An academic-based drug information center uses a systematic approach to effectively answer questions from healthcare professionals. The approach involves 7 steps: 1) securing requestor demographics, 2) obtaining background information, 3) determining the ultimate question, 4) developing a search strategy, 5) evaluating and analyzing information, 6) formulating a response, and 7) following up and documenting. Key factors considered in responses include patient characteristics, disease factors, and medication properties. The center's role is to provide evidence-based answers to optimize patient care and promote rational drug use.
Patient counselling, Steps involved in patient counseling, need of counselling, Special cases that require the pharmacist, Patient counseling, Assessment and Monitoring of Counselling, counseling, Definition of patient counseling
Drug Information Services, Drug information Sources, Illegal DIC, Drug Information Bulletin, Classification of scientific literature, services offered bu drug information services
Slides includes ADR monitoring process, Safety reporting, what is pharmacovigilance, types of ADR, basic terms in ADR monitoring, what is PvPI in India, role. stakeholders, ADR reporting form, Apps, Role of community Pharmacist in ADR monitoring, Importance of ADR monitoring, etc.
Patient counselling, Steps involved in patient counseling, need of counselling, Special cases that require the pharmacist, Patient counseling, Assessment and Monitoring of Counselling, counseling, Definition of patient counseling
Drug Information Services, Drug information Sources, Illegal DIC, Drug Information Bulletin, Classification of scientific literature, services offered bu drug information services
Slides includes ADR monitoring process, Safety reporting, what is pharmacovigilance, types of ADR, basic terms in ADR monitoring, what is PvPI in India, role. stakeholders, ADR reporting form, Apps, Role of community Pharmacist in ADR monitoring, Importance of ADR monitoring, etc.
REVIEWING THE CLINICIANS PRESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT PROGRESSION IS THE FUNDAMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY OF PHARMACIST. THIS PRESENTATION WILL DEAL WITH VARIOUS ASPECTS OF REVIEWING PATIENT DRUGTHERAPY PLAN
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pharmacy, functions and
responsibilities of clinical pharmacist, Drug therapy monitoring - medication chart
review, clinical review
Introduction to daily activities of clinical pharmacist.
Drug therapy monitoring,
Medication chart review
Clinical Progress
Pharmacist intervention
Detection and management of ADRs
Patient counselling ,steps of patient ppunseling,communication skill in patie...MerrinJoseph1
Dr.Merrin,Joseph,Department of pharmacy practice,Community Pharmacy , Pharm D Second year, patient counseling,definition,outcome/scope of patient counseling,steps in patient counseling,communication skill in patient couseling,verbal skills and non-verbal skills.
REVIEWING THE CLINICIANS PRESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT PROGRESSION IS THE FUNDAMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY OF PHARMACIST. THIS PRESENTATION WILL DEAL WITH VARIOUS ASPECTS OF REVIEWING PATIENT DRUGTHERAPY PLAN
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pharmacy, functions and
responsibilities of clinical pharmacist, Drug therapy monitoring - medication chart
review, clinical review
Introduction to daily activities of clinical pharmacist.
Drug therapy monitoring,
Medication chart review
Clinical Progress
Pharmacist intervention
Detection and management of ADRs
Patient counselling ,steps of patient ppunseling,communication skill in patie...MerrinJoseph1
Dr.Merrin,Joseph,Department of pharmacy practice,Community Pharmacy , Pharm D Second year, patient counseling,definition,outcome/scope of patient counseling,steps in patient counseling,communication skill in patient couseling,verbal skills and non-verbal skills.
It is defined as knowledge of fact through reading, study or practical experience on chemical substance that is used in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases.
It covers all type of information including; objective and subjective information as well as information gathered by scientific observation or practical experience.
The Role of the Pharmacist in Patient Care (Book Review)clinicsoncology
Most people on the outside of the health care profession are not familiar with this new role of the pharmacist. The general public has created a stereotypical pharmacist’s picture as being a person who stands behind a counter, dispenses medicine with some instructions to the respective consumer. Pharmacy practice has changed substantially in recent years.
The Role of the Pharmacist in Patient Care (Book Review)pateldrona
Most people on the outside of the health care profession are not familiar with this new role of the pharmacist. The general public has created a stereotypical pharmacist’s picture as being a person who stands behind a counter, dispenses medicine with some instructions to the respective consumer. Pharmacy practice has changed substantially in recent years.
The Role of the Pharmacist in Patient Care (Book Review)komalicarol
Patient Care; Patient Compliance; Patient Counseling; Extemporaneous
Prescription Compounding; Framework for Medication Safety; Patient
Behavior; Patient Education; Patient-Provider Relationship; Patient Relationship Management; Patient Problem Solving and Preventive Care;
Pharmacovigilance; Patient Safety; Pharmaco-Economics; Long-term
Care; Community Liaison Pharmacists in Home Care; Pharmacists in
Ambulatory Care; Critical Care Pharmacists; Rational Use of Drugs; Surgical Dressing; Medication Risk Management; Medication History Taking and Reconciliation; Drug Related Problems; Medication Reconciliation; Palliative and Hospice Car
The Indo-American Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology of the journal uses recommended electronic formats for submitting articles, which helps speed up the overall process.Once an article is submitted, it undergoes an initial rapid screening by the editors of the Scopus indexing Journal.
Advanced pharmaceutical care and anti microbial resistanceMINANI Theobald
microbial resistance is one of the among challenging problem in the word that is the reasons why we have to apply antimicrobial resistance (antibacterial , antiviral and other parasite resistance). this will achieved via providing good pharmaceutical care and handling well anti-microbe drugs .
all health care providers and patients globally need to care about the special issues of microbe resistance resistance by proper and necessary of of drug, controlling well infection,. this will involve avoiding the microbe transmitting resistant strain between them and phenotypically changing their structures further affecting target site of drug and permeabilty
Pharmacy orientation Gp A Evening Batch 2021Tehmina Adnan
a. Introduction and orientation to the Profession of Pharmacy in relation to Hospital Pharmacy, Retail Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy, Forensic Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical education and research etc
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
1. By Million N( B pharm, pediatric
clinical pharmacist) 2015.
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
2. Objectives
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
After completing this chapter, the reader will be able to;-
1. Define the term drug information, ( INTRODUCTION).
2. Describe the importance of drug information centers in the evolution of
pharmacy practice.
3. Identify the services provided by drug information centers.
4. Identify medication information functions performed by individual
pharmacists.
5. Describe the skills needed by pharmacists to perform medication
information functions.
6. Identify major factors that have influenced the ability of pharmacists to
provide medication information.
7. Describe practice opportunities for a medication information specialist.
3. Course out lines
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
Chapter -1
Introduction to the Concept of Medication Information
Chapter -2
4. Introduction
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
The provision of medication information is among the most
fundamental responsibilities of pharmacists.
The information may be either patient specific, as an integral
part of pharmaceutical care, or relative to a group of patients,
The pharmacist can serve as;-
a resource for issues regarding cost-effective medication selection and
use,
medication policy decisions (drug benefits),
medication information resource selection, or practice-related issues
5. @ milla, AAU, Black lion
The pharmacist can serve as a resource for issues
regarding cost-effective medication selection and
use, medication policy decisions (drug benefits),
medication information resource selection, or
practice-related issues.
Medication information opportunities are developing
and expanding with changes in the health care
environment.
6. @ milla, AAU, Black lion
With national efforts to expand access to care while reducing
health care cost, the advent of consumerism, and the
integration of new technologies, medication information
opportunities are growing in several areas including;
managed care organizations,
pharmaceutical industry,
medical and specialty care clinics,
scientific writing and medical communication companies,
and the insurance industry.
7. Beginning
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
The term drug information developed in the early 1960s when
used in conjunction with the words center and specialist.
In 1962, the first drug information center was opened at
the University of Kentucky Medical Center.
From that date on;- An area separated from the pharmacy was
dedicated to provide drug information.
8. DRUG INFORMATION
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
Drug literature is growing rapidly in size.
It is also increasingly complex, i.e., interdisciplinary and
interprofessional in nature.
Thus, drug information ‘sprawls
across’ many professional journals of the most varied
types.
Its effective use by the practitioner offers many
difficulties.”
Competent evaluation of masses of drug information is
particularly necessary.
9. The center was to be;
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
a source of selected, comprehensive drug information,
Place for staff physicians and dentists to evaluate and compare
drugs,
to provide for the drug information needs of nurses,
Place for education of health professional students including
medicine, dentistry, nursing, and pharmacy.
A stated goal was to influence pharmacy students in developing their
role as drug consultants.
10. @ milla, AAU, Black lion
Several other drug information centers were established shortly
thereafter,
Different approaches to provide drug information services included ;-
decentralizing pharmacists in the hospital,
offering a clinical consultation service, and providing services for
ageographic area through a regional center.
The individual responsible for operation of the center was called the
drug information specialist.
11. DIC
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
The term drug information may have different meanings to
different people depending on the context in which it is used.
If asked to define this term, one could describe it as printed
information in a reference or verbalized by an individual that
pertains to medications.
which include the following;- personnels are;-
• Specialist/practitioner/pharmacist/provider
• Center/service/practice
• Functions/skills
12. Definition
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
It is an academic-based drug information center,
a unit operated under the faculty of medicine
within the therapeutic committee.
The provision of medication information is among
the most fundamental responsibilities of
pharmacists.
13. @ milla, AAU, Black lion
the term medication information is used in place of drug
information to convey the management and use of information on
medication therapy and to signify the broader role that all
pharmacists take in information provision.
Drug informatics is another term used to describe the evolving roles
of the medication information specialist.
Drug informatics emphasizes the use of technology as an integral
tool
in effectively organizing, analyzing, and managing information on
medication use in patients.
14. DIC personnel's
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
Drug information pharmacists working in centers appear
to be better trained than those in the past and a larger
percentage have a doctor of pharmacy degree.
More are clinically trained
They are top class academically
Computer training was the center of services
Always ready for change educationally
Member of therapy committee
15. @ milla, AAU, Black lion
All pharmacists must be effective medication information providers
regardless of their practice.
an effective provider;-
perceives, assesses, and evaluates medication information needs
and
retrieves, evaluates, communicates, and applies data from the
published literature and other sources as an integral component of
patient care.
Developing the skills of an effective medication information provider
is the
foundation for the pharmacist to be a lifelong learner and problem
solver.
16. FROM CENTERS TO PRACTITIONERS
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Among deficiencies in the health care system, one is the
unavailability of adequate information for those who consume,
prescribe, dispense and administer drugs.
This deficiency has resulted in inappropriate drug use and an
unacceptable frequency of drug-induced disease.
Pharmacists are seen as health professionals who could make an
important contribution to the health care system of the future by
providing information about drugs to consumers and health
professionals.
Education and training of pharmacists now and in the future must be
developed to meet these important responsibilities.
17. @ milla, AAU, Black lion
Pharmacists involved in patient care areas (e.g.,
hospitals, clinics, long-term care, and home health
care) now frequently answer drug information
questions.
Over time, the activity of the pharmacist as a
medication expert for patients has gained
acceptance in a variety of practice settings including
community pharmacies, nursing
homes, and primary and specialty practices in
medicine.
18. Missionfunctions of DI
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
Toincrease the community knowledge and
awareness about drug and drug usage.
Promote rational drug use at individual
level,
19. Role
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
DIC is a service that answers questions
for healthcare professionals who take
care of patients, including referring
physicians…..
20. @ milla, AAU, Black lion
For poison control
For pharmaceutical industry( scope)
For academia( curriculum set)
For scientific writing and medical communication
21. Types of DIstions ?
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
Drug availability
Drug identification
Drug therapy and efficacy
Investigational drugs
Side effects and adverse effects
Drug dosage and administration
Drug interactions
22. Cont.
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Drug use during pregnancy and while breastfeeding
IV compatibility and stability
Pharmacokinetics
Toxicology
Alternative medications and natural products
23. Services
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
1
• Provision of drug information and supporting
documentation to questions posed by health care
practitioners
2
• Provision of consultative services in various areas
3
• Participation in pharmacology-related research
24. EDUCATING FOR THE NEED
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
The education of pharmacists continues to evolve in scope and
depth.
Many areas identified as needed by the drug (medication)
information specialist are now incorporated into pharmacy curricula
and taught to all pharmacists.
There were several key concepts that were developed;-
I. drug information should be a required component of the
pharmacy curriculum,
II. drug information concepts and skills should be spread throughout
the curriculum, beginning the day students enter pharmacy school,
III. problem solving should be a major technique in drug information
education,
25. Ethical considerations in DIC
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
All pharmacists provide drug information and must
address the ethical dilemmas that arise
in the course of providing this service. Such
dilemmas may arise in a wide variety of settings
and circumstances where pharmacy is practiced.
26. Legal Issues
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
Negligence
Confidentiality
Data protection Act 1998
Human Rights Act 1998
Freedom of Information Act 2000
Consent
Unlicensed medicines (Medicines Act 1968)
Copyright
28. Diallemas
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1. The community pharmacist requested by a patient at the counter to
critique another
health care provider’s recommendations.
2. The hospital practitioner asked to provide information that might be used
to speed the ending of a terminal patient’s life.
3. The drug information specialist confronted by a physician, or an
administrator, pressuring for a certain formulary recommendation .
4. without such legal requirements omits all safety information for
reimbursement of insurance.
5. who finds workload demands to be an impossible( barrier) to providing
more than the minimum, legally required information.
6. The pharmacist working in industry, who is asked to prepare two versions
of a consumer product promotion
37. Other Sources
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
Information from the public and hospitals about the
Adverse effects of any drug.
Local drug lists
National Formularies
Hospital Formularies
Internet
38. Contact
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Internet (request form - Email)
Phone
Fill request form in center
40. Chapter 2
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Approach to Answering Questions
Pharmacists are asked to provide responses to a variety of
drug information questions everyday.
While the type of requestor, query, and setting can vary,
the process of formulating responses remains constant.
41. @ milla, AAU, Black lion
An essential component within pharmacy practice is the
ability to effectively answer questions posed by health
care professionals and the lay public.
presented a systematic approach for responding to drug
information requests.
The systematic approach comprised of five steps,
42. SYSTEMATIC APPROACH (1975)
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
Step I. Classification of the request
Step II. Obtaining background information
Step III. Systematic search
Step IV. Response
Step V. Reclassification
These approaches can be applied in any area while
practicing pharmacy, including;-
community pharmacy,
pharmaceutical industry,
institutional pharmacy management, as well as general application in
any type of professional consultation.
43. modified systematic approach,
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
Step I. Secure demographics of requestor
Step II. Obtain background information
Step III. Determine and categorize ultimate question
Step IV. Develop strategy and conduct search
Step V. Perform evaluation, analysis, and synthesis
Step VI. Formulate and provide response
Step VII. Conduct follow-up and documentation
44. @ milla, AAU, Black lion
accept the initial question and secure requestor demographics.
Why is the requestor asking for this information?
By;-
The requestor’s name
The requestor’s location and/or pager number
The requestor’s affiliation (institution or practice) if a health care professional
The requestor’s frame of reference (i.e., title, profession or occupation, and
rank)
The resources that the requestor already consulted
Whether the request is patient specific or academic
The patient’s diagnosis, other medications, and pertinent medical information
The urgency of the request (i.e., negotiate the time response)
45. @ milla, AAU, Black lion
Formulating a response involves a series of steps that
must be performed completely, objectively, and in a
logical sequence.
The steps in this process include ;-
assembling and organizing a patient database,
gathering information about relevant disease states,
collecting medication information,
obtaining pertinent background information, and
identifying other relevant factors and special
circumstances
46. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN FORMULATING A RESPONSE
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
Patient Factors
Demographics (e.g., name, age, height, weight, gender, race/ethnic group, and
setting)
Primary diagnosis and medical problem list
Allergies/intolerances
End-organ function, immune function, nutritional status
Chief complaint
History of present illness
Past medical history (including surgeries, radiation exposure, immunizations,
psychiatric illnesses,and so forth)
Family history and genetic makeup
Social history (e.g., alcohol intake, smoking, substance abuse, exposure to
environmental or occupational toxins, employment, income, education, religion, travel,
diet, physical activity, stress, risky behavior, and compliance with treatment regimen)
Review of body systems
Medications (prescribed, over-the-counter, and complementary/alternative)
Physical examination
Laboratory tests
Diagnostic studies or procedures
47. @ milla, AAU, Black lion
Disease Factors
Definition
Epidemiology (including incidence and prevalence)
Etiology
Pathophysiology (for infectious diseases, consider site of infection,
organism susceptibility, resistance
patterns, and so forth)
Clinical findings (signs and symptoms, laboratory tests, diagnostic
studies)∗
Diagnosis
Treatment (medical, surgical, radiation, biologic and gene therapies,
other)
Prevention and control
Risk factors
Complications
Prognosis
48. @ milla, AAU, Black lion
Medication Factors
Name of medication or substance (proprietary, nonproprietary, other)
Status and availability (investigational, over-the-counter, prescription,
orphan, foreign,
complementary/alternative)
Physicochemical properties
Pharmacology and pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics (liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism,
and elimination)
Pharmacogenetics
Uses (Food and Drug Administration [FDA] approved and unlabeled)
Adverse effects
Allergy
Cross-allergenicity or cross-reactivity
49. Process
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
First:
All inquiries to the DIC are documented and
responses are indexed and filed.
Second:
When contacting the DIC, the following information
is requested
1) Contact information
2) Actual question and the underlying reason
3) Background information
4) When the verbal/written response is needed
50. Steps in Answering:
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
Classification of question
Background Information
Search of literature
Preparation of Response or answer
51. Steps in Answering:
@ milla, AAU, Black lion
Step 1: Secure Demographics of Requestor
Step 2: Obtain Background Information
Step 3:Determine and Categorize the Ultimate Question
Step 4:Develop Strategy and Conduct Search
Step 5:Perform Evaluation, Analysis, and Synthesis
Step 6:Formulate and Provide Response
Step 7:Conduct Follow-Up and Documentation