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DRUGS FOR PUD2.ppt
1. DRUGS USED IN TREATMENT
OF PEPTIC ULCERS DISEASES
BY
SSEMUWEMBA FRANK
0712319897/0706319897
2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1. ANTI-ACIDS e.g Magnesium and Aluminum
2. H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS e.g Cimetidine,
Ranitidine and Famotidine
3. PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS e.g Omeprazole,
Pantoprazole, Lansoprazole and Esomeprazole and
Rabeprazole
4. ANTISPASMODICS e.g Hyoscine butyl bromide and
Drotaverine
5. ANTIBIOTICS e.g Amoxicillin, Metronidazole and
Clarithromycin.
3. This is an ulceration in the stomach or duodenum or
both resulting from an imbalance between defense
mechanisms (protective factors) and various mucosal
damaging mechanisms (HCL/pepsin secretion).
It is a chronic condition with natural history of
spontaneous relapses and remissions.
Classification of PUD
Gastric ulcer (occurs in the stomach-single& lie on the
lesser curvature)
Duodenal ulcer (occurs in the duodenum-duodenal
cup-1st part of duodenum)
Cause: Exact cause is unknown
Definition of PUD
SSEMUWEMBA FRANK
0706319897/0712319897
9. H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
H2 receptor antagonists reduce gastric acid
secretion by blocking the action of histamine at the
H2 receptor in the parietal cells of the stomach
Examples
Cimetidine
Famotidine
Nizatidine
Ranitidine
10. 1. CIMETIDINE
Preparations (tagament/lock2/tenomet=brands)
1. Tablets 200mg, 400mg
2. Injection 100mg/ml, 2ml
Pharmacokinetics
Cimetidine is readily absorbed from GIT when given
orally.
Food delays rate and may slightly decrease the
extent of absorption.
It is widely distributed and partly metabolised in the
liver.
Cimetidine crosses the placenta barrier and is
distributed into milk.
11. Pharmacokinetics cont’d
Its excreted mostly in unchanged form in urine.
Indications
Peptic ulcers
Stress ulcers in critically ill patients
Reflux oesophagistis
Zollinger-ellison syndrome
Dyspepsia
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to other H2 antagonists
12. Zollinger Ellison syndrome
A rare disorder in which there is excessive secretion
of gastric acid due to high levels of circulating gastrin
hormone produced by a pancreatic tumor or
enlarged pancreas.
High levels of HCl in stomach causes diarrhea and
PUD which may be multiple in unusual sites e.g
jejunum or which may recur quickly after vagotomy
or gastrectomy.
Rx is by PPI, removal of tumor is benign or by total
gastrectomy.
13. DOSE
Oral route
Gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers: 400mg twice daily
or 800mg at night for 4-6 weeks.
Maintenance: 400mg at night.
Reflux oesophagitis : 400mg 4times daily for 4-8 weeks
Prophylaxis of stress ulceration: 200mg-400mg every
4-6hours.
Zollinger-ellison syndrome: 400mg 4times daily
(maximum dose is 2.4g daily).
Gastric acid reduction, obstetrics: 400mg at start of
labour then up to 400mg every 4hours if required
(max2.4g daily).
14. Dose
Oral route
Drug Dose Duration
Gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers
Maintenance
400mg or
800mg
400mg
Twice daily
At night 4-6weeks
At night
Reflux oesophagitis 400mg 4times daily for 4-6hours
Prophylaxis of stress ulceration 200mg-400mg Every 4-6hours
Zollinger-ellison syndrome 400mg 4times daily (maximum dose is 2.4g
daily)
Gastric acid reduction, obstetrics 400mg then
400mg
At start of labour up to
Every 4hours if required (max 2.4g daily)
Dyspepsia 200mg Up to 4times daily 4-8weeks.
Parenteral route
Slow intravenous injection 200mg 4-6hrs over at least 2minutes &diluted
in 20ml of normal saline
Intravenous infusion 400mg in
100ml
of sodium chloride 0.9% infused
over30mins-1hr repeated every 4-6hrs
15. Side effects
Dizziness Headache
Nausea Vomiting
Reversible impotence Loss of libido
Mild gynaecomastia Diarrhoea
Tiredness
Drug interactions
Antacids may decrease the absorption of cimetidine
The effect of ferrous Sulphate, Indomethacin,
Ketoconazole, Fluconazole and Tetracycline may be
decreased by Cimetidine due to decreased
absorption.
16. Drug interactions cont’d
Metoclopramide may reduce the bioavailability of
cimetidine due to reduction of gastrointestinal
transit time.
Cimetidine decreases the metabolism of phenytoin,
metronidazole, oral contraceptives, warfarin and
isoniazid.
Key issues to note
Administer cimetidine with food but not with anti-
acids
The preferred method of administration of
Parenteral cimetidine is by continuous infusion but
may be given intramuscularly.
17. Key issues cont’d
Advise the patient to avoid excessive amount of
coffee or aspirin
Cimetidine has a weak anti-androgenic effect hence
gynaecomastia, impotence and loss of libido may
occur.
2. FAMOTIDINE
Preparations: Tablets 20mg, 40mg
Pharmacokinetics
Famotidine readily but incompletely absorbed from
the gastrointestinal tract partially metabolised in
the liver and is excreted unchanged in the urine .it
is also found in breast milk.
19. Side effects
Headache Dry mouth Fatigue
Abdominal discomfort Flatulence Fever
Nausea and vomiting Anxiety
Constipation Anorexia
Dose
Drug Dose Duration
Gastric and duodenal ulceration
Maintenance
40mg
20mg
4-8weeks at night
At night (duodenal ulcer)
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome 20mg 6hourly daily for along period of
time
Reflux oesophagitis
Maintenance
20-40mg
20mg
Twice daily for 6—12 weeks
Twice daily.
20. Drug interactions
Famotidine reduces absorption of ketoconazole,
itraconazole, cefpodoxime, cefuroxime to reduce
gastric acidity.
Famotidine increases the absorption of glipizide,
tolbutamide which lead to hypoglycaemia
3. RANITIDINE
Preparation: Tablets 150mg, 300mg
Injection 25mg/ml (2ml)
Pharmacokinetics
Ranitidine is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal
tract, widely distributed, metabolised in the liver and is
excreted in urine.
21. Indications
Peptic ulcer
Prophylaxis of NSAID induced duodenal or gastric
ulcer
Stress ulcer prophylaxis
Gastro esophageal reflux disease
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Dyspepsia
Contraindications
Patients allergic to ranitidine
Children less than 8years.
22. Dose
Peptic ulcer
Adults and children over 12 years: 150mg twice
daily or 300mg at night 4-8weeks.
Prophylaxis of NSAID induced duodenal or gastric
ulcer: 150mg twice daily prn.
Gastro oesophageal reflux disease: 150mg twice
daily or 300mg at night up to 8 weeks.
Moderate to severe cases 150mg 6 hourly daily
for up to 12 weeks.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: 150mg 3 times daily
Stress ulcer prophylaxis 150mg twice daily until
risk factor is removed.
23. Dose cont’d
Dyspepsia; 150mg twice daily for 4-8 weeks
IV: 50mg diluted to 20ml with normal saline or
dextrose 5% every 6-8 hours by slow injection over not
less than 5min.
IV infusion: 25mg/ hour for 2hours may be repeated
every 6-8hours.
Side effects
Skin rash Malaise
Visual disturbance Tachycardia
Gynaecomastia Constipation
Headache Hypersensitivity
Diarrhoea Myalgia
24. Drug interaction
Anti acids may decrease the absorption of ranitidine
Ranitidine may decrease the absorption of
ketoconazole, cefpodoxime, cefuroxime.
Ranitidine may increase the hypoglyceamic effects
of Glipizide.
Ranitidine may interfere with warfarin clearance.
25. PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS (PPIS)
These act by irreversibly binding to and inhibiting the
enzyme H+ /K+ ATpase (proton pump) of the gastric
parietal cells resulting into long lasting but reversible
acid suppression.
Proton pump inhibitors, inhibit gastric acid secretion
more than the H2 receptor antagonist.
Examples
Omeprazole
Lansoprazole
Pantoprazole
Esomeprazole
Rabeprazole
26. 1. OMEPRAZOLE
Preparation
1. Enteric coated Capsules/Tablets 20mg
Pharmacokinetics
It is rapidly but variably absorbed after oral
administration.
Absorption is not affected by food
It is almost completely metabolised in the liver and
80% of the metabolites are excreted mainly in urine
and the rest in feaces.
27. Indications
Peptic ulcers
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
NSAID associated duodenal or gastric ulcer
Gastric acid reduction during anesthesia
Gastro oesophageal reflux disease
Acid related dyspepsia.
Contraindications
Allergy to omeprazole or any other component in
the capsule.
Pregnancy
Lactation
28. Dose
Gastric ulcer or reflux oesophagitis: 20-40mg daily for
4-8weeks.
Duodenal ulcer: 20mg once daily for 4weeks
NSAID associated duodenal or gastric ulcer: 20mg
once daily for 4weeks continued for further 4weeks if
not fully healed.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Initially 60mg once daily,
usual range 20-120mg with doses over 80mg given in 2
divided doses.
Acid related dyspepsia: 20mg once daily for 2-4
weeks.,
Prophylaxis of acid aspiration: 40mg on the proceeding
evening then 40mg 2-6 hrs before surgery.
29. Side effects
Headache Nausea Impotence
Vomiting Flatulence Gynaecomastia
Constipation Abdominal pain
Skin Rashes Dry mouth
Drug interaction
Omeprazole increases the plasma concentration of
diazepam, carbamazepine, digoxin, phenytoin.
It decreases the plasma concentration itraconazole,
ketoconazole, cefpodoxime, cefuroxime, iron salts
and cyanocobalamin.
It may increase the absorption and the potential for
hypoglycaemia of glipizide, tolbutamide.
30. Key issues
Administer before and the capsule should be
swallowed whole without chewing.
Capsules should be used within one month of
opening the package.
Possible malignancy must be excluded prior to
starting treatment to avoid delay of the diagnosis.
Dosage reduction may be required in hepatic
disease.
31. 2. ESOMEPRAZOLE
Preparations: Tablets 20mg, 40mg
Pharmacokinetics
Esomeprazole is a rapidly absorbed following oral
administration .
It is extensively metabolised by the liver and
excreted in the urine and a small percentage in
faeces.
Contraindications
Known hypersensitivity to benzimidazole
Pregnancy
32. Indications
Gastro oesophageal reflux disease
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Peptic ulcer disease
Prevention of relapse of H pylori associated peptic ulcer
Prevention of gastric and duodenal ulcers associated
with NSAID therapy.
Dose
Peptic ulcer disease: Triple therapy regimen 40mg of
esomeprazole once daily amoxicillin 1g twice daily and
clarithromycin 500mg twice daily for 7days
33. Dose cont’d
Gastro esophageal reflux disease: 40mg once daily
for 4-8weeks depending on the response,
maintenance : 20mg daily.
Gastric ulcer associated with NSAID therapy: 20mg
once daily for 4-8weeks.
Side effects
Taste disturbances Headache
Dizziness Abdominal pain
Diarrhoea Skin Rash
Nausea Vomiting
Dry mouth Flatulence
34. Drug interaction
Reduction in gastric acidity due to Esomeprazole
may decrease absorption of ketoconazole,
itraconazole, digoxin and iron.
Key issues
Food delays and decreases the absorption of
Esomeprazole, therefore take it at least 1 hour
before meal.
The tablet should be swallowed whole: do not chew
or crush.
35. 3. LANSOPRAZOLE
Preparations : Capsule 30mg
Pharmacokinetics
It is rapidly absorbed after oral administration,
extensively metabolised in the liver and metabolites
are excreted primarily in faeces via the bile.
Indications
Peptic ulcers
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Gastro oesophageal flux disease
Acid related dyspepsia
Prophylaxis of NSAID associated duodenal and
benign gastric ulcer.
36. Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to Lansoprazole
Breast feeding
Pregnancy
Dose
Benign gastric ulcer: 30mg daily in the morning for
8weeks
Duodenal ulcers: 30mg daily in the morning for
4weeks, maintenance 15mg daily.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Initially 60mg once
daily adjusted according to response to daily dose
of 120mg or more in 2 divided doses.
37. Dose cont’d
Gastro oesophageal reflux disease: 30mg daily in
the morning for 4-8weeks, maintenance: 15-30mg
daily
Acid related dyspepsia: 30mg daily in the morning
for 2-4weeks
Side effects
Abdominal pain Diarrhoea or Constipation
Fatigue Nausea &Vomiting
Dizziness Flatulence & malaise
Headache Skin Rash
Altered appetite Impotence
38. Drug interactions
It may interfere with the absorption of drugs where
gastric PH is an important determinant of
bioavailability such as ketoconazole, itraconazole,
ampicillin, iron salts, digoxin.
Antacid may reduce absorption of Lansoprazole
when given at the same time.
It may also reduce the effect of oral contraceptives,
phenytoin, carbamazepine, warfarin and
theophylline .
39. Key issues to note
Swallow capsule whole without crushing or chewing
For patients un able to swallow, open the capsule and
pour the contents on a tea spoon and swallow
Take the drug after meal
4. RABEPRAZOLE
Preparations
Tablets 20mg
Injection 20mg/ml
Pharmacokinetics
It is rapidly absorbed from the git and is 96% protein
bound .it is extensively metabolised in the liver and
excreted principally in the urine
It crosses the placenta and may enter breast milk.
40. Indications
Peptic ulcers
Gastro oesophageal reflux disease
Helicobacter pylori eradication in combination with
antibiotics
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to rabeprazole
Gastric malignancy
Pregnancy
Lactation.
41. Dose
Benign gastric ulcer: 20mg daily in the morning 6-
12weeks.
Gastro oesophageal reflux disease: 20mg once for
4-8weeks.
Maintenance: 10-20mg daily
Duodenal ulcer: 20mg daily in the morning for 4-
8weeks.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: initially 60mg once
daily adjusted according to the response up to a
max of 60mg twice daily.
Note Children not recommended
42. Dose cont’d
Tripple therapy regimen: Rabeprazole 20mg twice
daily combined with clarithromycin 500mg twice
daily and either amoxicillin 1g twice daily or
metronidazole 400mg twice daily for 7days.
Side effects
Headache Nausea
Abdominal pain Cough
Flatulence Insomnia
Constipation or diarrhoea Dry mouth
Skin rash Anorexia
Influenza-like syndrome Rhinitis
43. Drug interaction
Co-administration of Rabeprazole with ketoconazole
decreases ketoconazole plasma level.
It may increase serum levels and toxicity of
benzodiazepines when given together.
5. PANTOPRAZOLE
Preparation
Tablets 20mg, 40mg
Pharmacokinetics
Pantoprazole is rapidly absorbed from the gastro
intestinal tract and is 98%protein bound.
It is extensively metabolised in the liver and excreted
principally in the urine.
44. Indications
Peptic ulcers
Gastro oesophageal reflux disease
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Prevention of NSAID induced ulcer
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to Pantoprazole
Lactation
Dose
Gastro oesophageal reflux disease: 20mg-40mg
daily in the morning for 4-8weeks. Maintenance:
20-40mgdaily.
45. Dose cont’d
Duodenal ulcer: 40mg daily in the morning for 2-
4weeks
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: initially 80mg once
daily, adjusted according to response.
Elderly: max dose is 40mg daily
Prophylaxis of NSAID associated gastric or
duodenal ulcer :20mg daily.
Benign gastric ulcer: 40mg daily in the morning for
4-8weeks.
Children: not recommended.
46. Side effects
Constipation Dizziness
Pruritus Flatulence
Chest pain Headache
Anxiety Skin rash
Abdominal pain Fatigue
Drug interaction
Pantoprazole may decrease the absorption of
ketoconazole and itraconazole.
47. ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotics are recommended in the treatment of
PUD when H pylori is confirmed.
They are given in triple therapy in combination with
proton pump inhibitors.
Common Abcs used in triple therapy include:
Amoxicillin
Clarithromycin
Metronidazole
Tinidazole
Tetracycline
52. Mode of action
Hyoscine butylbromide exerts a spasmolytic
action on the smoth muscle of the
gastrointestinal, biliary and Genito-urinary tracts.
Indications
Prevention of motion sickness.
Other forms of nausea and vomiting.
Relieve pain of GI spasm (bowel colic).
Premedicant in anaesthesia.
Adjunct in the peptic ulcer disease treatment.
53. Contraindications
Reduced bronchial secretion Megacolon
Closed angle glaucoma Pyloric stenosis
Hypersensitivity Porphyria
Prostatic enlargement
Dose
By mouth
Adults: 20mg 4 times daily
Children: 6-12 years: 10mg 3 times daily
Injection
Adult; IM/IV: 20mg 3-4 times daily.
54. Side effects
Dry mouth Flushing of the skin
Tachycardia Fatigue
Increased intraocular pressure Blurring of vision
Reduced bronchial secretion Constipation
Acute urinary retention Drowsiness
Drug interaction
Additive sedative effects with alcohol or other CNS
depressants.
Concomitant use with dopamine antagonists eg
metoclopramide, may result in diminution of the
effects both drug on the GIT.
55. 2. DROTAVERINE
Preparation
Tablets 40mg, 80mg
Injection 40mg/2m/
Mode of action
It inhibits phosphodiesterase enzyme IV, leading
to elevated intracellular cAMP levels which in turn
leads to relief of spasm thereby relieving the pain.
It also exerts an anti-inflammatory activity similar
to the NSAIDs.
56. Indications
Drotaverine is used as an antispasmodic in the
management of pain associated with:-
Biliary colic
Renal colic
Dysmenorrhoea
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to Drotaverine Porphyria
Pregnancy and lactation
Severe hepatic impairment
Severe renal impairment
Intestinal obstruction
Cardiac insufficiency
57. Dose
Adults: 40mg-80mg 8 hourly prn
Children: >6years; 40mg 8hourly
1-6years; 20mg 8hourly
Side effects
Dizziness
Nausea
Headache
Allergic reaction
Drug interaction
It may decrease the anti-parkinsonian effect of
levodopa, tremors and rigidity may increase.
58. 3. PROPANTHELINE
Preparation
Tablets 15mg
Mode of action
It inhibits GI motility and diminishes gastric acid
secretion.
Indications
Adjunct in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease
Irritable bowel syndrome
Urinary frequency and enuresis (adults)
Pancreatitis.
59. Contraindications
Narrow angle glaucoma.
Obstructive disease of the GI tract.
Chronic lung disease.
Hypersensitivity to the drug.
Bladder neck obstruction due to prostatic
hypertrophy.
Dose
Adults :15mg 3times on hour before meals and 30mg
at night max 120mg daily.
Elderly: 7.5mg 3times daily.
Children: antispasmodic; 2-3mg/kg/day in 3divided
doses.
60. Side effects
Sensitivity to light Thirst
Tachycardia Flushing
Decreased sweating Arrhythmias
Orthostatic hypotension
Blurred vision
Dry mouth with difficult in swallowing
Urinary hesitancy and retention
Increased ocular pressure
Drug interactions: concomitant administration with
tricyclic ant depressants may result in additive anti-
cholinergic effect.
61. • PUD can be acute or chronic, acute PUD may
bleed/perforate without prior symptoms especially
duodenal ulcers
• Chronic PUD develop from acute ulcers that fail to
heal.
THANK YOU FOR
WRITING AND
LISTENING
PUD is break in the epithelial surface of the
esophagus, stomach or duodenum caused by action
of HCL acid secretion or pepsin or both
SSEMUWEMBA FRANK
0706319897/0712319897