Water use efficiency (WUE) refers to the amount of plant material produced per unit of water used and can be measured at the leaf, plant, or ecosystem level. There are several approaches to measuring WUE including gravimetric methods, gas exchange measurements, carbon isotope discrimination analysis, and considerations of irrigation aspects. Higher WUE occurs when stomatal conductance and photosynthesis are lowest, ambient water vapor concentration is higher, leaf temperature is lower, or ambient CO2 concentration is increased. Studies have used relationships between WUE and carbon isotope discrimination to identify genotypes in crops like groundnuts and understand genetic control of WUE in plants like sunflower under drought conditions.
Canopy management for water use efficiency in fruit crops Asish Benny
Canopy management techniques like pruning, training, dwarf rootstocks, and high density planting can improve water use efficiency in fruit crops. Pruning and training increase light interception and photosynthesis while reducing total transpiration. Dwarf rootstocks develop enhanced water deficits which reduce growth but increase water use efficiency. High density planting maximizes canopy and light interception leading to higher yields and water use efficiency. These techniques optimize crop productivity while improving resistance to water stress.
Methods and technologies to improve efficiency of water useDamion Lawrence
This document discusses methods and technologies to improve water use efficiency. It notes that competition for freshwater supplies will require maximizing productivity per unit of water consumed rather than land area. Broad systems approaches are needed to optimize irrigation based on factors like water delivery, rainfall, crop needs, soil, and weather. Water can be conserved by reducing evaporation and transpiration and minimizing unusable losses. Agricultural advances will include more efficient irrigation technologies, higher value crops that use less water, and drought-tolerant alternatives. Both agricultural and non-agricultural users will need to cooperate and compromise to adopt more conservative water use approaches.
Cooperation for sustainability of water & culture_Sandeep Joshi_2013India Water Portal
This document discusses several case studies of water sustainability issues in India and opportunities for conservation. The first case study describes sewage ingress polluting the 6,00,000 year old Lonar Lake in Maharashtra. The second examines the failure of sewage treatment plants to protect the Mula-Mutha River from 1,200 MLD of discharge from urban and industrial growth near Pune. The third reviews plans to increase the water level of the Almatti Dam on the Krishna River which could flood areas in neighboring districts. The document advocates an integrated ecosystem approach and improving infrastructure to reduce freshwater demand and pollution through water reuse.
1) The document discusses the concepts of irrigation efficiency and water productivity, noting important distinctions in their definitions, scales of analysis, and limitations.
2) It provides an example from Zhanghe Irrigation District in China where improvements to both on-farm water management and water allocation policies led to increased water productivity while maintaining agricultural output.
3) Key lessons are that strategies to improve water management need to consider perspectives of different water user groups and potential impacts at broader basin scales, and that multiple indicators of water productivity are needed to fully understand complex agricultural systems and trade-offs.
Technical Seminar “Water Efficiency, Water Productivity, Water Saving" NENAwaterscarcity
Technical Seminar “Water Efficiency, Water Productivity, Water Saving" , by: Pasquale Steduto
This topic is part of the Water Scarcity initiative (WSI)’s debate to clarify the confusion between concepts and terminologies related to water management that impede sustainability of this natural resource. FAO tries with the WSI to open the discussions on water allocation and water accounting.
Water use efficiency (WUE) refers to the amount of plant material produced per unit of water used and can be measured at the leaf, plant, or ecosystem level. There are several approaches to measuring WUE including gravimetric methods, gas exchange measurements, carbon isotope discrimination analysis, and considerations of irrigation aspects. Higher WUE occurs when stomatal conductance and photosynthesis are lowest, ambient water vapor concentration is higher, leaf temperature is lower, or ambient CO2 concentration is increased. Studies have used relationships between WUE and carbon isotope discrimination to identify genotypes in crops like groundnuts and understand genetic control of WUE in plants like sunflower under drought conditions.
Canopy management for water use efficiency in fruit crops Asish Benny
Canopy management techniques like pruning, training, dwarf rootstocks, and high density planting can improve water use efficiency in fruit crops. Pruning and training increase light interception and photosynthesis while reducing total transpiration. Dwarf rootstocks develop enhanced water deficits which reduce growth but increase water use efficiency. High density planting maximizes canopy and light interception leading to higher yields and water use efficiency. These techniques optimize crop productivity while improving resistance to water stress.
Methods and technologies to improve efficiency of water useDamion Lawrence
This document discusses methods and technologies to improve water use efficiency. It notes that competition for freshwater supplies will require maximizing productivity per unit of water consumed rather than land area. Broad systems approaches are needed to optimize irrigation based on factors like water delivery, rainfall, crop needs, soil, and weather. Water can be conserved by reducing evaporation and transpiration and minimizing unusable losses. Agricultural advances will include more efficient irrigation technologies, higher value crops that use less water, and drought-tolerant alternatives. Both agricultural and non-agricultural users will need to cooperate and compromise to adopt more conservative water use approaches.
Cooperation for sustainability of water & culture_Sandeep Joshi_2013India Water Portal
This document discusses several case studies of water sustainability issues in India and opportunities for conservation. The first case study describes sewage ingress polluting the 6,00,000 year old Lonar Lake in Maharashtra. The second examines the failure of sewage treatment plants to protect the Mula-Mutha River from 1,200 MLD of discharge from urban and industrial growth near Pune. The third reviews plans to increase the water level of the Almatti Dam on the Krishna River which could flood areas in neighboring districts. The document advocates an integrated ecosystem approach and improving infrastructure to reduce freshwater demand and pollution through water reuse.
1) The document discusses the concepts of irrigation efficiency and water productivity, noting important distinctions in their definitions, scales of analysis, and limitations.
2) It provides an example from Zhanghe Irrigation District in China where improvements to both on-farm water management and water allocation policies led to increased water productivity while maintaining agricultural output.
3) Key lessons are that strategies to improve water management need to consider perspectives of different water user groups and potential impacts at broader basin scales, and that multiple indicators of water productivity are needed to fully understand complex agricultural systems and trade-offs.
Technical Seminar “Water Efficiency, Water Productivity, Water Saving" NENAwaterscarcity
Technical Seminar “Water Efficiency, Water Productivity, Water Saving" , by: Pasquale Steduto
This topic is part of the Water Scarcity initiative (WSI)’s debate to clarify the confusion between concepts and terminologies related to water management that impede sustainability of this natural resource. FAO tries with the WSI to open the discussions on water allocation and water accounting.
This document discusses resource efficiency and sustainable water management. It focuses on ways to improve water use efficiency in agriculture. Some key points discussed include:
1) Improving irrigation efficiency through converting open channels to pressurized pipes can save significant amounts of water. More efficient irrigation systems like drip irrigation are being adopted across Europe.
2) Modifying agricultural practices such as choosing drought-resistant crops, adjusting cropping calendars, and deficit irrigation can reduce water requirements for irrigation.
3) Improving the timing of irrigation to closely match crop water demand enables farmers to apply water more efficiently. Advisory services help inform farmers about irrigation needs.
IRJET- Aquaponics Agriculture For Large Scale Irrigation SystemIRJET Journal
This document discusses modifying conventional canal irrigation systems to implement large-scale aquaponics agriculture. It proposes that the main canal could serve as an aquaculture system while the irrigation fields serve as a hydroponics system. Nutrient-rich water from fish in the main canal would be discharged to the fields. After plant uptake, the water would be collected and recirculated back to the main canal with water quality control. This would allow large-scale aquaponics agriculture using an existing irrigation infrastructure while overcoming limitations of small-scale systems. The goal is to help more people understand aquaponics concepts and apply them at a commercial scale.
Water productivity is defined as crop yield per cubic meter of water consumed and includes effective rainfall for rain-fed areas and both rainfall and diverted irrigation water for irrigated areas. Approaches for improving water productivity include replacing high water crops with lower water crops, adopting management improvements to increase productivity per unit of water, and reallocating water from low to high value crops. Water use efficiency refers to the ratio of water used by plants to water lost through transpiration, while water use efficiency of productivity is the ratio of biomass produced to transpiration rate.
This document discusses limitations of end-of-pipe stormwater management and examines opportunities to take a more integrated biogeochemical approach. It highlights that structural BMPs have variable performance and high costs, and don't effectively treat all pollutants. Taking a multiple barrier approach moving treatment upstream through low impact design and source control can help address these issues. Understanding biogeochemical processes involved in urban watersheds provides insights on improving stormwater management strategies.
SDG target 6.4: water use efficiency and water stress indicatorsFAO
The document discusses indicators for monitoring progress on SDG Target 6.4 related to water use efficiency and scarcity. It describes the definitions, methods of computation, data needs and interpretation for two indicators - 6.4.1 on change in water use efficiency over time, and 6.4.2 on level of water stress as measured by freshwater withdrawals as a proportion of available resources. Key challenges for implementation include collecting necessary sectoral water use and economic data at national and sub-national levels over time. FAO can provide support through building on existing data collection efforts, working with countries to progressively improve monitoring systems, and compiling global data sets.
IRJET- A Review of Feasibility of Use of Duckweed for Treatment of Sludge...IRJET Journal
The document reviews the feasibility of using duckweed (Lemna minor) for sludge water treatment. It summarizes several studies that examined duckweed's nutrient removal efficiency from different wastewaters. One study found duckweed was most effective at removing nutrients from municipal wastewater, removing over 75% of nutrients tested. However, another study found that duckweed did not significantly improve the treatment efficiency of a municipal wastewater system. The document concludes that duckweed systems can effectively treat wastewater and remove nutrients to produce secondary effluent, but land area requirements and lack of winter growth may limit their widespread use. Nitrogen removal requires supplemental aeration in duckweed ponds.
This document discusses multifunctional governance and water rights in irrigation systems. It describes how irrigation systems provide multiple functions beyond just agriculture, including domestic water supply, fisheries, recreation, and more. Effective governance of these complex systems requires balancing the needs of different stakeholders and prioritizing functions. Irrigation and drainage networks must be managed to achieve balanced objectives and long-term sustainability for the many users of water resources in the area.
Prasad Modak Presentation at First Multistakholder WorkshopEkonnect
Strategic Action Planning for Revival of Bangalore Lakes outlines challenges facing the city's lakes. Rapid urbanization led to increased land and infrastructure needs, resulting in loss of forest cover. Untreated sewage, waste and industrial runoff pollute lakes. Encroachments changed land use and interrupted connecting channels. A coordinated, long-term strategic plan is needed to address issues from a watershed perspective using modern tools. Community involvement and innovative financing models are crucial for conservation.
Gray vs. Green: The Role of Watershed-scale Green Infrastructure Systems for ...Mcrpc Staff
This document discusses the role of green infrastructure systems for managing wastewater at a watershed scale. It begins by outlining the historical patterns of water movement through uplands and lowlands, and how contemporary development has reversed these patterns. It then describes various green infrastructure strategies that can replicate natural hydrology, including green roofs, porous pavements, bio-retention systems, rainwater harvesting, wastewater recycling, and native landscaping. The document provides examples of these strategies and concludes by discussing a new paradigm in wastewater treatment using lagoons and floating mats of bacteria to polish wastewater in a low-cost, low-energy manner.
This document discusses increasing agricultural water productivity. It notes that with population growth and increasing water demand, more food must be produced using less water. Improving water productivity through strategies like water savings and more efficient uses can help meet this challenge. The document then outlines various ways to increase water productivity, such as for crops, livestock, fisheries, and integrated systems. It also discusses how increased water productivity can help reduce poverty through improved food security, employment, and income opportunities.
The document discusses Peoria, Illinois' stream buffer ordinance. It defines a stream buffer as a protective, forested strip of land along both sides of a stream. Benefits of stream buffers include erosion control, flood management, water quality protection, and aesthetic and recreational value. Peoria developed its ordinance due to problems like unstable slopes and floodplain encroachment. The ordinance requires a 30-50 foot vegetated buffer on each side of streams and includes the 100-year floodplain. It allows for traditional compliance with buffer zones or alternative compliance through other conservation methods. The ordinance has led to reforestation of buffer areas and enforcement through fines for violations.
This document summarizes a project that evaluated strategies for agricultural water conservation in the Colorado River Basin. The project had four objectives: 1) Evaluate available conservation technology; 2) Identify legal, economic, and social barriers; 3) Strategize with producers and managers to overcome barriers; and 4) Share findings. Case studies were conducted on innovative collaboration programs. Meetings with producers explored barriers like "use it or lose it" laws. The project concluded that one-size-fits-all solutions are unlikely, and that addressing institutional and economic barriers can benefit farmers and help sustain agriculture in the basin.
Resilience in working agricultural landscapeaawiti
This document discusses evidence of regime shifts in agroecosystems. It presents research on identifying and measuring regime shifts through changes in soil properties, vegetation patterns, and aquatic ecosystems over time. The research uses control-impact pairs, spectral analysis, and other methods to establish baseline conditions and measure changes in soil organic carbon, infiltration rates, primary productivity, and aquatic species composition. The goal is to advance understanding of agroecosystem resilience and develop diagnostic tools to monitor soil health and anticipate management needs to maintain structure and function of agroecosystems.
Agriculture Water Productivity "A Tool for Modernizing Irrigation and Water Management", World Bank, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
IRJET - Study About Flood Control by Underground Water Tank in Bori Gosavi Vi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using underground water tanks for flood control in Bori Gosavi Village. The study investigated using underground tanks to store flood water which can then be used for drinking water and irrigation. Key points:
1) Underground water tanks were proposed to store flood water and reduce flood impacts on the local community.
2) Stored water would be treated and used for drinking water as well as irrigation during drought periods to improve water security.
3) The methodology involved site selection, surveys, discharge calculations, population forecasting, tank and canal design, and evaluating supply of stored water for irrigation.
1. The document examines water usage and potential sources for agricultural irrigation in western New York, focusing on Genesee and Orleans counties.
2. It analyzes data from various sources on current irrigation practices and water sources. Most irrigation water comes from run-of-river sources but the New York State Barge Canal could potentially provide more reliable water.
3. The study aims to better quantify water usage and balance to determine if there is excess water available to expand irrigation or if current usage meets existing agricultural demand.
The document discusses low impact development (LID) techniques that aim to minimize impacts of land development on water systems and replicate natural hydrologic functions. It describes LID as a hydrology-based approach that reflects ecosystem functions through decentralized stormwater management practices. It provides examples of LID techniques like conservation plans, minimizing impervious surfaces, maintaining natural flow paths, and using integrated practices like bioretention and permeable surfaces.
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of climate change and land use change on water resources and food security in the Pangani River Basin in Tanzania. Researchers found that between 1987 and 2010, land used for cultivation increased while forest and grassland decreased. Hydrological modeling showed this decreased average river flows. Climate change is also projected to decrease stream flows by 5.3% by 2060, increasing unmet water demands. Water scarcity threatens livelihoods and food security in the basin. The study recommends integrated water resource management, efficient irrigation, and capacity building to help adapt to these challenges.
Triple Green-Agricultural Management Interventions for a New Green RevolutionSIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
1) The document discusses an integrated approach to improve the management of agricultural drainage channels in the Western Lake Erie Basin. It aims to design channels that provide drainage while reducing downstream water quality impacts.
2) The project will quantify sediment and nutrient retention within alternative channel designs over time and space. It will also evaluate the ecosystem services provided by analyzing soil microbiota.
3) Educational activities will be conducted to enhance knowledge of innovative channel practices among students and stakeholders.
Land drainage systems are necessary to remove excess water from agricultural lands and make them suitable for crop growth. There are several types of drainage systems, including open/surface drainage ditches, buried pipe drainage systems, vertical wells/pits, and mole drains formed by pulling a solid object through soil. Proper drainage is important for reclaiming waterlogged soils, improving soil structure, providing aeration, and allowing farm operations. Drainage systems must be designed based on soil type, rainfall, water table depth, and other local conditions.
This document discusses resource efficiency and sustainable water management. It focuses on ways to improve water use efficiency in agriculture. Some key points discussed include:
1) Improving irrigation efficiency through converting open channels to pressurized pipes can save significant amounts of water. More efficient irrigation systems like drip irrigation are being adopted across Europe.
2) Modifying agricultural practices such as choosing drought-resistant crops, adjusting cropping calendars, and deficit irrigation can reduce water requirements for irrigation.
3) Improving the timing of irrigation to closely match crop water demand enables farmers to apply water more efficiently. Advisory services help inform farmers about irrigation needs.
IRJET- Aquaponics Agriculture For Large Scale Irrigation SystemIRJET Journal
This document discusses modifying conventional canal irrigation systems to implement large-scale aquaponics agriculture. It proposes that the main canal could serve as an aquaculture system while the irrigation fields serve as a hydroponics system. Nutrient-rich water from fish in the main canal would be discharged to the fields. After plant uptake, the water would be collected and recirculated back to the main canal with water quality control. This would allow large-scale aquaponics agriculture using an existing irrigation infrastructure while overcoming limitations of small-scale systems. The goal is to help more people understand aquaponics concepts and apply them at a commercial scale.
Water productivity is defined as crop yield per cubic meter of water consumed and includes effective rainfall for rain-fed areas and both rainfall and diverted irrigation water for irrigated areas. Approaches for improving water productivity include replacing high water crops with lower water crops, adopting management improvements to increase productivity per unit of water, and reallocating water from low to high value crops. Water use efficiency refers to the ratio of water used by plants to water lost through transpiration, while water use efficiency of productivity is the ratio of biomass produced to transpiration rate.
This document discusses limitations of end-of-pipe stormwater management and examines opportunities to take a more integrated biogeochemical approach. It highlights that structural BMPs have variable performance and high costs, and don't effectively treat all pollutants. Taking a multiple barrier approach moving treatment upstream through low impact design and source control can help address these issues. Understanding biogeochemical processes involved in urban watersheds provides insights on improving stormwater management strategies.
SDG target 6.4: water use efficiency and water stress indicatorsFAO
The document discusses indicators for monitoring progress on SDG Target 6.4 related to water use efficiency and scarcity. It describes the definitions, methods of computation, data needs and interpretation for two indicators - 6.4.1 on change in water use efficiency over time, and 6.4.2 on level of water stress as measured by freshwater withdrawals as a proportion of available resources. Key challenges for implementation include collecting necessary sectoral water use and economic data at national and sub-national levels over time. FAO can provide support through building on existing data collection efforts, working with countries to progressively improve monitoring systems, and compiling global data sets.
IRJET- A Review of Feasibility of Use of Duckweed for Treatment of Sludge...IRJET Journal
The document reviews the feasibility of using duckweed (Lemna minor) for sludge water treatment. It summarizes several studies that examined duckweed's nutrient removal efficiency from different wastewaters. One study found duckweed was most effective at removing nutrients from municipal wastewater, removing over 75% of nutrients tested. However, another study found that duckweed did not significantly improve the treatment efficiency of a municipal wastewater system. The document concludes that duckweed systems can effectively treat wastewater and remove nutrients to produce secondary effluent, but land area requirements and lack of winter growth may limit their widespread use. Nitrogen removal requires supplemental aeration in duckweed ponds.
This document discusses multifunctional governance and water rights in irrigation systems. It describes how irrigation systems provide multiple functions beyond just agriculture, including domestic water supply, fisheries, recreation, and more. Effective governance of these complex systems requires balancing the needs of different stakeholders and prioritizing functions. Irrigation and drainage networks must be managed to achieve balanced objectives and long-term sustainability for the many users of water resources in the area.
Prasad Modak Presentation at First Multistakholder WorkshopEkonnect
Strategic Action Planning for Revival of Bangalore Lakes outlines challenges facing the city's lakes. Rapid urbanization led to increased land and infrastructure needs, resulting in loss of forest cover. Untreated sewage, waste and industrial runoff pollute lakes. Encroachments changed land use and interrupted connecting channels. A coordinated, long-term strategic plan is needed to address issues from a watershed perspective using modern tools. Community involvement and innovative financing models are crucial for conservation.
Gray vs. Green: The Role of Watershed-scale Green Infrastructure Systems for ...Mcrpc Staff
This document discusses the role of green infrastructure systems for managing wastewater at a watershed scale. It begins by outlining the historical patterns of water movement through uplands and lowlands, and how contemporary development has reversed these patterns. It then describes various green infrastructure strategies that can replicate natural hydrology, including green roofs, porous pavements, bio-retention systems, rainwater harvesting, wastewater recycling, and native landscaping. The document provides examples of these strategies and concludes by discussing a new paradigm in wastewater treatment using lagoons and floating mats of bacteria to polish wastewater in a low-cost, low-energy manner.
This document discusses increasing agricultural water productivity. It notes that with population growth and increasing water demand, more food must be produced using less water. Improving water productivity through strategies like water savings and more efficient uses can help meet this challenge. The document then outlines various ways to increase water productivity, such as for crops, livestock, fisheries, and integrated systems. It also discusses how increased water productivity can help reduce poverty through improved food security, employment, and income opportunities.
The document discusses Peoria, Illinois' stream buffer ordinance. It defines a stream buffer as a protective, forested strip of land along both sides of a stream. Benefits of stream buffers include erosion control, flood management, water quality protection, and aesthetic and recreational value. Peoria developed its ordinance due to problems like unstable slopes and floodplain encroachment. The ordinance requires a 30-50 foot vegetated buffer on each side of streams and includes the 100-year floodplain. It allows for traditional compliance with buffer zones or alternative compliance through other conservation methods. The ordinance has led to reforestation of buffer areas and enforcement through fines for violations.
This document summarizes a project that evaluated strategies for agricultural water conservation in the Colorado River Basin. The project had four objectives: 1) Evaluate available conservation technology; 2) Identify legal, economic, and social barriers; 3) Strategize with producers and managers to overcome barriers; and 4) Share findings. Case studies were conducted on innovative collaboration programs. Meetings with producers explored barriers like "use it or lose it" laws. The project concluded that one-size-fits-all solutions are unlikely, and that addressing institutional and economic barriers can benefit farmers and help sustain agriculture in the basin.
Resilience in working agricultural landscapeaawiti
This document discusses evidence of regime shifts in agroecosystems. It presents research on identifying and measuring regime shifts through changes in soil properties, vegetation patterns, and aquatic ecosystems over time. The research uses control-impact pairs, spectral analysis, and other methods to establish baseline conditions and measure changes in soil organic carbon, infiltration rates, primary productivity, and aquatic species composition. The goal is to advance understanding of agroecosystem resilience and develop diagnostic tools to monitor soil health and anticipate management needs to maintain structure and function of agroecosystems.
Agriculture Water Productivity "A Tool for Modernizing Irrigation and Water Management", World Bank, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
IRJET - Study About Flood Control by Underground Water Tank in Bori Gosavi Vi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using underground water tanks for flood control in Bori Gosavi Village. The study investigated using underground tanks to store flood water which can then be used for drinking water and irrigation. Key points:
1) Underground water tanks were proposed to store flood water and reduce flood impacts on the local community.
2) Stored water would be treated and used for drinking water as well as irrigation during drought periods to improve water security.
3) The methodology involved site selection, surveys, discharge calculations, population forecasting, tank and canal design, and evaluating supply of stored water for irrigation.
1. The document examines water usage and potential sources for agricultural irrigation in western New York, focusing on Genesee and Orleans counties.
2. It analyzes data from various sources on current irrigation practices and water sources. Most irrigation water comes from run-of-river sources but the New York State Barge Canal could potentially provide more reliable water.
3. The study aims to better quantify water usage and balance to determine if there is excess water available to expand irrigation or if current usage meets existing agricultural demand.
The document discusses low impact development (LID) techniques that aim to minimize impacts of land development on water systems and replicate natural hydrologic functions. It describes LID as a hydrology-based approach that reflects ecosystem functions through decentralized stormwater management practices. It provides examples of LID techniques like conservation plans, minimizing impervious surfaces, maintaining natural flow paths, and using integrated practices like bioretention and permeable surfaces.
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of climate change and land use change on water resources and food security in the Pangani River Basin in Tanzania. Researchers found that between 1987 and 2010, land used for cultivation increased while forest and grassland decreased. Hydrological modeling showed this decreased average river flows. Climate change is also projected to decrease stream flows by 5.3% by 2060, increasing unmet water demands. Water scarcity threatens livelihoods and food security in the basin. The study recommends integrated water resource management, efficient irrigation, and capacity building to help adapt to these challenges.
Triple Green-Agricultural Management Interventions for a New Green RevolutionSIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
1) The document discusses an integrated approach to improve the management of agricultural drainage channels in the Western Lake Erie Basin. It aims to design channels that provide drainage while reducing downstream water quality impacts.
2) The project will quantify sediment and nutrient retention within alternative channel designs over time and space. It will also evaluate the ecosystem services provided by analyzing soil microbiota.
3) Educational activities will be conducted to enhance knowledge of innovative channel practices among students and stakeholders.
Land drainage systems are necessary to remove excess water from agricultural lands and make them suitable for crop growth. There are several types of drainage systems, including open/surface drainage ditches, buried pipe drainage systems, vertical wells/pits, and mole drains formed by pulling a solid object through soil. Proper drainage is important for reclaiming waterlogged soils, improving soil structure, providing aeration, and allowing farm operations. Drainage systems must be designed based on soil type, rainfall, water table depth, and other local conditions.
This document discusses best management practices for subsurface drainage on cropland. It begins by outlining conditions that require subsurface drainage, such as uneven soil moisture, inadequate natural drainage for certain crops, soils with high water tables, and barriers that limit water flow. Diagnosing drainage issues accurately is the first step in planning a drainage system. The document will then guide the reader through the entire process from system design to installation, maintenance, and emerging technologies. The overall goals are to manage crop inputs and contaminants, remove excess water while conserving it, manage wet areas, and protect adjacent wetlands.
Ecological Engineering: a way to integrate urban drainage, resource-based san...CPWF Mekong
By Jean Lacoursiere and Lena Vought, Kristianstad University, Sweden
Presented at the Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
December 7-9, 2011
Session 2a: Water engineering
This document discusses the design of subsurface drainage systems. It describes different types of subsurface drainage methods like tile drains, mole drains and drainage wells. It also covers investigations required for planning subsurface drainage like topographic maps and groundwater studies. The key aspects of designing a tile drainage system are discussed in detail, including layout, depth and spacing of drains, size and grade of tiles, installation methods and use of a multiple well system.
The document summarizes the major rivers of India. It describes the Himalayan rivers including the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra which originate in the Himalayas. These rivers flow through India and Pakistan/Bangladesh and discharge into the sea. It also discusses the peninsular rivers which include the Narmada, Tapi, Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri. These rivers originate in peninsular India and flow eastwards, draining into the Bay of Bengal. The document provides details on the origins, course and tributaries of each major river system.
The document summarizes the key components of a drainage system, including:
1. The drainage system conveys sewage, rainwater, and other liquid waste from fixtures through pipes to an external point of disposal, and includes house sewers, house drains, soil and waste stacks, fixture branches, and traps.
2. Essential components are the house sewer, house drain, house trap, fresh air inlet, soil and waste stacks, fixture branches, traps, and vents. Special devices include interceptors, sumps, ejectors, backwater valves, roof drains, and floor drains.
3. Pipes are sized based on the number and type of fixtures drained, with
The document is a resume for an ASQ Certified Six Sigma Black Belt with experience in operations, process improvement, and project management. As a Continuous Improvement Engineer, he managed seven DMAIC projects achieving $2.31 million in savings. He also led rapid kaizen events as National Continuous Improvement Manager, resulting in operational efficiencies and annual savings of $36-50 million per kitchen. His background demonstrates success managing projects, teams, and daily operations to drive cost savings and process improvements.
The document describes the problem of determining an optimal schedule for a multiple route transit system to minimize passenger wait times. It presents a mathematical formulation of the problem as a mixed integer nonlinear program that minimizes total transfer time and waiting time. The objective function and some constraints are nonlinear. The problem is solved using genetic algorithms, which represent schedules as strings that are evolved over generations using selection, crossover and mutation operators. An example application for a network with 3 routes and a single transfer station is also presented.
This document discusses safety measures for the table-top runway at Mangalore Airport in India following a deadly crash in 2010. It recommends installing engineered material arresting systems (EMAS) in the runway end safety area (RESA) and making the ILS localizer structure frangible to reduce impacts if an aircraft overshoots the runway. It also suggests using soft ground arresting systems (SGAS), lead-in lighting systems, and maintaining clear RESA zones to prevent runway overruns at the airport.
Group 5 sustainable stormwater management(building services1)kohwenqi
This document provides information on sustainable stormwater management. It begins with an introduction on stormwater and the need for management. Examples of stormwater management techniques are then presented, including rain gardens, bioretention areas, vegetated swales, green roofs, and porous pavement. The installation processes for rain gardens and bioretention areas are described in multiple steps. Advantages and disadvantages of stormwater management are listed. The document concludes with references and appendices.
การวิเคราะห์โครงการแหล่งน้ำขนาดเล็กโดยวิธี integrated mental model and projec...Piriya Uraiwong
This document appears to be a presentation on integrating mental models and project lifecycles. It includes sections on failure analysis, stakeholder mental model analysis, and integrating mental models with a project lifecycle perspective. Tables and diagrams are included analyzing factors like finances, public participation, poverty, policy, corruption, and their relationships. The document proposes two scenarios: the current scheme involving issues like budget uncertainty, and a potential beneficiary contribution scheme involving collaboration and life cycle management.
Smart metering technologies allow for gathering high resolution water demand data in the residential sector, opening up new opportunities for the development of models describing water consumers’ behaviors. Yet, gathering such accurate water demand data at the end-use level is limited by metering intrusiveness, costs, and privacy issues. In this paper, we contribute a stochastic simulation model for synthetically generating high-resolution time series of water use at the end-use level. Each water end-use fixture in our model is characterized by its signature (i.e., its typical single-use pattern), as well as frequency distributions of its number of uses per day, single use duration, time of use during the day, and contribution to the total household water demand. The model relies on statistical data from a real-world metering campaign across 9 cities in the US. Showcasing our model outputs, we demonstrate the potential usability of this model for characterizing the water end-use demands of different communities, as well as for analyzing the major components of peak demand and performing scenario analysis.
The Ig Nobel Prize is awarded each year in October at Harvard University's Sanders Theatre. It is organized by Annals of Improbable Research to honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think. Some notable winners include researchers who determined how a cow's likelihood of lying down relates to how long it has been standing, scientists who invented a fire alarm based on airborne wasabi, and a report about reports about reports that recommended preparing a report about itself.
This thesis examined the effects of weirs on sediment and phosphorus (P) dynamics in agricultural drainage ditches. A laboratory experiment simulated the increased hydraulic residence time caused by weirs and found that longer inundation led to abiotic factors releasing P, but did not reduce P storage. Two field studies compared these results to weirs of varying ages. Newly installed weirs retained significantly more water, sediment, and P than controls for about a year until retention mechanisms and capacity were exceeded. Weirs convert intermittently flooded sediments into consistently saturated sediments, functioning as a conservation practice by slowing water flow and allowing sediment settling, but their benefits are temporary.
There are many bridges in the US that were not designed to withstand scouring effects. Arc Surveying performs detailed surveys of bridges using technologies like multibeam sonar, laser scanning, and historical plans to create 3D models showing underwater structures, foundations, and riverbed changes over time. These comprehensive surveys allow authorities to assess scour vulnerability and monitor conditions. Arc has surveyed hundreds of bridges, with data made accessible online for emergency response.
The Manhattan Project was a top secret U.S. project begun in 1941 and ended in 1946 to develop the first atomic bombs. It was led by physicist Robert Oppenheimer and General Leslie Groves and employed over 600,000 people at its peak. The project culminated in the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, which helped end World War II.
This document summarizes interviews conducted with farmers in two watersheds in Illinois - Vermilion Headwaters and Upper Macoupin Creek - to establish a conservation participation baseline and understand factors influencing adoption of conservation practices. 116 interviews were completed in Vermilion Headwaters and 76 in Upper Macoupin Creek. The interviews found that 81% of farmers in Vermilion Headwaters and 53% in Upper Macoupin Creek were doing some conservation beyond nutrient management. 91% in Vermilion Headwaters and 96% in Upper Macoupin Creek agreed it was their personal responsibility to help protect water quality. Key factors identified as influencing adoption included previous conservation implementation, perceived costs, social networks, information access, land tenure relationships,
Critical Appraisal of Pavement Design of Ohio Department of Transportation (O...Pranamesh Chakraborty
This document provides an overview of the Ohio Department of Transportation's (ODOT) pavement design method. It discusses the basic factors considered in design, including serviceability, subgrade characterization, traffic loading, reliability, and drainage. The ODOT method is based on the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Guide, using a regression relationship between load cycles, pavement structural capacity, and performance. It considers traffic loads in terms of equivalent single axle loads and uses reliability levels depending on road importance. Rigid and flexible pavement designs are outlined, including parameters considered and thickness design processes. Limitations of the current ODOT method are also discussed.
Use of Filters in Drainage Control Structures to Reduce the Risk Associated w...LPE Learning Center
For more: http://www.extension.org/67605 In livestock producing areas, animal manure is often applied to cropland to enhance soil fertility. Guidelines have been developed for manure application on fields underlain by subsurface (tile) drainage systems. Some of these guidelines, such as avoiding manure application if rain is predicted and not applying manure over a flowing tile, though effective, involve some level of risk. We believe that the level of risk can be reduced by filtering contaminants from the water leaving the drains. The control structures recommended for use with drainage systems underlying fields to which manure is applied, provide ready-made receptacles for filters. In this report we discuss the development and testing of a filter to remove contaminants from lagoon effluent.
The document provides an overview of sustainable stormwater management and low impact development (LID). It discusses the importance of effective stormwater management given finite freshwater resources. It describes the paradigm shift from conventional stormwater approaches to LID, which aims to maintain pre-development hydrologic functions through decentralized small-scale controls like bioretention and permeable pavements. LID can provide multiple benefits including reduced infrastructure costs, improved water quality and more.
Global water resources are under increasing pressure from rising populations and changing climate. Most water on Earth is undrinkable saltwater, while freshwater is unevenly distributed and demand is growing. In India, irrigation accounts for 84% of total water usage, far exceeding the global average of 65%. Competing demands for water include agricultural, industrial, residential, and power generation uses. As populations increase, so does water consumption, depleting groundwater supplies. Conservation methods like rainwater harvesting, afforestation, and efficient irrigation can help reduce water demand and promote more sustainable water management.
Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients, leading to excessive plant growth.
Causes :- The main causes of eutrophication include agricultural runoff, wastewater discharge, and industrial pollution, which introduce high levels of nutrients into water bodies.
Human Induced cause :- Decomposition of organic matter releases nutrients into the water.
Runoff from natural sources such as forests and wetlands contributes nutrients to water bodies.
Aquatic plants and algae release nutrients during their life cycle.
Natural Cause :-Decomposition of organic matter releases nutrients into the water.
Runoff from natural sources such as forests and wetlands contributes nutrients to water bodies.
Aquatic plants and algae release nutrients during their life cycle.
Examples :- Yamuna River : The Yamuna River, one of the major rivers in India, has faced severe eutrophication due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents.
Dal Lake, Jammu & Kashmir : Dal Lake, a famous tourist destination, has experienced eutrophication due to a combination of factors, including agricultural runoff, untreated sewage, and deforestation in the catchment area. Algal blooms and weed infestation have been observed.
Hussain Sagar Lake, Hyderabad : Hussain Sagar, a large artificial lake, has faced eutrophication challenges from both industrial and domestic sources. The nutrient loading has contributed to the growth of algae and the deterioration of water quality.
Sabarmati River, Gujrat : Sabarmati River has encountered eutrophication issues due to pollution from industrial discharges and urban runoff. Efforts are underway to rejuvenate the river and address water quality concerns.
Greywater systems offer a way to reuse household wastewater and reduce potable water usage. They capture "greywater" from showers, sinks, and washing machines to water landscaping instead of sending it down the drain. Greywater recycling provides environmental benefits while easing pressure on water supplies.
Greywater systems capture wastewater from baths, showers, washing machines, and sinks, which account for over half of total household water usage. This greywater is diverted to either a holding tank or direct irrigation lines rather than the sewer system. The water is then used to irrigate lawns, gardens
This document discusses integrated watershed management and rainwater harvesting. It covers India's water resources, watershed development and modeling, integrated watershed management approaches, water conservation techniques, and provides a case study of a successful watershed management project in Jhabua, India. The key points are:
1) Integrated watershed management aims to manage water resources in an integrated way across river basins and account for all interests. It involves community participation and addresses social and economic issues.
2) Watershed modeling uses computer models and remote sensing to help plan and manage limited water resources.
3) A case study of Jhabua, India showed how integrated management including water conservation, reforestation, and
This document discusses integrated watershed management and rainwater harvesting. It covers India's water resources, watershed development and modeling, integrated watershed management approaches, water conservation techniques, and provides a case study of a successful watershed management project in Jhabua, India. The key points are:
1) Integrated watershed management aims to manage water resources in an integrated way across river basins and account for all interests. It involves community participation and addresses social and economic issues.
2) Watershed modeling involves characterizing watershed parameters and using computer models to understand hydrological processes.
3) The case study in Jhabua showed that integrating appropriate technical measures with community participation and local capacity building can
This document discusses integrated watershed management and rainwater harvesting. It covers India's water resources, watershed development and modeling, integrated watershed management approaches, water conservation techniques, and provides a case study of a successful watershed management project in Jhabua, India. The key points are:
1) Integrated watershed management aims to manage water resources in an integrated way across river basins and account for all interests. It involves community participation and addresses social and economic issues.
2) Watershed modeling involves characterizing watersheds and using computer models to understand hydrological processes and inform management.
3) A case study of Jhabua, India showed how adopting techniques like water harvesting, re
Wastewater recycling is emerging as an integral part of
water demand management. Promoting as it does the preservation of high-quality fresh water supplies as well as potentially reducing the pollutant in the environment and reducing overall costs.
Environmental and social impacts of water projects_Pradeep Kumar (NWA)_2011India Water Portal
Water resource projects are needed to meet the growing demands of India's increasing population for food, industry, domestic use, and power. However, they can negatively impact the environment and communities. Key impacts include the displacement of people and loss of livelihoods during construction. Forests and wildlife habitats are also affected. During operation, positive impacts are irrigation for agriculture and increased aquatic life, but negative impacts include waterlogging and changes to natural ecosystems. Project developers aim to manage these impacts through measures like compensatory forestation, relocation of affected communities and wildlife, and management of water usage.
This document provides an overview of watershed development. It defines a watershed as an area of land that drains water to a common point. It describes the characteristics of watersheds including size, shape, physiography, slope, climate, drainage, vegetation, geology and soils, hydrology, and socioeconomics. It outlines the objectives, advantages, management measures, types, and aims of watershed development programs. It also discusses rainwater harvesting, development work carried out in watersheds, economic assessment, and the role of cooperative societies in watershed management.
The document discusses measures to increase water use efficiency in Indian agriculture. It notes that agriculture accounts for 80-84% of water consumption in India but has low productivity and efficiency. Key challenges include limited technical capabilities, lack of capital, and inability to recover costs. Methods to improve efficiency include improving storage systems, conveyance infrastructure, and on-farm irrigation techniques. These involve reducing evaporation, seepage, waterlogging, and employing micro-irrigation, treated wastewater reuse, and growing less water-intensive crops. The document anticipates irrigation efficiency could increase to 50-60% for surface water and 72-75% for groundwater by 2025-2050 through these measures.
Irrigation management under saline conditionsWASAG
This document summarizes information about managing water and soil in salt-affected areas under climate change. It discusses that approximately 7% of the world's land is salt-affected, reducing crop productivity. It then discusses various water management strategies for saline conditions, including leaching requirements to remove salt from soil, drainage systems, irrigation systems like drip irrigation, and using multiple water sources by alternating or blending water of different quality. Solar powered water pumping and desalination systems are presented as sustainable solutions for providing clean water. A pilot desalination project in Cape Verde is highlighted.
Water is a very important resource in our life . The availability of water resources on earth are limited and unevenly distributed. Human demand for water has been growing for two reasons. The available water is to be conserved. This module explains the major practices adopted in water conservation.
Managing tank cascades in the dry zone for Optimum supplyDr. P.B.Dharmasena
Presentation made at the seminar organized
by IEPSL on 19th August 2011 at Waters Edge, Colombo to explain the importance of tank cascade management in sustainable water resources management
This document discusses agricultural pollution, including its types, causes, effects, challenges in India, and ways to reduce it. The main types are leaching and groundwater poisoning from chemicals in soil running into groundwater; water runoff with fertilizers and chemicals mixing into nearby watercourses; and eutrophication from excess nutrients promoting algal blooms and reducing oxygen in water. The primary causes are chemical fertilizers, pesticides, heavy metals, soil erosion, sedimentation, and improper animal management. Effects include water and air pollution harming human and environmental health. Challenges to addressing it in India include population pressures, lack of policy and awareness, and climate/soil issues. Ways to reduce it include following best
This document summarizes a presentation on water conservation. It discusses the chemical composition of water, sources of water, the importance of water to life on Earth. It then covers the definition of water conservation, its importance, and methods to conserve water such as reducing daily usage, rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation for farmers, soil management, using weather apps, protecting water from pollution, conserving water in industries, and increasing forest covers. It concludes with a case study on the Jal Jagruti Abhiyan project in Latur, Maharashtra to address drought through strategies like de-silting rivers, planting trees, organic farming, and drip irrigation.
This document discusses resource efficiency and sustainable water management. It focuses on ways to improve water use efficiency in various sectors such as agriculture, public water systems, and industry. Some key strategies mentioned include improving irrigation efficiency through drip irrigation and pipeline networks, adopting more drought-resistant crops, reusing greywater and wastewater, installing water-saving devices, reducing leakage from distribution networks, and harvesting rainwater. The document emphasizes the importance of integrated resource management and adopting sustainable practices to ensure water resources are used efficiently while maintaining healthy ecosystems.
Irrigation engineering deals with planning, designing, and maintaining irrigation systems to transport water for residential and agricultural use. The work involves overseeing installation of pipelines and sprinklers, directing water from dams and rivers, and evaluating terrain and soil to optimize water use for crops. Irrigation engineering addresses issues like drought and water shortages by developing sustainable systems. It is used in agriculture like cotton and dairy and also for residential and commercial landscaping. The main objectives are developing effective irrigation systems, enhancing landscapes to improve soil and water conservation, and educating consumers about different irrigation options.
This document summarizes a presentation about using process models to help build trust and understanding when implementing edge of field conservation practices. It discusses how process models can help various stakeholders like conservation professionals, landowners, cities, and contractors understand the time and resources required. It provides examples of process models created for constructed wetlands, saturated buffers, and bioreactors. The presentation discusses the goals of helping more stakeholders and expanding the models, as well as thanking collaborators on the project.
This document discusses the challenges of meeting nitrogen reduction goals in the Upper Mississippi River Basin. It notes that meeting the nutrient reduction goals will be a massive effort that requires a mix of practices across Iowa, Minnesota, and Illinois, including wetlands, drainage treatment, and stacked practices. However, there are also many challenges to implementing the necessary practices, including economics, human/social factors, delivery challenges, risk management, climate change, and the need for further research. The document emphasizes that understanding the large scale of the challenge is needed to make progress toward the nutrient reduction goals.
The document summarizes a meta-analysis that compared the nitrate removal performance of different substrates used in denitrifying bioreactors. It found that wood media had the highest nitrate removal rate (NRR) and percentage (NRE), followed by mulch media, nutshell-based media, and inorganic media. However, when considering cost-effectiveness, woodchip and corn cob were the most economical natural organic carbon substrates. Overall, the analysis suggests that mulch media is the optimal material for nitrate removal due to its low cost and potential to overcome deficiencies in other media types.
The document summarizes an investigation into phosphorus transport dynamics in subsurface drainage using high-frequency measurements. Key findings include:
1) TRP concentration had a dynamic pattern that was strongly influenced by drainage discharge levels, highlighting the need for high-resolution sampling.
2) Event flows contributed 78% of the total TRP load despite comprising only 50% of total flow.
3) Flow-proportional sampling strategies provided more accurate TRP load estimates than time-proportional strategies and were more cost-effective. Targeting high flow periods is important for reducing phosphorus loss.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated a procedure for prioritizing maintenance of agricultural drainage ditches. The study measured the critical shear stress of soils using a cohesive strength meter to assess their susceptibility to erosion. Soils with higher root densities and those treated with mixed lime showed higher critical shear stresses, meaning they were less susceptible to erosion. Measurements of pressure on the soil surface during testing were mostly lower than estimates from other studies. The procedure effectively identified the relative erosion resistance of different soils, aiding prioritization of drainage ditch maintenance needs.
ISG worked with Blue Earth County to digitize and modernize their drainage data. They georeferenced existing plans, digitized drainage features, attributed data to the digitized features, and created a geodatabase to house the updated drainage data. This project consolidated Blue Earth County's drainage records, improved data accuracy, and established a process for ISG and the County to regularly update the drainage data going forward. The updated digital records will benefit Blue Earth County, ISG, other engineering firms, and the public.
This document summarizes the results of Latvia's long-term Agricultural Runoff Monitoring programme, which aims to document nutrient concentrations and losses at different spatial and temporal scales. The monitoring covers groundwater, experimental drainage plots, subsurface drainage fields, small catchments, and small/medium rivers at 23 sites. Results show discharge and nutrient concentration data varying by location, scale of monitoring, and between years with flooding or drought. Nutrient levels differed between the Berze and Mellupite monitoring sites and across groundwater, drainage plots, and catchment scales. The programme provides long-term data on agricultural nonpoint source pollution across Latvia.
This document summarizes an applied research and demonstration project evaluating soil and water management practices in undulating soils in southwestern Manitoba. The project aims to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus and salt export while improving drought resiliency. Preliminary results show tile drainage is lowering water tables most in lower landscape positions, with soil moisture responding rapidly in drained areas. Tile flow rates increase with decreasing elevation. Water quality measurements also show higher salt concentrations in lower positions. Next steps include water quality treatment analysis, long-term monitoring, modeling, knowledge transfer and reporting.
This document summarizes a coordinated research network studying the impacts of 4R nutrient stewardship practices on crop yields, soil health, and nutrient losses across sites in North America. The network included 8 research sites across 6 states/provinces from 2017-2020. Treatments included different fertilizer application timings, placements, sources, and rates. Standardized data collection allowed comparisons across sites. Preliminary findings showed 4R and advanced 4R practices improved nutrient use efficiency and reduced nitrogen losses while maintaining crop yields. Nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching losses decreased under improved nutrient management, though impacts varied between sites and years. Ongoing research aims to further quantify environmental benefits and optimize fertilizer practices.
The document summarizes research on managing drainage water in the Holland Marsh region of Ontario to improve water quality and agricultural productivity. Key points:
- The Holland Marsh is an important vegetable growing region on organic soils, but drainage into Lake Simcoe contributes excess nutrients.
- A study evaluated controlling water tables with controlled drainage to reduce pumping and nutrient loads in drainage water. Modeling and monitoring found it effective for water conservation but more limited for nutrient reductions.
- Soil phosphorus pools, particularly aluminum and iron-bound phosphorus, were found to influence phosphorus levels in drainage water more than drainage management alone. Fertilizer applications exceeded crop needs, accumulating legacy phosphorus in soils over time.
This document summarizes a study comparing the effects of conventional ditch drainage (FD) and shallow furrow drainage with tile (SD) on crop yields and water quality in eastern North Carolina. Preliminary results found that SD led to a 68% reduction in drainage volume, 80% less nitrate export, and higher average soybean (+9.1%) and corn (+3.7%) yields compared to FD. SD also requires less land area than FD, has lower maintenance needs, and shows potential to improve water quality and agricultural productivity with more efficient drainage management. The research aims to further quantify these impacts of SD drainage design.
1) DRAINMOD simulations were conducted for a field in Harrow, Ontario with an asymmetrical drainage system to determine the best approach to simulate drain outflow. 2) Four approaches using different drain spacings were tested: 3.8m, 5.06m, 7.6m, and 15.2m. 3) The mean absolute error and root mean square error for each approach were acceptable, indicating drain spacing had little impact on outflow simulation, though it did impact soil moisture parameters.
This document discusses how the choice of pipe material influences drain spacing and system cost. It finds that pipe with more rows of perforations, such as an 8-row regular perforated pipe, has a higher effective radius than a 4-row pipe, allowing for wider drain spacing. Experiments show that a sock-wrapped pipe has the highest drain inflow of the pipes tested, both with and without drain sedimentation present. The key takeaways are that the number of perforation rows and slot length most impact effective radius and drain flow, and a sock-wrapped pipe performs best in terms of drain inflow and spacing.
This document summarizes research conducted by the Plastics Pipe Institute (PPI) on the installation of corrugated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) agricultural drainage pipe. It describes field testing of 30-inch HDPE dual-wall pipe installed at a test site in Ohio, including instrumentation to monitor strain and deflection. Finite element modeling was also used to analyze trench configurations. The research aims to update industry guidance documents to optimize pipe installation practices and trench designs. PPI members also work to increase the use of recycled HDPE and PP materials in pipe production.
The document discusses Ohio's H2Ohio water quality initiative and its funding of conservation practices including two-stage ditches. It launched in 2019 with $172 million to reduce phosphorus runoff from farms using best management practices like wetlands, buffers, and two-stage ditches. A $5 million grant program was announced to fund two-stage ditch projects based on design guidelines. The document provides details on the grant application process, design requirements using regional curves, and goals to fund 20 projects for 30 miles of ditches at $30 per foot on average.
This document provides information on edge-of-field conservation practices and a panel discussion on drainage ditches. It summarizes various practices for nutrient, soil, and sediment removal including vegetated buffers, grassed waterways, prairie strips, wetlands, bioreactors, and controlled drainage. Cost effectiveness data is given for each. The key elements of an edge-of-field roadmap are outlined as building the economic case, increasing implementation capacity, and elevating a culture of conservation. A sample conservation planning scenario shows identified sites for practices treating over 9,000 acres of land. The document concludes with information on connecting with The Nature Conservancy's Ohio agriculture programs.
This document discusses the implementation and maintenance of two-stage ditches. Two-stage ditches incorporate a floodplain area to increase flow capacity while slowing velocities. They allow for channel vegetation, improve sediment settling, and provide water quality benefits. Challenges include obtaining land access, communication with landowners, permitting, and planting/erosion control. Case studies of implemented two-stage ditch projects in Lucas County demonstrate post-construction conditions and results, including improved drainage and yields for agriculture.
This document summarizes research on conservation channel design and sediment capture in two-stage ditches. It finds that self-forming channels accumulated more sediment, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus over time compared to traditional ditches. Sediment analysis showed higher nutrient levels than surrounding soils. A case study site captured over 500 kg of phosphorus over 9 years that could be harvested and reused as fertilizer, offsetting nutrient costs for farmers. The document concludes sediment trapping in two-stage ditches can improve water quality while providing a locally sourced, cost-effective fertilizer resource.
Farmers, drainage contractors, researchers, and conservation authorities collaborated on a drainage innovation project at Huronview in Clinton, Ontario. They worked together on the design, installation, and monitoring of new drainage practices to improve water quality and sustainability while maintaining agricultural productivity. A demonstration day was held in June 2019 to share results with stakeholders. The project aimed to foster cooperation across sectors and balance priorities around drainage, research, environmental protection, and social acceptance.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of drainage water recycling (DWR) on nutrient and sediment losses from agricultural fields in eastern North Carolina. The study found that storing drainage water in an on-farm reservoir for supplemental irrigation (DWR) significantly reduced nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment concentrations and loads compared to a non-irrigated control field. Specifically, DWR reduced total nitrogen concentration by 40% and load by 47%. It also reduced total phosphorus concentration by 21% and load by 30%. Sediment concentration was reduced by 86% and load by 87%. The hydraulic retention time in the reservoir was found to be the major factor influencing nutrient and sediment removal efficiency.
More from Soil and Water Conservation Society (20)
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Emerging Earth Observation methods for monitoring sustainable food productionCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniela Requena Suarez, Helmholtz GeoResearch Center Potsdam (GFZ) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Exploring low emissions development opportunities in food systemsCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Christopher Martius (CIFOR-ICRAF) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
Trichogramma spp. is an efficient egg parasitoids that potentially assist to manage the insect-pests from the field condition by parasiting the host eggs. To mass culture this egg parasitoids effectively, we need to culture another stored grain pest- Rice Meal Moth (Corcyra Cephalonica). After rearing this pest, the eggs of Corcyra will carry the potential Trichogramma spp., which is an Hymenopteran Wasp. The detailed Methodologies of rearing both Corcyra Cephalonica and Trichogramma spp. have described on this ppt.
13. Swarm Intelligence
Linking multiple (potentially
thousands) of structures to
communicate and maximize
desired outcomes.
For example, water quality
flood reduction, agronomic
production.
Benefits are distributed
throughout the watershed.
14. Causes of Loss for Iowa Corn,
1948-2010
Causes of Loss for Iowa Soy,
1955-2010
Charts courtesy of Chad Hart, Managing Risk in Agriculture, Iowa State
University, June 2013
Causes of Crop Loss
15. So What?
On Farm Benefits
1. DWM Increase Ag Production (5% ‐ 10%)
2. DWM Decrease Nutrient Input (15%?)
3. DWM Reduce Risk (25%?)
4. DWM Reduce Water Input Needs (%?)
5. Subsurface Irrigation Reduce Risk (66%)
6. Bioreactor, Saturated Buffers, Phosphorous
Filters, Etc. Zero On Farm Benefits
18. Direct Costs (Excludes On Farm Benefits)
Retrofit DWM 0.50 – 0.70/lbN
New DWM 0.37 ‐ 3.01/lbN* (*includes new tile)
BioReactor 1.08 – 33.37/lbN
Wetland 2.96 – 11.78/lbN
Saturated Buffers 0.99/lbN
Cover Crops 5.02‐ 64.90/lbN
Municipal Wastewater
Municipal Stormwater
100.00 – 1000.00/lbN
90.0 – 944.0/lbN
DWM assumes 20 year life cycle
Bioreactors assumes 20 year life cycle
Saturated Buffers assumes 20 year life cycle
Wetland Assumes 25 year life cycle
Cover Crops assumes annual cycle
19. Conclusions
1. No Magic Bullet ‐ Need a Systems Approach
2. Need to recognize the variability of agriculture
3. Practices that produce significant on site benefits require less
outside support
4. Practices that are…
a. easily quantified environmental performance
b. highly reliable
c. easily third party certified
d. have clear property rights
…are more readily accepted to ecosystem service markets
5. We can no longer rely on “Farm Bill” incentives alone but must
find additional funding sources
6. DWM practices are among the most attractive
conservation management actions to enter into
ecosystem service markets
20. When land does well for its owner, and
the owner does well by his land;
When both end up better by reason of
their partnership, we have conservation.
When one or the other grows poorer, we
do not.
- Aldo Leopold
The Farmer as Conservationist
1939