloured salts with
metallic oxides. It forms a red lake with aluminum and
a violet black lake with Iron (Fe3+).
 Alizarin is used to dye cotton and wool.
 It is used as purgative in medicine.
 It is used in manufacture of printing inks.

26. Exercise :
 What are Dyes
 Discuss properties and Uses of Crystal Violet
 Discuss Classification of Dyes
 What are Indigoids and Thioindigoids
 Give Preparation, Properties and uses of
Alizarin
 Give Preparation, Properties and uses of
Methyl Orange
 Explain with example Chromophore and
Auxochrome