This document discusses two extraction processes: supercritical fluid extraction and aqueous two-phase extraction. Supercritical fluid extraction uses fluids above their critical point to separate components. It was developed in 1879 and is advantageous because it uses no organic solvents and allows continuous, rapid, and thermally gentle separation. Aqueous two-phase extraction separates molecules and particles into immiscible aqueous phases using polymers or salts. It provides a mild extraction method and allows selective separation of compounds like proteins. Both processes are used in food science, natural products, and pharmaceutical purification applications.

1. UNIT IIII
DSP

2. SUPER CRITICAL EXTRACTION-
• Process of separating one component from
another component using super critical fluid .
• It was given by the in 1879 Hannay& Hogarth.
• Super critical fluid- a substances with high
pressure & temperature above the critical point
where distinct liquid gas phase do not exist.
• E.g- ethylene, ammonia, toluene.
• In 1979 has been used for the industrial process.

3. Change in properties for SCF-
• Liquid densities 100-1000 time greater than gas.
• Diffusive higher than the liquid 0.0001-0.00001cm2/s.
• Good Solvating property.
• Reduction in the surface tension.
• Gas like compatibility.
Steps of the extraction-
• Introduction feed in to the extractor.
• Mixing solute with supper critical phase.
• Pressure 50-500atm, temp-500oC near or above the critical
point.
• Isolation of the dissolve solute by precipitation.

4. Restrictor-
• Maintain the pressure.
Collector.
Detector.
Advantages-
• Elimination of the organic solvent.
• Rapid process.
• Susceptible to thermal degradation.
• Continuous process.
• Low handling cost.
• Solvent recovery easy.
• Verse tile efficient.

5. Limitation-
• Prolonged time.
• Modeling is in accurate.
• Scale is not possible.
• Expensive.
Application-
• Food science.
• Natural products.
• By products.

6. AQUEOUS TWO PHASE EXTRACTION-
• Separate the two molecules & particle in to immisible phase by this
process.
• It is bas on the size, electric, charge hydrophobicity, biospecificty.
• It is economically highly selective easy to scale up.
• Formation of the two liquid layer take place when dissolve above
the certain concentration.
• In this phase two phase are aqueous consisting 85%-95% water.
• Several phase of the polymer are used for forming aqueous two
phase system that allow that allow portioning of the biomolecule &
cellular particle.
• This is the mild method because of high water content& low
interfacial tension.
• Incompatibility occur b/w either aqueous phase of the two solution
of polymer or polymer salt.

7. • Most commonly used polymer PEG, Dextrin.
• It is the popular method to separate the protein from the
cells debris.
• It is formed by the mixing of the two different water
soluble polymers & salt in water.
Factor-
• Biomass concentration.
• Polymer extraction.
• Surface properties.
• Ph.
• Temperature.
• Affinity ligand attach polymer.
• Salt.

8. Advantage-
• Provide mild condition.
• Polymer layer stabilizes the extracted molecule.
• Specialize d system be developed.
• Seperation of the phase & portioning of the compound
occur rapidly.
Application-
• Human insulin.
• Enhance the recovery of the yield.
• Purification of the Ab &Ag.
• Purification of the pharmaceutical plant.

9. ADSORPTION: PRINCIPLES - LANGUMIR -
FREUNDLICH ISOTHERMS-
• It explains the adsorption by assuming a adsorbate
behaves as an ideal gas at isothermal condition.
• It was presented by Langumir 916&awarde 1932 Nobel
Prize.
• His theory was begun when he was postulated that
gaseous molecule do not deboned elastically on the
surface molecule.
• He was published the two paper that proved the
assumption.
• In first experiment he observed that emission of electron
from the heated filament.

10. • In Second experiment examined the measured film of
liquid on adsorbent.
• He noted that attractive strength b/w surface & first layer
of adsorbed substances is much greater than the strength
b/w first layer& second layer.
Assumption-
• Surface should be homogeneous.
• Adsorbing adsorb in to an immobilize state.
• All sites are equivalent.
• Each site can hold at most one molecule.
• There are no intraction b/w adsorbate molecules an
adjacent site.

11. Competitive adsorption-
• In this section there are two different adsorbent present in
this system.
• Consider species A&B that compete for the same
adsorption.
Assumption-
• All sites are equivalent.
• Each site can hold at most one molecule.
• There are no intraction b/w adsorbate molecules an
adjacent site.
Dissociative adsorption-
• In this process when the molecule D2 dissociate into the
two atom upon adsorption.

12. Assumption-
• All sites are equivalent.
• Each site can hold at most one molecule.
• There are no intraction b/w adsorbate molecules an
adjacent site.
• D atoms adsorb on the distinct site on the solid surface &
move around the equilibrate.
Disadvantages-
• It is failed due to the roughness of the surface.
• Some parameter varying site- site like temperature.
• It ignores the adsorbate –adsorbate intraction.
Three isotherms possible-

13. Three isotherms possible-
• Linear isotherm.
• Fredulich isotherm.
• Langumir isotherm.
Linear isotherm-
• Not possible for the common type of the adsorption.
• Approximate over the certain range of the concentration.
Fredulich isotherm-
• It describes the adsorption for wide variety of AB steroid
hormone.
Langumir isotherm-
• Used to adsorption data for protein.