short notes for biotech fourth year DSP

1. UNIT IIII
DSP

2. SUPER CRITICAL EXTRACTION-
• Process of separating one component from
another component using super critical fluid .
• It was given by the in 1879 Hannay& Hogarth.
• Super critical fluid- a substances with high
pressure & temperature above the critical point
where distinct liquid gas phase do not exist.
• E.g- ethylene, ammonia, toluene.
• In 1979 has been used for the industrial process.

3. Change in properties for SCF-
• Liquid densities 100-1000 time greater than gas.
• Diffusive higher than the liquid 0.0001-0.00001cm2/s.
• Good Solvating property.
• Reduction in the surface tension.
• Gas like compatibility.
Steps of the extraction-
• Introduction feed in to the extractor.
• Mixing solute with supper critical phase.
• Pressure 50-500atm, temp-500oC near or above the critical
point.
• Isolation of the dissolve solute by precipitation.

4. Restrictor-
• Maintain the pressure.
Collector.
Detector.
Advantages-
• Elimination of the organic solvent.
• Rapid process.
• Susceptible to thermal degradation.
• Continuous process.
• Low handling cost.
• Solvent recovery easy.
• Verse tile efficient.

5. Limitation-
• Prolonged time.
• Modeling is in accurate.
• Scale is not possible.
• Expensive.
Application-
• Food science.
• Natural products.
• By products.

6. AQUEOUS TWO PHASE EXTRACTION-
• Separate the two molecules & particle in to immisible phase by this
process.
• It is bas on the size, electric, charge hydrophobicity, biospecificty.
• It is economically highly selective easy to scale up.
• Formation of the two liquid layer take place when dissolve above
the certain concentration.
• In this phase two phase are aqueous consisting 85%-95% water.
• Several phase of the polymer are used for forming aqueous two
phase system that allow that allow portioning of the biomolecule &
cellular particle.
• This is the mild method because of high water content& low
interfacial tension.
• Incompatibility occur b/w either aqueous phase of the two solution
of polymer or polymer salt.

7. • Most commonly used polymer PEG, Dextrin.
• It is the popular method to separate the protein from the
cells debris.
• It is formed by the mixing of the two different water
soluble polymers & salt in water.
Factor-
• Biomass concentration.
• Polymer extraction.
• Surface properties.
• Ph.
• Temperature.
• Affinity ligand attach polymer.
• Salt.

8. Advantage-
• Provide mild condition.
• Polymer layer stabilizes the extracted molecule.
• Specialize d system be developed.
• Seperation of the phase & portioning of the compound
occur rapidly.
Application-
• Human insulin.
• Enhance the recovery of the yield.
• Purification of the Ab &Ag.
• Purification of the pharmaceutical plant.

9. ADSORPTION: PRINCIPLES - LANGUMIR -
FREUNDLICH ISOTHERMS-
• It explains the adsorption by assuming a adsorbate
behaves as an ideal gas at isothermal condition.
• It was presented by Langumir 916&awarde 1932 Nobel
Prize.
• His theory was begun when he was postulated that
gaseous molecule do not deboned elastically on the
surface molecule.
• He was published the two paper that proved the
assumption.
• In first experiment he observed that emission of electron
from the heated filament.

10. • In Second experiment examined the measured film of
liquid on adsorbent.
• He noted that attractive strength b/w surface & first layer
of adsorbed substances is much greater than the strength
b/w first layer& second layer.
Assumption-
• Surface should be homogeneous.
• Adsorbing adsorb in to an immobilize state.
• All sites are equivalent.
• Each site can hold at most one molecule.
• There are no intraction b/w adsorbate molecules an
adjacent site.

11. Competitive adsorption-
• In this section there are two different adsorbent present in
this system.
• Consider species A&B that compete for the same
adsorption.
Assumption-
• All sites are equivalent.
• Each site can hold at most one molecule.
• There are no intraction b/w adsorbate molecules an
adjacent site.
Dissociative adsorption-
• In this process when the molecule D2 dissociate into the
two atom upon adsorption.

12. Assumption-
• All sites are equivalent.
• Each site can hold at most one molecule.
• There are no intraction b/w adsorbate molecules an
adjacent site.
• D atoms adsorb on the distinct site on the solid surface &
move around the equilibrate.
Disadvantages-
• It is failed due to the roughness of the surface.
• Some parameter varying site- site like temperature.
• It ignores the adsorbate –adsorbate intraction.
Three isotherms possible-

13. Three isotherms possible-
• Linear isotherm.
• Fredulich isotherm.
• Langumir isotherm.
Linear isotherm-
• Not possible for the common type of the adsorption.
• Approximate over the certain range of the concentration.
Fredulich isotherm-
• It describes the adsorption for wide variety of AB steroid
hormone.
Langumir isotherm-
• Used to adsorption data for protein.