Medical ethics provides moral principles to guide medical practice and help doctors make ethical decisions. It ensures doctors respect patient autonomy, do good, avoid harm, and treat people fairly. Key principles have evolved since ancient times through eras like pre-Hippocratic, Hippocratic, and post-World War II. Today, medical ethics continues to modernize through declarations like the Declaration of Geneva to address new bioethical issues from medical advances.
History of bioethics describes the evolution of medical ethics over centuries and the reasons for introduction of various ethical decelerations and codes.
NURSING (as an art)
- Is the art of caring sick and well individual. It refers to the dynamic skills and methods in assisting sick and well individual in their recovery and in the promotion and maintenance of health. It involves the creative application of knowledge in the service of people
NURSING (as a science)
- It is the “body of abstract knowledge” arrived through scientific research and logical analysis
Is the scientific knowledge and skills in assisting individual to achieve optimal health. It is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential problem.
The powerpoint presentation explains evolution of Nursing Profession from Period of Intuitive Nursing to the era of florence Nightingale. The accomplishments of Florence Nightingale in Crimean War
• Death rate decreased drastically
• Established cleanliness and sanitation rules
• Supplied special diets and plenty of food,
• Improved water supply
• Established a reputation which allowed her to improve nursing standards at home.
History of bioethics describes the evolution of medical ethics over centuries and the reasons for introduction of various ethical decelerations and codes.
NURSING (as an art)
- Is the art of caring sick and well individual. It refers to the dynamic skills and methods in assisting sick and well individual in their recovery and in the promotion and maintenance of health. It involves the creative application of knowledge in the service of people
NURSING (as a science)
- It is the “body of abstract knowledge” arrived through scientific research and logical analysis
Is the scientific knowledge and skills in assisting individual to achieve optimal health. It is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential problem.
The powerpoint presentation explains evolution of Nursing Profession from Period of Intuitive Nursing to the era of florence Nightingale. The accomplishments of Florence Nightingale in Crimean War
• Death rate decreased drastically
• Established cleanliness and sanitation rules
• Supplied special diets and plenty of food,
• Improved water supply
• Established a reputation which allowed her to improve nursing standards at home.
At the end of the class the students will be able:
To introduce the History of Development of Nursing Profession.
To discuss Pre-historic Nursing.
To explain in Early Civilization.
To describe Early Christian Era.
To describe Medieval Era.
To discuss Modern Nursing Era.
To discuss History of Nursing in India.
Notwithstanding the unprecedented advances the medical science has achieved, the fundamental value system of it’s practitioners has crumbled to a great extent. The principles and the foundations of the noble profession at present are very shaky and wobbly. The need and greed of lucre is the ‘principal principle’ which seems to be ruling this ‘materialistic’ world. Original guidelines of the Fathers of Medicine seem to be slowly fading away. Therefore it is the necessity in these testing times to introspect deeply and reinvent the vanishing science of ‘Medical Deontology.'
Updated Presentation has been uploaded replete with pertinent examples of the principles to make it more interesting and interactive training session!
History,evaluation,principles and players of bioethics its importance why it is prerequisite to follow ,how to resolve a dilemma which arise during a research and to make considerations in such dilemma
At the end of the class the students will be able:
To introduce the History of Development of Nursing Profession.
To discuss Pre-historic Nursing.
To explain in Early Civilization.
To describe Early Christian Era.
To describe Medieval Era.
To discuss Modern Nursing Era.
To discuss History of Nursing in India.
Notwithstanding the unprecedented advances the medical science has achieved, the fundamental value system of it’s practitioners has crumbled to a great extent. The principles and the foundations of the noble profession at present are very shaky and wobbly. The need and greed of lucre is the ‘principal principle’ which seems to be ruling this ‘materialistic’ world. Original guidelines of the Fathers of Medicine seem to be slowly fading away. Therefore it is the necessity in these testing times to introspect deeply and reinvent the vanishing science of ‘Medical Deontology.'
Updated Presentation has been uploaded replete with pertinent examples of the principles to make it more interesting and interactive training session!
History,evaluation,principles and players of bioethics its importance why it is prerequisite to follow ,how to resolve a dilemma which arise during a research and to make considerations in such dilemma
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Medical ethics
• A system of moral principals that apply values and judgments to the
practice of medicine
• Help the doctor to decide what is morally right
3. Why it is necessary in medicine?
• Doctors are dealing with lives of patients
• They have the power to cure as well as the power to kill
• Ensure highest care to community
• Prevent doctors abusing trust and power
4. Basic principles of medical ethics….
• Respect for autonomy
respect the patients ability to take decisions on behalf of
themselves
• Beneficence
do good
• Non-maleficence
do no harm
• Justice
treat equitably and distribute benefits fairly
6. Pre-Hippocratic Era
• Hindu principles of “respect for all life and the virtues
of honesty, generosity, and hospitality” provided a
firm ethical foundation for medical practice.
• Male doctors were unable to touch female patients according to
examination protocol and hence did not perform obstetrics in ancient
Korea
• Mesopotamian and Egyptian society, women healers practiced medicine.
They provided care based on the belief that “health was associated with
correct living, being at peace with the gods, spirits and the dead; illness
was a matter of imbalance which could be restored to equilibrium by
supplication, spells, magic, empirical practices and rituals.”
• In middle eastern countries physicians believed that they should “practice
for the love of mankind” but also accept appropriate fame and rewards.
7. • In India Caraka Samhita had an oath of initiation similar to the
Hippocratic Oath, but there were some differences : A pupil in Ayurvedic
medicine had to vow to be celibate, to speak the truth, to adhere to a
vegetarian diet, to be free of envy, and never to carry weapons. He was
to obey his master and pledge himself to the relief of his patients, never
abandoning or taking sexual advantage of them. He was not
to treat enemies of the king or
wicked people, and had to desist
from treating women unattended by
their husbands or guardians. The
student had to visit the patient’s
home properly chaperoned, and
respect the confidentiality of all
privileged information pertaining
to the patient and his or her household
8. Hippocratic Era
• shift the focus from class-based medical care to selfless service of
individual patients.
• He introduced the friendly, sympathetic, pleasing and painless treatment
of patients into medical practice
• use his knowledge and craft “in a pure and holy way” to succour his
patients and “keep them from harm and injustice.”
• The prohibitions against euthanasia, abortion, cutting for stone, sexual
misconduct and breaking patient confidentiality signal the types of
problems that practitioners faced.
• They also indicate the behaviour that was expected of a student of the
art of Hippocratic medicine and his commitment to personal and
professional good conduct.
9. • The Nazi physicians performed brutal medical
experiments upon helpless concentration camp
inmates. These acts of torture were
characterized by several shocking features: (1)
persons were forced to become subjects in very
dangerous studies against their will; (2) nearly
all subjects endured incredible suffering,
mutilation, and indescribable pain; and (3) the
experiments often were deliberately designed
to terminate in a fatal outcome for their victims.
World War II
10. Tuberculosis Experiments: Injected live
tubercle bacilli into the subjects' lungs to
immunize against TB
Sulfanilamide Experiments: Wartime wounds
were recreated and inflicted on healthy Jews
designated to be treated by the new drug.
Sea Water Experiments: given unaltered sea
water and sea water whose taste was
camouflaged as their sole source of fluid.
High Altitude Experiments:
Dissect several of the victims'
brains, while they were still
alive, to demonstrate that high
altitude sickness
Freezing Experiments: Prisoners
were immersed into tanks of ice
water
11. Medical ethics today
• The Hippocratic Oath was modernized in 1948 and was named the
declaration of Geneva. It was further amended in Sydney in 1968 and
Stockholm in 1994.
• This provides the basis for The International Code of Medical
Ethics(ICME).
• The ICME describes medical ethics in terms of duties of physician in
general, duties of physicians to patients and duties of physicians to
colleagues.
12. New concepts
• Bioethics
Deals with typically controversial ethical issues emerging from new
situations arising due to advances in medicine.