The document discusses various carbonyl condensation reactions including aldol reactions, Claisen condensations, Michael additions, and the Robinson annulation reaction. These reactions involve the nucleophilic addition of carbonyl compounds to alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl systems, forming new carbon-carbon bonds. Key steps include enolate formation, Michael addition, aldol condensation, and dehydration. Products include alkenes, cyclic ketones, and beta-keto systems. Intramolecular variants allow for carbocyclic ring formation.

1. CARBONYL CONDENSATION
REACTIONS
Dr. Nilesh R. Thakare

2. CARBONYL CONDENSATION
REACTIONS
• Aldol Reaction
• Dehydration of Aldol Products
• Intramolecular Aldol Reaction
• Claisen Condensation Reaction
• Intramolecular Claisen
Condensation
• Michael Reaction
• Stork Enamine Reaction
• Robinson Annulation Reaction

3. General Mechanism of Carbonyl
Condensation
One carbonyl partner
with an alpha hydrogen
atom is converted by base
into its enolate ion.
O
C
R C
H
OH

4. C
O
C
C O
R
:
..
..
R
C
O
C
OH2
C
O:
: :
Electrophilic
Acceptor
Nucleophilic
Donor
This enolate ion acts as a
nucleophilic donor and
adds to the electrophilic
carbonyl group of the
acceptor partner

5. Protonation of the tetrahedral alkoxide ion
intermediate gives the neutral condensation
product.
OH2
R
C
C
C
OH -OH
O
+
New C-C Bond

6. ALDOL REACTION
• occurs between two aldehyde or ketone
molecules with a catalytic base
• reaction can occur between two components
that have alpha hydrogens
• reversible condensation reaction
• two highlights: enolate formation and
nucleophilic attack at a carbonyl carbon
• Aldol products are: alpha-ß-unsaturated
aldehydes/ketones and ß-hydroxy
aldehydes/ketones

7. Mechanism of the Aldol Reaction
HO:
H
C
H H
C
O
H
Base removes an
acidic alpha hydrogen
from one aldehyde
molecule, yielding
a resonance-
stabilized eno-
late ion.

8. C
O
CH3 H
: : OH+ 2
C
H
H
C
H
O
..
CH3 C
H
O
C
HH H
O
C
H
: :-
..
The enolate ion attacks
a second aldehyde
molecule in a
nucleophilic addition
reaction to give a
tetrahedral alkoxide ion
intermediate.

9. H O2
C
O
C
H
C C
H
HHH
OH
HO
3
+ -
:
Protonation of the alkoxide ion intermediate yields
neutral aldol product and regenerates the base
catalyst.

10. Dehydration of Aldol Products:
Synthesis of Enones
• ß-hydroxy aldehydes and ß-hydroxy ketones
formed in aldol reactions can be easily dehydrated
to yield conjugated enones
• Dehydration is catalyzed by both acid and base
• Reaction conditions for dehydration are only
slightly more severe than for condensation
• Conjugated enones are more stable than
nonconjugated enones

11. C
O
C
H
C
OH
OH
Base-catalyzed
C
O
C
C
OH::
-..
Enolate ion
C
O
C
C OH-+
Dehydration of Aldol Products

12. C
C
C
O OH
H
H
+
Acid-catalyzed
C
C C
OH
O
H
2
+
Enol
C
O
C
C H O+ 3
+

13. Mixed Aldol Reaction
• If two similar aldehydes/ketones react under
aldol conditions, 4 products may be formed
• A single product can be formed from two
different components :
If one carbonyl component has no alpha-
hydrogens or if one carbonyl compound is much
more acidic than the other.

14. Intramolecular Aldol Reaction:
• Treatment of certain dicarbonyl compounds
with base can lead to cyclic products
• A mixture of cyclic products may result ,
but the more strain-free ring is usually
formed

15. Intramolecular Aldol Reaction of 2, 5-
hexanedione yields 3-methyl-2-
cyclopentenone
a
C
H
H
H H
C
O
H H O
C
C
C
C 3
3 2,5- Hexanedione
b

16. C
H
H
H
C
O
H H
C
C
C
C
H
H
O
3
-
-OHPath A
C
H
H
H
C
O
H H
C
C
C
C
H
H
OH
3

17. C
C
C
C C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
H
H
O
HO
3
-:
..
..
CH
O H O
3
2+
3-Methyl-2-cyclopentenone
NaOH, H2O

18. Path b
NaOH, H2O
C
H
H
H H
C
O
H H O
C
C
C
C 3
3
HO-

19. C
H
H
H
C
O
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
O
H
3- C
H
H
H
C
O
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
O
3
-
O
HH
.. ..

20. C
H
H
CH
O
H
H
O
O
3
3
-:
..
..
(2-Methylcyclopropenyl)ethanone
(NOT formed)
CH O
CH
H O
3
3+
2

21. Claisen Condensation Reaction
• Carbonyl condesation that occurs between two
ester components and gives a ß-keto ester product
• Reaction is reversible and has a mechanism similar
to aldol reaction
• Major difference from aldol condensation is the
expulsion of an alkoxide ion from the tetrahedral
intermediate of the initial Claisen adduct
• 1 equivalent of base is needed to drive the reaction
to completion because the product is often acidic

22. Mechanism of Claisen Condensation:
• involves nucleophilic acyl substitution of an ester
enolate ion on the carbonyl group of a second
ester molecule
• tetrahedral intermediate expels an alkoxide leaving
group to yield an acyl substitution product

23. Mechanism of the Claisen
Condensation Reaction
CH3
COEt
O
- OEt
Ethoxide base abstracts an
acidic alpha hydrogen
atom from an ester
molecule, yielding an ester
enolate ion

24. :CH2
COEt
O
EtOH
CH3C
:O:
OEt
+
Nucleophilic donor
Electrophilic
acceptor
In a nucleophilic addition,
this ion adds to a second
ester molecule, giving a
tetrahedral intermediate.
CH3
C
:O: -
OEt
CH2
COEt
O
..
The tetrahedral intermediate
is not stable. It expels ethoxide
ion to yield the new carbonyl
compound, ethyl acetoacetate.

25. But ethoxide ion is basic enough
to convert the beta-keto ester
product into its enolate, thus
shifitng the equilibrium and driving
the reaction to completion.
CH3C
O
CH2
COEt
O
EtO-+
CH3
C
O
CHCOEt
O_
..
EtOH+

26. CH3
C
O
CH2
COEt
O
OH2+
Protonation by addition of acid
in a separate step yields the final
product.
H3O+

27. Mixed Claisen Condesation
•occurs only when one of the two ester
components has no alpha-hydrogens, and
thus can’t form enolate ion
•can also be carried out between esters and
ketones resulting a synthesis of ß-diketones

28. Example of Mixed Claisen
Condensation
1. NaH/THF
+2. H30
C
O
CH
O
C
H
2 OEt
EtO
Ethyl benzoylacetate
C
O
OEt
Ethyl Benzoate
(Acceptor)
+
CH
O
COEt3
Ethyl Acetate
(Donor)

29. Intramolecular Claisen Condensation:
Dieckmann Cyclization
• can be carried out with diesters
• works best on 1, 6-diesters and 1,7-diesters
• 5-membered cyclic ß-ketoesters result from
Dieckmann cyclization of 1,6-diesters
• 6-membered cyclic ß-keto esters result from
cyclization of 1,7-diesters

30. Examples of Intramolecular
Claisen Condensation
O
O
O
C
O
H
OEt
OEt
Diethyl hexanedioate
(a 1,6 -Diester)
1. Na+ -OEt, ethanol
2. H3O+
OEt
EtO
Ethyl 2-oxocyclopentanecarboxylate
(82%)
O
O
O
C
O
OEt
OEt
Diethyl heptanediote
(a 1,7- Diester)
1. Na+ -OEt, ethanol
2. H3O+ OEt
+
Ethyl-2-oxocyclohexane carboxylate

31. Intramolecular Claisen Condensation
Mechanism
H
O
H
OEt
COOEt
+ OEtNa -
Base abstracts an acidic
alpha-proton from the
carbon atom next to one
of the ester groups,
yielding an enolote ion.

32. Intramolecular nucleophilic addition of the ester enolate
ion to the carbonyl group of the second ester group at the
other end of the chain then gives a cyclic tetrahedral
intermediate.
O
H
H
tEO
COOEt
+ EtO:
. .
-

33. H
O
COOEt
tEO : :
. .
-
Loss of alkoxide ion from the tetrahedral
intermediate forms a cyclic beta-keto ester.

34. O
H
O
.
H
COOEt
+ tEO:
.
. .
.
-
COOEt
-
EtO+
Deprotonation of the
acidic beta-keto ester
gives an enolate
ion…

35. O
H
H O
+H3O
COOEt
+
2
…which is protonated
by addition of
aqueous acid at the
endoth the reaction to
generate the neutral
beta-keto ester
product.

36. Michael Reaction
• Conjugate addition of a carbon nucleophile to an
alpha, ß-unsaturated acceptor
Best Michael Reactions:
• Between unusually acidic donors (ß-ketoesters or ß-
diketones)
• Unhindered alpha,ß-unsaturated acceptors
• Stable enolates are Michael donors, and alpha,ß-
unsaturated compounds are Michael acceptors

37. The Michael Reaction
EtO
O
C
C
C
O
CH3
HH
Na
+
- OEt
The base catalyst
removes an acidic alpha
proton from the starting
beta-keto ester to
generate a stabilized
enolate ion nucleophile.

38. The nucleophile adds
to the alpha,beta-keto
unsaturated ketone
electrophile in a
Michael reaction to
generate a new enolate
as product.
EtO
C
O
C
C
O
CH3
H
-
EtOH
C
H
C
C
H3
C H
O
C
H3C C
C
H H
C
HH
CO2Et
C
CH3
OO
.. +
..

39. O
EtOH
H3
C
C
C
C
H H
C
C
O
CH3
H H
CO2
Et
H
EtO-+
The enolate product
abstracts an acidic
proton, either from
solvent or from starting
keto ester, to yield the
final addition product.

40. Some Michael Acceptors and
Michael Donors
H2
C CHCHO
H2
C CHCO2Et
H2
C CHC N
H2
C CHCOCH3
H2
C CHNO2
H2
C CHCONH2
Propenol
Ethyl Propanoate
Propenenitrile
3-Buten-2-one
Nitroethylene
Propenamide
RCOCH2COR'
RCOCH2CO2
Et
EtO2
CCH2CO2Et
RCOCH2C N
RCH2NO2
Beta-Diketone
Beta-Keto Ester
Malonic Ester
Beta-Keto nitrile
Nitro compound
Michael Acceptors Michael Donors

41. Stork Enamine Reaction
• enamine adds to an alpha,ß-unsaturated carbonyl
acceptor in a Michael- type process
• Overall reaction is a three-step sequence:
Step 1: Enamine formation from a ketone
Step 2: Michael-type addition to an alpha, ß-
unsaturated carbonyl compound
Step 3: Enamine Hydrolysis back to ketone
• net effect of Stork Enamine reaction sequence is
the Michael addition of a ketone to an alpha,ß-
unsaturated carbonyl compound

42. Example of Stork Enamine Reaction
O
N
H
-H2O
N
H2C CHCCH3
O
..
Cyclohexanone An enamine
N
CH2
CHCCH3
-
..
O
N
CH2CH2CCH3
O
+
OH2
O
CH2
CH2
CCH3
O
N
H
+
A 1,5-diketone

43. Robinson Annulation Reaction: Carbonyl
Condensation Reaction in Synthesis
• leads to the formation of substituted cyclohexenones
• 2 step process:
Michael reaction
Intramolecular Aldol reaction
• Treatment of a ß-diketone or ß-keto ester with an alpha, ß-
unsaturated ketone leads first to a Michael addition, which
is followed by intramolecular aldol cyclization