The document discusses various structural elements used in floor and roof framing plans, including girders, joists, piers, pilasters, purlins, ridges, slabs, spans, valleys and more. It also provides details on concrete, including its composition of cement, aggregates and water. Concrete can be plain or reinforced and is proportioned to achieve strength, workability and durability. It sets within a few hours and must be cured for several days to achieve full strength.

1. Draft Structural Floor and Roof
Framing Plans

2. Compression Test
 determines behavior of
materials under crushing
loads

3. Concrete Slump Test
 is an empirical test that
measures the workability of
fresh concrete
 it measures the consistency of
the concrete in that specific
batch. The test is popular due
to the simplicity of apparatus
used and sample procedure

4. Dead Load
 refers to all the weight in
a structure made up of
immovable materials

5. Framing
 is the wood skeleton of a
building constructed one
level on top of another

6. Girder
 Is the horizontal beam
which supports the floor
joints

7. Heel Plate
 Is the plate at the end of a
truss

8. Hip Roof
 Is a roof with four sloping
sides

9. Jack Rafter
 Is a short rafter, usually
used on hip roofs

10. Joist
 Is a horizontal structural
member that supports the
floor system or ceiling
system

11. Lally Column
 Is a steel column used to
support girders and
beams

12. Pier
 Is a block of concrete
supporting the floor of a
building

13. Pilaster
 Is a decorative column
attached to a wall

14. Piles
 Are long posts driven into
the soil in swampy
locations upon which the
foundation footing is laid

15. Pillar
 Is a column used for
supporting parts of a
structure

16. Purlins
 Are horizontal structure
members which hold
rafters together

17. Ridge
 Is the top edge of the roof
where rafters meet

18. Slab
 Is a foundation reinforced
concrete and foundation
floor

19. Span
 Is a distance between
structural supports

20. Valley
 Is the internal angle
formed by two slopes of a
roof

21. Valley Jacks
 Is a rafter that run from a
ridge board to a valley
rafter

22. Valley Rafters
 Is a diagonal rafter
forming the intersection
of two sloping roofs

23. Concrete
 The structural members of a building are
constructed using concrete, which is an
artificial stone. It is a result of mixing
cement, fine and coarse aggregates and
water. This is known as plain concrete. If
there is a reinforcement embedded in
order that they act together in resisting
forces, it is called a reinforced concrete.

24. Concrete
 Concrete is the bonding agent
that reacts with water to form a
stone-hard substance. It is of two
types; hydraulic cement and the
Portland cement

25. Concrete
 Joseph Aydin introduced Portland
cement in 1824. Portland cement
is categorized as to its type,
whether for general construction
or where high early strength or
resistance is required.

26. Concrete
 Pozzolana cement is amorphous
silica that that hardens as silica
gel by reacting chemically with
alkali in water. The name is
derived from Pozzolana, Itally
where this was found.

27. Concrete
 Water suitable for drinking is satisfactory for concrete mixing. Admixture, on
the other hand is a material other than cement that is used as ingredient in
concrete, before or during mixing. The ability of concrete to flow freely and
fill all voids is known as workability of the concrete mixture. Workability is
sometimes described as consistency, plasticity and mobility.

28. Concrete
 Consistency is the degree or wetness or slump while plasticity refers to the
ease with which fresh concrete is molded and mobility refers to the flow or
movement of the mixture. Concrete should be proportioned correctly to
obtain a good mixture required for a particular work. The strength of
concrete is measured in its ability to resist stresses such as compressive,
tensile flexural and shearing stress.

29. Concrete Proportion
 The right proportioning of the ingredients in concrete provides a balance for
economy, workability, strength, durability and appearance.
Class of
Mixture
Cement
40 kg
Sand Gravel
Cu.Ft. Cu. M. Cu.Ft. Cu. M.
AA 1 1 ½ .043 3 .085
A 1 2.0 .057 4 .113
B 1 2 ½ .071 5 .142
C 1 3.0 .085 6 .170

30. Concrete
 Concrete for building construction is mixed in two different ways:
1) On the job site – hand mixing

31. Concrete
 Concrete for building construction is mixed in two different ways:
2) Ready mixed concrete – by mobile or stationary mixers

32. Concrete
Concrete hardens or settles at about two or three hours after the concrete
has been mixed. The hardening of concrete depends upon the chemical
reaction between the cement and water. The building code provides that
concrete shall be maintained above 10 degrees Celsius temperature for at least
7 days after placing and three days for high early strength concrete.

33. Thank you!