Dynamic light scattering (DLS) or Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering (QELS), is a non-invasive, well-established technique for measuring the size and size distribution of molecules and particles typically in the submicron region, and with the latest technology lower than 1nm.
In This slide the working principle and the function of DLS is Explained in brief and precise way.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-:A type of infrared spectroscopy.It is method of obtaining an infrared spectrum by measuring interferogram and then performimg a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) or Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering (QELS), is a non-invasive, well-established technique for measuring the size and size distribution of molecules and particles typically in the submicron region, and with the latest technology lower than 1nm.
In This slide the working principle and the function of DLS is Explained in brief and precise way.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-:A type of infrared spectroscopy.It is method of obtaining an infrared spectrum by measuring interferogram and then performimg a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
1. It is one of the type of Hyphenated technique.
2. It is a combination of gas chromatographic technique and spectroscopic technique.
3. It is having a high resolution capacity.
4. It is used has volatile and Non-volatile compounds.
5. It is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
MASS SPECTROSCOPY ( Molecular ion, Base peak, Isotopic abundance, Metastable ...Sachin Kale
CONTENT:
Molecular Ion Peak
Significance of Molecular ion & Graphically Method
Base Peak
Isotopic Abundance
Metastable Ion
Significance of Metastable ion
Nitrogen Rule & graphs
Formulation of Rule
Raman Spectroscopy - Principle, Criteria, Instrumentation and ApplicationsPrabha Nagarajan
Basic principle of Raman scattering- Difference between Rayleigh and Raman Scattering- Major criteria for Raman active in compounds,-Stroke's lines and Anti-stoke lines- Difference and between IR and Raman spectroscopy- Wide applications of Raman spectroscopy.
CHECKOUT THIS NEW WEB BROWSER :
https://www.entireweb.com/?a=618b79ed612f3
introduction and principle of Mass spectrometry with its components.
ionization , accelerators deflection and detection, types of MS, different types of ion sources , types of mass analyzers , advantages and disadvantages of different types of ion source and mass analyzers, different types of detectors for the ions dectections
In molecular spectroscopy, a Jablonski diagram is a diagram that illustrates the electronic states of a molecule and the transitions between them. The states are arranged vertically by energy and grouped horizontally by spin multiplicity.
An Infrared spectrum represents a fingerprint of a sample with absorption peaks which correspond to the frequencies of vibrations between the bonds of the atoms making up the material-Because each different material is a unique combination of atoms, no two compounds produce the exact same spectrum, therefore IR can result in a unique identification of every different kind of material!
1. It is one of the type of Hyphenated technique.
2. It is a combination of gas chromatographic technique and spectroscopic technique.
3. It is having a high resolution capacity.
4. It is used has volatile and Non-volatile compounds.
5. It is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
MASS SPECTROSCOPY ( Molecular ion, Base peak, Isotopic abundance, Metastable ...Sachin Kale
CONTENT:
Molecular Ion Peak
Significance of Molecular ion & Graphically Method
Base Peak
Isotopic Abundance
Metastable Ion
Significance of Metastable ion
Nitrogen Rule & graphs
Formulation of Rule
Raman Spectroscopy - Principle, Criteria, Instrumentation and ApplicationsPrabha Nagarajan
Basic principle of Raman scattering- Difference between Rayleigh and Raman Scattering- Major criteria for Raman active in compounds,-Stroke's lines and Anti-stoke lines- Difference and between IR and Raman spectroscopy- Wide applications of Raman spectroscopy.
CHECKOUT THIS NEW WEB BROWSER :
https://www.entireweb.com/?a=618b79ed612f3
introduction and principle of Mass spectrometry with its components.
ionization , accelerators deflection and detection, types of MS, different types of ion sources , types of mass analyzers , advantages and disadvantages of different types of ion source and mass analyzers, different types of detectors for the ions dectections
In molecular spectroscopy, a Jablonski diagram is a diagram that illustrates the electronic states of a molecule and the transitions between them. The states are arranged vertically by energy and grouped horizontally by spin multiplicity.
An Infrared spectrum represents a fingerprint of a sample with absorption peaks which correspond to the frequencies of vibrations between the bonds of the atoms making up the material-Because each different material is a unique combination of atoms, no two compounds produce the exact same spectrum, therefore IR can result in a unique identification of every different kind of material!
By Dhanashree R. Kavhale M.Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) Sem II.
Flash chromatograpy is the advanced form of column chromatography in which the pressure is aplied for faster elution..
Product polishing techniques in Downstream ProcessingErin Davis
This is a presentation based on gel permeation chromatography and dialysis.This mainly deals with the basic principle behind these techniques.and its working.The major components,advantages,disadvantages,applications are also mentioned in the same.Besides these the pictoric representation helps to understand the concept clearly.
This will be helpful to learn downstream processing techniques.
powerpoint presentation on high performance liquid chromatography which include its definition, classification, principles of seperation, instrumentation and application.
Similar to Gel permeation chromatography GPC technique (20)
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. CONTENTS
• Chromatography
• definition
• Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
• GPC Separation Mechanism.
• Theory
• Main Components Of GPC Apparatus
• Solvent Containers
• Pump
• Oven
• Samples
• Injector
• Column
• Detector
• Applications & Uses
• Advantages of GPC over Old Technique.
• Refrences
2
3. Chromatography is a Greek
word chroma “colour” and
graphein “to write”.
chromatography is a family of
analytical chemistry techniques
for the separation of mixtures.
It was the Russian botanist
“Mikhail Tsvet” who invented the
first chromatography technique in
1901.
CHROMATOGRAPHY
3
4. • Gel permeation chromatography is a type of high performance liquid
chromatography (LC).
• Separates molecules on the basis of their size, hence ‘size exclusion’.
• Determine the molecular weight distributions of polymers.
• GPC/SEC uses columns packed with very small, round, porous particles
to separate molecules contained in the solvent that is passed through
them.
• The first GPC/SEC columns were packed with materials referred to as
gels, hence ‘gel permeation’
4
GELPERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY
(GPC)
5. Figure : Principle of gel chromatography: A) mixture applied to the top of
the column; B) partial separation; C) complete separation; D)excluded
substance emerges from the column.
GPCSEPERATIONMECHANISM
5
8. • Total volume of column packed with a solid matrix
that has been swelled by water or other solvent is
given by
Vt = Vg + VM + VS
Vt = total bed volume
Vg = volume occupied by solidmatrix.
VM = void volume of mobile phase i.e. unbound
solvent in interstices between the solvent loaded
porous particles.
VS = volume of solvent held in pores
THEORY8
9. Time taken for Solution
molecules to diffuse into
pore is less as compared to
time spent by molecule near
pore.
Separation process is
independent of
diffusion.
Assumed conditions:
Under these conditions:
Ve= Vo+Kd.Vl
Where,
Ve = vol. of effluent flowing through column between point ofsample
injection & sample emergence from column.
Kd = distribution coefficient.
FOR LARGE MOLECULES : Kd = 0 , Vo=Ve
FOR MOLECULES THAT CAN PENETRATE ALL THE PORES:
Kd = 1 , Ve = Vo+Vl
9
11. 1. Solvent and Solvent Containers
• The solvent must be able to dissolve the sample,
sometimes a polymer insoluble at room temperature
will dissolve at higher temperature.
• The solvent must not induce any other interactions
between the sample and the stationary phase, so that
the separation is solely on the basis of sample size.
• The solvent container should be made of clear
glass, or amber glass for solvents affected by
sunlight, with a stopper to exclude dust and limit
evaporation.
SolventContainer
11
12. 2. PUMP
The pump takes the solvent and delivers it to the rest of the
system at a constant, accurate and reproducible flow rate.
The pump has to be able to run the same flow rate regardless of
viscosity, so that results can be compared from one analysis to
another
The pressure delivered by the pump also needs to be
smooth so that there are no pulses in the flow.
12
13. 3. OVEN
• GPC is usually carried out at room temperature, but some
instruments have heated and thermostatically controlled ovens in
which the columns and detectors are placed.
• Higher temperatures, up to 220 °C, are necessary for some
solvents that have much higher viscosities, such as
trichlorobenzene or chloronaphthalene .
• Operating the instrument at high temperatures reduces viscosity
and hence column back pressure, with a corresponding increase
in efficiency.
13
14. 4. SAMPLE
• Toprepare a sample for analysis it is first dissolved in an
appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) for
organic GPC.
• Since the separation obtained depends on the size of the sample
molecules, it is important that they are allowed to swell and then
fully dissolve in the solvent before being put through the
chromatograph .
• Where possible, the eluent used to prepare the samples should
be the same as the solvent running through the system
14
15. 5. INJECTION&INJECTORS
• Injectors introduce the polymer sample into the flowing
solvent stream.
• It is important that the injector does not disturb the flow of the
mobile phase
15
17. A. Semi Rigid Polymers
These materials swell slightly
Limited to a max. pressure of 300 psi.
Bead diameters are usually 5 micrometer
Styrene divinylbenzene polymers are used for compounds
of molecular weight ranging from 100-500 million
Sulphonated polystyrene beads are compatible with
aqueous systems , non sulphonated with non aqueous
systems.
17
18. B. Rigid Porous Glasses or Silica
Cover wide range of pore diameter
Chemically resistant
Used with aqueous and polar organic solvents.
18
19. 7. DETECTORS
So, it has to be very
sensitive since the changes
they measure in the mobile
phase are very small.
Detectors may
respond to a change in
the mobile phase due
to the presence of the
sample
So, it has much greater
sensitivity but often only
work with specific
samples
Detectors may
respond to a
property of the
sample alone
19
20. DETECTORS
Measure
concentration alone
>Differential refractive
index (DRI) detector *
> UV detector
>Evaporative light
scattering (ELS) detector.
whose response is
proportional to
concentration and other
properties of the
polymer molecules.
Static light scattering
detectors or viscometers.
20
21. 23
•These detectors work by assessing the
difference in refractive index between
the mobile phase and the pure solvent
•Since the refractive index of polymers is
usually constant above molecular weights
of about 1,000 g/mol, the detector
response is directly proportional to the
sample concentration.
WIDELYUSEDDETECTORS
•Use the fact that a beam of light will be
scattered when it strikes a polymer
molecule
•Low Angle Laser Light Scattering
(LALLS),
•Multi-angle Laser Light Scattering
(MALLS)
• Right Angle Laser Light Scattering
(RALLS).
•The advantage of these detectors is that they
give a response directly proportional to the
molecular weight of the polymer molecules,
and can provide size information
Static Light Scattering Detectors:Differential Refractometer
(Universal detector) :
21
22. APPLICATIONS
Gum Arabic : Gum arabic is a polysaccharide widely used in the food
industry as a viscosity modifier or gelling agent. The physical properties and
processibility of these water soluble polymers are related to their molecular
weight distributions, which can be determined by GPC.
Modifying PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) : Unplasticized PVC has a high melt
viscosity leading to some difficulties in processing. In order to overcome
these problems, additives are used as impact modifiers to ensure more
uniform flow and hence improve surface finish.
The properties of the final material are dependent on the molecular
weight distribution of the PVC and the type and level of the added
plasticizers.
22
23. USES OF
CHROMATOGRAPHY
It is used in
crime scene
investigations
In hospitals it
can be used to
detect alcohol
levels in a
patient's blood
stream
It is used for
environmental agencies
to determine the level
of pollutants in water
supplies
It is used to purify
chemicals needed
to make a product
in a manufacturing
plant
It is used by
pharmacists to
determine the
amount of each
chemical found in
each product.
23
24. • Short analysis time.
• Well defined separation.
• Narrow bands and good sensitivity.
• There is no sample loss.
• The small amount of mobile phase required.
• The flow rate can be set.
24
AdvantagesofGPC OverOldTechniques