Milk is the best source of nutrition for all age groups in rural areas. It provides protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals. Milk production is led by the United States, India, and China. Adulteration of milk with substances like water, starch, urea, and detergent reduces its nutritional value and can harm health. The document describes procedures to detect common milk adulterants, including microorganisms, table sugar, starch, acids, soap, formalin, and ammonium sulfate, through chemical reactions and color changes.
Milk urea is an approximate indicator of the amount of crude protein in a cow's diet. It is formed from the metabolism of absorbed amino acids and body protein.The digestion of protein in the rumen releases ammonia. If there is excess ammonia it is absorbed through the rumen wall into the blood stream and converted to urea in the liver. Most of the urea is excreted in the cow’s urine although some passes into the milk.If the diet is deficient in nitrogen, then the urea is not excreted, but recycled back into the rumen and converted back to ammonia.
Milk urea is an approximate indicator of the amount of crude protein in a cow's diet. It is formed from the metabolism of absorbed amino acids and body protein.The digestion of protein in the rumen releases ammonia. If there is excess ammonia it is absorbed through the rumen wall into the blood stream and converted to urea in the liver. Most of the urea is excreted in the cow’s urine although some passes into the milk.If the diet is deficient in nitrogen, then the urea is not excreted, but recycled back into the rumen and converted back to ammonia.
Different Platform Tests for Raw Milk at Raw Milk Reception Dock(RMRD)sunil meena
Raw milk has to pass through rigorous examination which may include organoleptic,physical and chemical tests to assess the quality of intake milk rapidly, and decide for its acceptance or rejection. All these tests known as “platform tests” are performed on each can/tanker to assess the quality of the incoming milk before it is accepted and weighed. These tests must be easy to perform, give quick and reliable results and should not require complicated and elaborate equipment. The classification of milk on the basis of quality is usually referred to “grading of milk”.So grading of milk is done on the basis of platform tests which include organoleptic
as well as preliminary tests.The milk is collected from various sources and transported to milk scheme for processing, marketing and distribution. Large quantity of milk is supplied to the plant through different agencies, so that is subjected to check for its suitability. Hence it is essential to examine the milk by using different platform tests like organoleptic evaluation (OE), Clot on boiling test (COP), Alcohol test (AT), Sediment test (ST), Resazurin test (RT).
Synthetic milk is the chemically produced milk that differs from the animal milk. It is manufactured by mixing the predefined and calculated amount of urea, caustic soda, refined oil and common detergents. The purpose of adding the detergents is to aid in the emulsification of the solution and giving a frothy appearance. The milk looks almost similar to the regular milk in all respects. The differentiating factors would taste and the nutritional elements.
detailed information about indian dairy products their manufacturing,chemical analysis,shelf life,composition,process flowchart,production and consumption of indian products, state wise production,indian products and their english counterparts
Milk is a unique in that it is both consumed, as fluid milk with minimal processing and it is the raw material used to manufacture a wide variety of product.
Channa
Chhena or sana are curds or cheese curds, originating from the Indian subcontinent. Chhana is an acid coagulated product obtained from milk.
Paneer
Paneer is a heat-acid coagulated milk product obtained by coagulating standardized milk with the permitted acids at specified temperature
Chemical Composition
The chemical composition of chhena depends mainly on the initial composition of milk, the conditions of coagulation, the technique of straining( which determines the moisture content), and loses of milk solids in the whey.
Homogenization or homogenization is any of several processes used to make a mixture of two mutually non-soluble liquids the same throughout.When milk is properly homogenized, the cream will not rise to the top.Homogenization is regarded as a safe process that does not cause any problems in digesting milk. In fact, research is showing that homogenization may actually have some health benefits by making milk fat more digestible. Increased digestion of milk fat is huge.
Different Platform Tests for Raw Milk at Raw Milk Reception Dock(RMRD)sunil meena
Raw milk has to pass through rigorous examination which may include organoleptic,physical and chemical tests to assess the quality of intake milk rapidly, and decide for its acceptance or rejection. All these tests known as “platform tests” are performed on each can/tanker to assess the quality of the incoming milk before it is accepted and weighed. These tests must be easy to perform, give quick and reliable results and should not require complicated and elaborate equipment. The classification of milk on the basis of quality is usually referred to “grading of milk”.So grading of milk is done on the basis of platform tests which include organoleptic
as well as preliminary tests.The milk is collected from various sources and transported to milk scheme for processing, marketing and distribution. Large quantity of milk is supplied to the plant through different agencies, so that is subjected to check for its suitability. Hence it is essential to examine the milk by using different platform tests like organoleptic evaluation (OE), Clot on boiling test (COP), Alcohol test (AT), Sediment test (ST), Resazurin test (RT).
Synthetic milk is the chemically produced milk that differs from the animal milk. It is manufactured by mixing the predefined and calculated amount of urea, caustic soda, refined oil and common detergents. The purpose of adding the detergents is to aid in the emulsification of the solution and giving a frothy appearance. The milk looks almost similar to the regular milk in all respects. The differentiating factors would taste and the nutritional elements.
detailed information about indian dairy products their manufacturing,chemical analysis,shelf life,composition,process flowchart,production and consumption of indian products, state wise production,indian products and their english counterparts
Milk is a unique in that it is both consumed, as fluid milk with minimal processing and it is the raw material used to manufacture a wide variety of product.
Channa
Chhena or sana are curds or cheese curds, originating from the Indian subcontinent. Chhana is an acid coagulated product obtained from milk.
Paneer
Paneer is a heat-acid coagulated milk product obtained by coagulating standardized milk with the permitted acids at specified temperature
Chemical Composition
The chemical composition of chhena depends mainly on the initial composition of milk, the conditions of coagulation, the technique of straining( which determines the moisture content), and loses of milk solids in the whey.
Homogenization or homogenization is any of several processes used to make a mixture of two mutually non-soluble liquids the same throughout.When milk is properly homogenized, the cream will not rise to the top.Homogenization is regarded as a safe process that does not cause any problems in digesting milk. In fact, research is showing that homogenization may actually have some health benefits by making milk fat more digestible. Increased digestion of milk fat is huge.
Food processing, composition of milk, microorganism present, Different type of adulteration test (sugar, starch, Salt, urea), biochemical test (organoleptic, clot on boiling, alcohol, lactometer, fat determination, protein determination), different type of pasteurization, processing, spray drying, Standards of PFA, FSSAI, BIS (profile and regulations) & non food application of milk.
food adulteration is very common in this society this ppt well make aware from the food adulteration types, how to identify the food adulteration, and health disorders
Chemical and Microbiological Quality Assessment of Raw and Processed Liquid M...Tanim Jabid Hossain
Twelve different liquid market milks of Bangladesh were examined to evaluate their chemical and sanitary quality. Six of these were open raw milk bought from local daily markets and the other six were processed packet milk (both pasteurized and UHT [Ultra High Temperature]-processed) available in shops. The twelve samples were examined for the determination of percentage of water, total soluble solids (TSS), fat, solids-non-fat (SNF), lactose, protein, and ash; measurement of titratable acidity; detection of adulterants; enumeration of total bacterial count, staphylococcal, coliform, fecal coliform, Salmonella and Shigella, Aeromonas hydrophila, and psychrophilic count. Results revealed that most of the raw and pasteurized milks were substandard in both chemical and sanitary quality whereas the quality of UHT-treated milks was excellent. Majority of the raw and pasteurized milks contained fair amounts of lactose, protein and ash, but a number of these had lesser amount of fat. All the raw and pasteurized milks were found to be contaminated with bacterial loads exceeding the acceptable limit. The indicator organisms ie coliforms and fecal coliforms were present in most of these samples in large numbers. Pathogenic bacterial genera (Aeromonas, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus) were also identified in some of these. High counts of psychrophilic bacteria were also found in the raw and pasteurized milk. But none of the UHT-processed milks contained any bacteria. Water had been added to five raw and one pasteurized milk whereas sucrose was found in five of the six heat-treated samples.
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this slide will help who love the environment,as well as will help to get the basic knowledge regarding STP.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
2. Milk is the best cheapest source of the nutrition, easily
accepted and used by the all age groups in the rural
area
It provide the acceptable amount of the protein ,fat
vitamin.
Milk is the largest and the single commodity within
the live stock.
It contains 1% fat as well as energy 42 calories.
term "milk" comes from "Old English meoluc (West
Saxon)
What is the milk
3. Top ten cow milk producers
in 2013 Rank -:
Country Production
(metric tonnes)
1 United States 91,271,058
2 India 60,600,000
3 China 35,310,000
4 Brazil 34,255,236
5 Germany 31,122,000
6 Russia 30,285,969
7 France 23,714,357
8 New Zealand 18,883,000
9 Turkey 16,655,009
10 United Kingdom 13,941,000
4.
5. Adulteration
It is an act of intentionally debasing the quality of the
milk either by the mixture or substitution of the
inferior substances.
It is the removal of the valuable substances from the
milk that are injurious to the health.
‘Adulterant’ means any material that make the food
unsafe or substandard or misbranded.
Any material is added in the milk which reduces the
nutritional value of the milk as well as injurious to the
health is called milk adulteration.
6. Some adulterant in the milk
generally use-:
Water
Starch
Urea
Detergent
Synthetic milk
Glucose/invert sugar
formalin
Ammonium sulphate
7.
8.
9. Materials
Milk
Test tubes
Water both
Incubator
Conc HCL
Conc H2SO4
Ferric chloride
2%NaOH
5%phenol
10.
11. Detection of the microorganism
Detection of the table sugar
Detection of the starch
Detection of the acids
Detection of the soap
Detection of the formalin
Detection of the Ammonium sulphate
Procedure-
12. Detection of the microorganism
Measure out 10 ml milk In a test tube
Measure 1 ml methylene blue indicator.
Mixe in the test tube well.
Kept in the incubator at 37Oc for 30 min.
After incubation colour changes blue to white means
micro organism present.
If colour does not change means microorganism is not
present.
13.
14. Detection of the starch
Measure 3ml milk in the test tube.
The test tube is then kept for the incubation in boiling
water both for 10 min.
After incubation ,test tube is cooled at the room
temperature.
Adding the iodine solution and mix the content well.
Appearance the black colour presence starch in the
milk.
15.
16. Detection of the acid
Measure the 5 ml milk in the test tube.
Add few drops conc.H2SO4,shaking well.
Adding 0.5%ferric chloride solution drop wise in to the
test tube.
Mix the content well.
Development of buff colour is indicative of the
presence of benzoic acid.
17.
18. Detection of the soap
Measure 10 ml milk in to test tube.
Add 10 ml of hot water in to the test tube containing
milk.
Now add 1-2 drops phenolphthalein indicator.
Gently mixed the content of the tubes.
Appearance of the pink colour on addition of
phenolphthalein ,soap present.
19.
20.
21. Detection of the formalin
Measure the 2ml milk in the test tube.
Adding the 2 ml of 90% sulphuric acid and ferric
chloride.
Both content are mixed well.
Formation of the purple colour ring at the interface of
the two layer means formalin present in the milk.
22.
23.
24. Detection of the ammonium
sulphate
Measure the 2ml milk in the test tube.
Adding 1-5 drop of NaOHin the test tube as well as
adding the 2-8dro p phenol in to the test tube.
Mix the content thoroughly.
A light bluish colour will be observed.
Keep the test tube in the water both for 20 second.
Presence of the ammonium sulphate is indicated by
the formation of the deep blue colour in the milk after
taking the water both.
