this is the pdf of project on plum concrete which is used in civil engineering. the presentation is also uploaded of this topic on my profile. i hope liked by our engineers.
This document provides specifications for plum concrete and plum masonry for a project at Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited's Mumbai Refinery. It specifies that the proportion of plums used should not exceed 50% of the total volume, and the stones should be between 200-300mm in size with a minimum crushing strength of 100kg/sqcm. The stones must be hard, durable, and tough. Cement concrete with a 1:4:8 ratio is to be used to fill the interstices between plums. Plums are to be laid in layers using cement concrete as mortar. Scaffolding is required, and weep holes using HDPE pipes must be provided.
Effect of tendon profile on deflections – Factors
influencing deflections – Calculation of deflections – Short term and long term deflections - Losses
of prestress
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
- There are four main methods to measure the load carrying capacity of piles: static methods, dynamic formulas, in-situ penetration tests, and pile load tests.
- The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of an individual pile or pile group equals the sum of the point resistance (Qp) at the pile tip and the shaft resistance (Qs) developed along the pile shaft through friction between the soil and pile.
- Meyerhof's method is commonly used to calculate Qp in sand based on the effective vertical pressure at the pile tip multiplied by the bearing capacity factor Nq.
Prestress loss occurs as prestress reduces over time from its initial applied value. There are two types of prestress loss - immediate losses during prestressing/transfer and long-term time-dependent losses. Immediate losses include elastic shortening, anchorage slip, and friction. Long-term losses include creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestressing steel. The quantification of losses is based on strain compatibility between concrete and steel. For a pre-tensioned concrete sleeper, the percentage loss due to elastic shortening was calculated to be approximately 2.83% based on the stress in concrete at the level of the tendons.
This document discusses the design of beams. It defines different types of beams like floor beams, girders, lintels, purlins, and rafters. It describes how beams are classified based on their support conditions as simply supported, cantilever, fixed, or continuous beams. Commonly used beam sections include universal beams, compound beams, and composite beams. The document also covers plastic analysis of beams, classification of beam sections, and failure modes of beams.
This document will help you learn an introductory part and some detailed information on Shallow Foundations. As I am presenting this document to you I wish you all a Happy learning arena. It is highly recommended for students taking a bachelor degree in Civil Engineering, also it is a good document for students who are doing final touches for their examinations.
Shotcrete normally has a greater compressive strength then cast in place concrete due to lower water to cement ratio.
The guniting is the most effective process of repairing concrete work which has been damaged due to inferior work or other reasons. It is also used for providing an impervious layer.
This document provides specifications for plum concrete and plum masonry for a project at Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited's Mumbai Refinery. It specifies that the proportion of plums used should not exceed 50% of the total volume, and the stones should be between 200-300mm in size with a minimum crushing strength of 100kg/sqcm. The stones must be hard, durable, and tough. Cement concrete with a 1:4:8 ratio is to be used to fill the interstices between plums. Plums are to be laid in layers using cement concrete as mortar. Scaffolding is required, and weep holes using HDPE pipes must be provided.
Effect of tendon profile on deflections – Factors
influencing deflections – Calculation of deflections – Short term and long term deflections - Losses
of prestress
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
- There are four main methods to measure the load carrying capacity of piles: static methods, dynamic formulas, in-situ penetration tests, and pile load tests.
- The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of an individual pile or pile group equals the sum of the point resistance (Qp) at the pile tip and the shaft resistance (Qs) developed along the pile shaft through friction between the soil and pile.
- Meyerhof's method is commonly used to calculate Qp in sand based on the effective vertical pressure at the pile tip multiplied by the bearing capacity factor Nq.
Prestress loss occurs as prestress reduces over time from its initial applied value. There are two types of prestress loss - immediate losses during prestressing/transfer and long-term time-dependent losses. Immediate losses include elastic shortening, anchorage slip, and friction. Long-term losses include creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestressing steel. The quantification of losses is based on strain compatibility between concrete and steel. For a pre-tensioned concrete sleeper, the percentage loss due to elastic shortening was calculated to be approximately 2.83% based on the stress in concrete at the level of the tendons.
This document discusses the design of beams. It defines different types of beams like floor beams, girders, lintels, purlins, and rafters. It describes how beams are classified based on their support conditions as simply supported, cantilever, fixed, or continuous beams. Commonly used beam sections include universal beams, compound beams, and composite beams. The document also covers plastic analysis of beams, classification of beam sections, and failure modes of beams.
This document will help you learn an introductory part and some detailed information on Shallow Foundations. As I am presenting this document to you I wish you all a Happy learning arena. It is highly recommended for students taking a bachelor degree in Civil Engineering, also it is a good document for students who are doing final touches for their examinations.
Shotcrete normally has a greater compressive strength then cast in place concrete due to lower water to cement ratio.
The guniting is the most effective process of repairing concrete work which has been damaged due to inferior work or other reasons. It is also used for providing an impervious layer.
MEANING OF MIX DESIGN
GRADE OF CONCRETE.
FACTORS INFLUCING THE CHOICE OF MIX DESIGN.
MATHODS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
MIX DESIGN BY INDIAN STANDARD METHOD.
Goe tech. engg. Ch# 02 strss distributionIrfan Malik
This document discusses stress distribution in soils. It defines stress as the internal forces per unit area within a body resisting external loads. Stress is calculated as force over cross-sectional area. Stresses in soil come from geostatic or self-weight stresses due to overburden pressure, or induced stresses from external loads like foundations or vehicles. Pore water pressure is stress transmitted by water in soil pores, while effective stress is that transmitted between soil grains, accounting for both normal and shear strength. Effective stress is calculated as total stress minus pore water pressure.
This document discusses various techniques for repairing and rehabilitating concrete structures. It covers topics such as concrete deterioration mechanisms, materials used for repair like cement mortars and polymers, and techniques like grouting, jacketing, and external bonding. Assessment of damaged structures involves preliminary investigation, detailed investigation using techniques like core cutting, rebar location, corrosion measurement, and pull-out tests to determine repair requirements. Underwater repair of structures also requires special considerations and techniques.
The document provides a question bank on soil mechanics for a civil engineering course. It contains questions organized under 5 units covering key topics in soil mechanics like introduction to soil, permeability, stress distribution, consolidation, and shear strength. The questions range from 2 marks to longer questions of 5 marks or more. Model question papers from previous years are also provided at the end for practice.
A four-lane rural highway pavement is designed to last 25 years with an initial serviceability index of 4.5 and terminal index of 2.5. The estimated first year traffic is 144,000 equivalent single axles and the growth rate is 3.5%. The subbase has a modulus of 110 psi and drainage is fair. The concrete strength is 4900 psi with a modulus of rupture of 600 psi. The required pavement thickness is determined to be slightly less than 9 inches and is rounded up to 9 inches.
This document discusses using a scientific approach to determine the workability of concrete by measuring its rheological properties. It outlines that workability is traditionally determined through empirical tests like slump tests, which have limitations. Rheology allows measurement of yield stress and plastic viscosity, parameters that better describe concrete flow. Various rheometers are described that can measure these properties, like coaxial cylinder and parallel plate devices. Factors influencing concrete rheology are also discussed. The document concludes workability should be evaluated based on rheological measurements to address limitations of empirical tests.
This document provides information about the course "Design & Detailing of RC Structures 10CV321" taught by Dr. G.S. Suresh at NIE Mysore. It lists several reference books for the course and provides the evaluation pattern for both theory and drawing components. It also outlines the course content which includes limit state design method, stress-strain behavior of materials, assumptions in limit state design, behavior of reinforced concrete beams, stress block parameters, and calculation of ultimate flexural strength.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document summarizes the procedures for conducting a pile load test to determine the load carrying capacity of a pile. The test involves installing a test pile between two anchor piles and applying incremental loads through a hydraulic jack while monitoring settlement. Loads are applied until the pile reaches twice its safe load or a specified settlement. A load-settlement curve is plotted to determine the ultimate load and safe load based on settlement criteria. The test provides values for maximum load, permissible working load, and pile settlement under different loads.
Stress distribution in soils can be caused by self-weight of soil layers and surface loads. Stresses increase with depth due to self-weight and decrease radially from applied surface loads. Boussinesq developed equations to determine stresses below concentrated, line, strip and rectangular loads by representing them as point loads and using influence factors. Newmark proposed charts to simplify determining stresses below uniformly loaded areas of different shapes. Approximate methods like the 2:1 method also exist but are less accurate.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
A sample lab report on Marshall method of mix design for bituminous mixtures with all calculations.
Please request with your mail ID if you want to download this document.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Design mix method of bitumenous materials by Marshall stability methodAmardeep Singh
4.25
4.5
4.75
5
5.25
5.5
Bitumen %
1) The Marshall stability test is used to determine the optimum asphalt content for a given mix design by evaluating stability, flow, density, voids, and voids filled with asphalt at different asphalt contents.
2) Specimens are compacted in molds and tested at 60°C after being submerged in a water bath for 30-40 minutes.
3) Graphs of stability, density, and voids vs. asphalt content are used to identify the optimum asphalt content, which
This document provides information on concrete mix design, including objectives, basic considerations, and the IS (Indian Standards) method for mix design. The objectives of mix design are to achieve the desired workability, strength, durability, and cost. Basic considerations include cost, specifications, workability, strength, durability, and aggregate grading. The IS method is then described in steps, including selecting target strength, water-cement ratio, air content, water and sand contents, cement content, and aggregate contents. An example application of the IS method is also provided.
1. Load-settlement curves for footings on dense sand or stiff clay show a pronounced peak and failure occurs at very small strains, with sudden sinking or tilting and surface heaving of adjoining soil.
2. For medium sand or clay, failure starts at a localized spot and migrates outward gradually, with large vertical strains and small lateral strains. Failure planes are not clearly defined.
3. Failure zones for footings on slopes do not extend above the horizontal plane through the base, and failure occurs when downward and upward pressures are equal.
Pile foundations are commonly used when soil conditions require deep foundations, such as with compressible, waterlogged, or deep soils. There are various types of piles classified by function (e.g. end bearing, friction, tension), material (e.g. concrete, timber, steel), and installation method (e.g. driven, cast-in-place). The load carrying capacity of piles can be determined through dynamic formulas, static formulas, load tests, or penetration tests. Factors like pile length, structure characteristics, material availability, loading types, and costs must be considered for proper pile selection.
The document discusses the design and estimation of an Intze tank. It includes an abstract that describes the need for water storage and supply. It then covers various topics related to designing water tanks such as estimating water demand based on population and consumption rates, classifying different types of water tanks, design requirements for concrete water tanks, and the design of specific elements like domes and overhead tanks. The document aims to provide theory and guidelines for designing a reinforced concrete elevated circular water tank with a domed roof and conical base using the working stress method.
This document provides information about concrete, its ingredients, properties, types of cement, and methods of placing and curing concrete. It discusses that concrete is composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand), coarse aggregates, and water. The main ingredients are cement (usually Portland cement), water, fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates. It also outlines some key properties of good concrete including being strong, durable, water tight, workable, and able to resist wear and tear. The document then discusses reinforced concrete and factors affecting the workability and durability of concrete. It concludes with descriptions of different cement types and methods for placing and curing concrete.
Water plays a crucial role in concrete as it is required for the chemical process of hydration where water reacts with cement to gain strength over time. The water-cement ratio affects properties like strength and durability, with lower ratios producing higher strengths and more durable concrete. Proper curing with water is also important to ensure continued hydration and development of strength and durability.
MEANING OF MIX DESIGN
GRADE OF CONCRETE.
FACTORS INFLUCING THE CHOICE OF MIX DESIGN.
MATHODS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
MIX DESIGN BY INDIAN STANDARD METHOD.
Goe tech. engg. Ch# 02 strss distributionIrfan Malik
This document discusses stress distribution in soils. It defines stress as the internal forces per unit area within a body resisting external loads. Stress is calculated as force over cross-sectional area. Stresses in soil come from geostatic or self-weight stresses due to overburden pressure, or induced stresses from external loads like foundations or vehicles. Pore water pressure is stress transmitted by water in soil pores, while effective stress is that transmitted between soil grains, accounting for both normal and shear strength. Effective stress is calculated as total stress minus pore water pressure.
This document discusses various techniques for repairing and rehabilitating concrete structures. It covers topics such as concrete deterioration mechanisms, materials used for repair like cement mortars and polymers, and techniques like grouting, jacketing, and external bonding. Assessment of damaged structures involves preliminary investigation, detailed investigation using techniques like core cutting, rebar location, corrosion measurement, and pull-out tests to determine repair requirements. Underwater repair of structures also requires special considerations and techniques.
The document provides a question bank on soil mechanics for a civil engineering course. It contains questions organized under 5 units covering key topics in soil mechanics like introduction to soil, permeability, stress distribution, consolidation, and shear strength. The questions range from 2 marks to longer questions of 5 marks or more. Model question papers from previous years are also provided at the end for practice.
A four-lane rural highway pavement is designed to last 25 years with an initial serviceability index of 4.5 and terminal index of 2.5. The estimated first year traffic is 144,000 equivalent single axles and the growth rate is 3.5%. The subbase has a modulus of 110 psi and drainage is fair. The concrete strength is 4900 psi with a modulus of rupture of 600 psi. The required pavement thickness is determined to be slightly less than 9 inches and is rounded up to 9 inches.
This document discusses using a scientific approach to determine the workability of concrete by measuring its rheological properties. It outlines that workability is traditionally determined through empirical tests like slump tests, which have limitations. Rheology allows measurement of yield stress and plastic viscosity, parameters that better describe concrete flow. Various rheometers are described that can measure these properties, like coaxial cylinder and parallel plate devices. Factors influencing concrete rheology are also discussed. The document concludes workability should be evaluated based on rheological measurements to address limitations of empirical tests.
This document provides information about the course "Design & Detailing of RC Structures 10CV321" taught by Dr. G.S. Suresh at NIE Mysore. It lists several reference books for the course and provides the evaluation pattern for both theory and drawing components. It also outlines the course content which includes limit state design method, stress-strain behavior of materials, assumptions in limit state design, behavior of reinforced concrete beams, stress block parameters, and calculation of ultimate flexural strength.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document summarizes the procedures for conducting a pile load test to determine the load carrying capacity of a pile. The test involves installing a test pile between two anchor piles and applying incremental loads through a hydraulic jack while monitoring settlement. Loads are applied until the pile reaches twice its safe load or a specified settlement. A load-settlement curve is plotted to determine the ultimate load and safe load based on settlement criteria. The test provides values for maximum load, permissible working load, and pile settlement under different loads.
Stress distribution in soils can be caused by self-weight of soil layers and surface loads. Stresses increase with depth due to self-weight and decrease radially from applied surface loads. Boussinesq developed equations to determine stresses below concentrated, line, strip and rectangular loads by representing them as point loads and using influence factors. Newmark proposed charts to simplify determining stresses below uniformly loaded areas of different shapes. Approximate methods like the 2:1 method also exist but are less accurate.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
A sample lab report on Marshall method of mix design for bituminous mixtures with all calculations.
Please request with your mail ID if you want to download this document.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Design mix method of bitumenous materials by Marshall stability methodAmardeep Singh
4.25
4.5
4.75
5
5.25
5.5
Bitumen %
1) The Marshall stability test is used to determine the optimum asphalt content for a given mix design by evaluating stability, flow, density, voids, and voids filled with asphalt at different asphalt contents.
2) Specimens are compacted in molds and tested at 60°C after being submerged in a water bath for 30-40 minutes.
3) Graphs of stability, density, and voids vs. asphalt content are used to identify the optimum asphalt content, which
This document provides information on concrete mix design, including objectives, basic considerations, and the IS (Indian Standards) method for mix design. The objectives of mix design are to achieve the desired workability, strength, durability, and cost. Basic considerations include cost, specifications, workability, strength, durability, and aggregate grading. The IS method is then described in steps, including selecting target strength, water-cement ratio, air content, water and sand contents, cement content, and aggregate contents. An example application of the IS method is also provided.
1. Load-settlement curves for footings on dense sand or stiff clay show a pronounced peak and failure occurs at very small strains, with sudden sinking or tilting and surface heaving of adjoining soil.
2. For medium sand or clay, failure starts at a localized spot and migrates outward gradually, with large vertical strains and small lateral strains. Failure planes are not clearly defined.
3. Failure zones for footings on slopes do not extend above the horizontal plane through the base, and failure occurs when downward and upward pressures are equal.
Pile foundations are commonly used when soil conditions require deep foundations, such as with compressible, waterlogged, or deep soils. There are various types of piles classified by function (e.g. end bearing, friction, tension), material (e.g. concrete, timber, steel), and installation method (e.g. driven, cast-in-place). The load carrying capacity of piles can be determined through dynamic formulas, static formulas, load tests, or penetration tests. Factors like pile length, structure characteristics, material availability, loading types, and costs must be considered for proper pile selection.
The document discusses the design and estimation of an Intze tank. It includes an abstract that describes the need for water storage and supply. It then covers various topics related to designing water tanks such as estimating water demand based on population and consumption rates, classifying different types of water tanks, design requirements for concrete water tanks, and the design of specific elements like domes and overhead tanks. The document aims to provide theory and guidelines for designing a reinforced concrete elevated circular water tank with a domed roof and conical base using the working stress method.
This document provides information about concrete, its ingredients, properties, types of cement, and methods of placing and curing concrete. It discusses that concrete is composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand), coarse aggregates, and water. The main ingredients are cement (usually Portland cement), water, fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates. It also outlines some key properties of good concrete including being strong, durable, water tight, workable, and able to resist wear and tear. The document then discusses reinforced concrete and factors affecting the workability and durability of concrete. It concludes with descriptions of different cement types and methods for placing and curing concrete.
Water plays a crucial role in concrete as it is required for the chemical process of hydration where water reacts with cement to gain strength over time. The water-cement ratio affects properties like strength and durability, with lower ratios producing higher strengths and more durable concrete. Proper curing with water is also important to ensure continued hydration and development of strength and durability.
This document discusses different types of concrete. It begins by explaining that concrete is composed of cement, fine aggregates like sand, and coarse aggregates mixed with water. It then describes several types of concrete including ordinary concrete, self-compacting concrete, reinforced cement concrete, precast concrete, prestressed concrete, and pervious concrete. For each type, it provides a brief definition and some of the key characteristics. The document focuses on explaining the composition and properties of different concretes used in construction.
This document presents a phase 2 project on lightweight concrete submitted by 5 civil engineering students. It defines lightweight concrete and discusses its types, advantages, durability, applications, mix design, and tests. Lightweight concrete has lower density than normal concrete and is made with lightweight aggregates. It offers benefits like reduced dead load, faster construction, and lower transportation costs. The document examines the durability and typical uses of lightweight concrete, provides steps for mix design, and notes that compression, split tensile, and slump tests were performed to determine the strength of lightweight concrete mixes containing expanded polystyrene spheres.
This is the presentation about the Plum concrete which is used under water to make a reservoir. This presentation is related to the Civil Engineering. The visual effect of the presentation can be seen after downloading it.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An experimental study on durability of high strength self compacting concrete...eSAT Journals
Abstract The basic philosophy in the construction of every structure is it should perform its intended functions successfully through the expected and anticipated life time, irrespective of external exposure conditions. The ability of the concrete is to resist and withstand any environmental conditions that may result in early failure or severe damages and it is a major concern to the engineering professional. Out of all the deteriorating agents acid attack is one of the phenomena that plays a vital role in disintegrating concrete structures depending on the type and concentration of the acid. Certain acids are harmless. The present investigation focused on the effect of H2 So4 and HCL on High Strength Self Compacting Concrete. Keywords: Self Compacting Concrete, Durability, deterioration, Compressive strength, viscosity modifying agent, Workability
This document provides information about common construction materials like concrete and steel. It discusses concrete in particular over 3 pages, describing it as a composite material made from a mixture of cement, aggregates, and water. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength, making it well-suited for applications requiring strength and durability like building foundations. Reinforced concrete combines concrete with steel rebar to increase its strength and suitability for structures. The document also covers the workability and slump test of concrete, which determines the effort needed to work fresh concrete without losing homogeneity.
This document is a project report submitted by four students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering from Kakatiya University. The project investigates the effect of material proportions on the engineering properties of pervious concrete. It includes an introduction to pervious concrete, a literature review on previous studies of pervious concrete, and experimental testing and results analyzing the properties of pervious concrete mixes with varying material proportions. The report is presented to fulfill the students' degree requirements under the guidance of their project supervisor.
Introduction to Concrete
Manufacturing of Concrete
Types of Concrete
Properties of Concrete
Advantage of Concrete
Uses of Concrete
Various Tests for Concrete
Innovations…
This document discusses the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. It begins by defining fresh concrete as concrete that has not yet started to set and harden. Fresh concrete is mouldable and workable. The key properties of fresh concrete are mixability, stability, mobility/flowability, compactibility, and finishability. Various tests are used to evaluate the workability and other properties of fresh concrete, such as slump tests and vee-bee consistometer tests. The document also discusses how segregation and bleeding can affect fresh concrete if not properly controlled. Finally, it discusses different tests used to evaluate the hardened properties of concrete, such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength tests.
The document discusses different types of concrete and their properties. It begins by listing the advantages of concrete such as high compressive strength, durability, fire resistance, and more. It then describes different types of concrete classified based on binding material (cement, lime) and design (plain, reinforced, prestressed). Key types discussed include normal strength concrete, reinforced concrete, precast concrete, lightweight concrete, and others. For each type, the document provides details on composition, properties, uses, and characteristics. It also covers mix design and factors that affect mix proportions such as required strength, workability, durability, aggregate size and quality control.
Concrete is the most widely used construction material due to its durability, affordability, and ability to be cast into any shape. A proper concrete mix design targets compressive strength, workability, durability, and quality control. The key aspects of mix proportioning include selecting aggregates based on properties like composition and size, using an optimized gradation, and determining the right water-cement ratio to achieve the desired strength and minimize waste. Chemical admixtures can be added to improve properties like freeze-thaw resistance or to accelerate or retard setting times for different construction needs.
1. The document discusses various types of special concretes including lightweight concrete, foam concrete, self-compacting concrete, vacuum concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, ferrocement, ready mix concrete, slurry infiltrated fibre concrete (SIFCON), and shotcrete.
2. Lightweight concrete uses lightweight aggregates like shale, clay, or slate to reduce density while maintaining strength. Foam concrete is made by injecting air or gas into the mix to create a cellular structure.
3. Self-compacting concrete can be placed without vibration due to its fluidity. Vacuum concrete has water removed using vacuum mats to increase strength.
Deepayan Mazumder completed a 60-day internship with Shanta Properties Ltd from November 28, 2015 to February 9, 2016. During this time, he observed formwork, floor slab casting, and curing practices on the Araddho construction project. He learned that steel formwork has advantages over other materials due to its strength, durability, and ability to be reused. Mazumder also studied how to properly cast floor slabs, including reinforcement and curing methods. His supervisor assessed that Mazumder met expectations in taking responsibility, problem solving, collaboration, and communication. Overall, the internship enhanced Mazumder's construction knowledge.
This document discusses concrete technology and provides information on various topics related to concrete construction. It begins with an overview of concrete admixtures and their classification. It then discusses ready mix concrete and includes information on quality control measures in concrete projects. The document also covers common defects in concrete, repair methods, and different varieties of concrete. It concludes with sections on concreting under extreme conditions and the past, present, and future of concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses various topics related to concrete, including:
1. The advantages of pre-stressing concrete include reducing materials, allowing for longer spans, improved durability, and crack resistance under service loads. Common materials for pre-stressing include wires, strands, tendons, cables, and bars made of steel.
2. The setting time of concrete depends on the cement type and can be increased or decreased by admixtures. It refers to the time when concrete transforms from a fresh to hardened state.
3. Tests for determining the workability of concrete include the slump cone test, flow test, K-slump test, Vee-Bee test, spread/flow table test
Effect of Admixture on Properties of ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of admixtures on the properties of concrete. It begins by defining concrete and its main components of cement, water, aggregates, and sometimes admixtures. It then discusses different types of admixtures including their physical and chemical functions. The document also examines how admixtures can be used to increase properties like strength and decrease weaknesses in concrete like brittleness. Finally, it analyzes how admixtures like silica fume can improve properties of lightweight concrete by increasing its strength.
Rishabh Lala is a student in the 6th semester at Rajiv Gandhi Technological University in Bhopal. The document discusses various topics related to concrete including its composition, types, properties, testing, ingredients, water-cement ratio, workability, curing, and types of cement. It provides definitions and details on plain cement concrete, reinforced cement concrete, pre-stressed concrete, lime concrete, air entrained concrete, and more.
Rwss (rural water supply and sanitation)tushar garg
This document discusses rural water supply and sanitation in India, focusing on traditional sources of water in rural areas. It provides details on:
1) The main traditional sources of water in rural India including rainwater, surface water sources like ponds and rivers, and groundwater sources like wells.
2) Key water harvesting methods used in rural India like roof rainwater harvesting and details of components like catchment, transportation, and filters.
3) Some communicable diseases linked to water quality and their transmission, the importance of immunity, and an overview of Guinea worm disease.
The document discusses the need for a metro system in Jaipur city. It notes that as the population grows, public transport share should increase to around 40-45% for cities with 1 million people and up to 75% for cities with 5 million people. Existing bus systems in Jaipur are inadequate to meet growing travel demand. While BRTS and trams are options, their maximum carrying capacity is lower than a metro system. A metro does not encroach on road space like BRTS and is more suitable as Jaipur's population and travel demand is projected to grow substantially in the future.
The document discusses the demolition of buildings through various methods. It begins by outlining the objective of demolishing structures after their usable lifespan for safety reasons. Several steps are described before demolition, including surveying the building, removing hazardous materials, and creating a demolition plan. Common demolition methods are then outlined, such as piecemeal, mechanical, and explosive demolition. Explosive demolition is described as the quickest method, especially for multi-story buildings, though it requires carefully placing explosives. Finally, the conclusion states that imploding structures can be useful, economical, and fast for reconstruction projects.
This document provides information about the Jaipur Metro project in India. It discusses the need for the metro given Jaipur's population growth and traffic issues. It summarizes the phases and alignments of the metro construction. Phase 1 is partially open while Phase 1B and 2 are still under development. Phase 1B will connect Chandpole to Badi Chaupar underground. The document discusses the technical aspects and suppliers for the metro systems. It also addresses some issues regarding the underground construction in the historic parts of Jaipur city.
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Plum concrete (major project).pdf
1. 1
A
MAJAOR PROJECT REPORT
“A detailed report on PLUM CONCRETE”
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for the Award of
Bachelor of Technology Degree
of
Rajasthan Technology University, Kota
2016-2017
Submitted To: - Submitted by: -
Er. Shiv Kumar Sharma Tushar Garg
(Assistant Professor) (13EKTCE113)
Section – A
Sem – 8th
2. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank respected Er. Shiv Kumar Sharma and Dr. AK Sharma for giving me such a wonderful
opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to present a major
project report. It helped me a lot to realize of what we study for.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as I went through my work and helped
to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs.
Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more organized and well-stacked
till the end.
Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It helped my work a
lot to remain error-free.
Last but clearly not the least, I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to complete my report on
time.
3. 3
PREFACE
I have made this report file on the topic PLUM CONCRETE; I have tried my best to elucidate all the
relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report. While in the beginning I have tried to give a
general view about this topic.
My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and every one has ended on a successful note. I
express my sincere gratitude to Er. Shiv Kumar Sharma (Assist. Professor) who assisting me
throughout the preparation of this topic. I thank him for providing me the confidence and most
importantly the track for the topic whenever I needed it.
4. 4
KAUTILYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
SITAPURA, JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
DECLERATION
I hereby certify that work which is being presented in the Major Project Report entitled “PLUM
CONCRETE” in partial fulfilment of the requirements for award of degree of bachelor in technology and
submitted in the department of civil engineering at the Kautilya Institute Of Technology & Engineering,
Jaipur is an authentic record of my own work carried out under the supervision of assistant professor Er.
Shiv Kumar Sharma, department of civil engineering.
The matter presented in the seminar report has not been submitted by me for the award of any degree of
this or any other institute.
Tushar Garg
Roll No – 13EKTCE113 (68)
This is to certify that above statement made by the coordinate is correct to the best of my knowledge.
Er. Shiv Kumar Sharma
(Assistant Professor)
Department of civil engineering
Kautilya institute of tech. & engg.
5. 5
CONTENT
S. No. Topic Page No.
1 Concrete 7
2 Plum Concrete 12
3 Procedure of making plum concrete block for testing 15
4 Procedure of making the ordinary concrete block of M20 grade for
testing
17
5 Testing of Plum Concrete and ordinary concrete block 17
6 Result 19
7 Compressive strength of concrete 19
8 Compression testing machine 22
9 Purpose of Plum concrete 23
10 Advantages of concrete 23
11 Disadvantages of concrete 23
12 Uses of concrete in comparison to the other material 24
13 Photos 25
14 Conclusion 27
15 Reference 28
6. 6
TABLE OF FIGURE
S. No. Topic Page No.
1 Concrete 7
2 Workability of concrete 9
3 Segregation on the removal of formwork 11
4 Air entrained concrete 12
5 Plum concrete 13
6 Aggregate 14
7 Mould for making concrete block 16
8 Preparation of making plum concrete block 16
9 Concrete block 17
10 Curing of concrete block 18
11 Testing of compressive strength of concrete 19
12 Compression testing machine 22
7. 7
CONCRETE
The homogenous mixture of Cement, Sand and stone chips when casted by mixing it with adequate amount
of water is called concrete. The process of preparing the mix is called concrete mix. Concrete is a composite
material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that harden over time. Most
concrete used are lime based concrete such as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other
hydraulic cement. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing material embedded to provide tensile strength,
yielding reinforcing concrete.
Famous concrete structure include the hoover Dam, the Panama Canal, and the Roman Pantheon. The
earliest large – scale user of concrete technology were the ancient Romans, and concrete was widely used
in the Roman Empire. The Colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete, and the concrete dome of the
Pantheon is the world largest unreinforced concrete dome. Today, largest concrete structure are usually
made with reinforced concrete.
After the Roman Empire collapsed, use of concrete become rare until the technology was redeveloped in
the mid-18th
century. Today, concrete is the most widely used man – made material.
Concrete
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
1. ELASTICITY - The modulus of elasticity of concrete is a function of the modulus of elasticity of the
aggregates and the cement matrix and their relative proportions. The modulus of elasticity of concrete
is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking
develops. The elastic modulus of the hardened paste may be in the order of 10-30 GPa and aggregates
about 45 to 85 GPa. The concrete composite is then in the range of 30 to 50 GPa.
8. 8
2. EXPANSION AND SHRINKAGE - Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion.
However, if no provision is made for expansion, very large forces can be created, causing cracks in
parts of the structure not capable of withstanding the force or the repeated cycles of expansion and
contraction. The coefficient of thermal expansion of Portland cement concrete is 0.000008 to 0.000012
(per degree Celsius).
3. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY - Concrete has moderate thermal conductivity, much lower than
metals, but significantly higher than other building materials such as wood, and is a poor insulator. A
layer of concrete is frequently used for 'fireproofing' of steel structures. However, the term fireproof is
inappropriate, for high temperature fires can be hot enough to induce chemical changes in concrete,
which in the extreme can cause considerable structural damage to the concrete.
4. CREEP - Creep is the permanent movement or deformation of a material in order to relieve stresses
within the material. Concrete that is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. Short-duration
forces (such as wind or earthquakes) do not cause creep. Creep can sometimes reduce the amount of
cracking that occurs in a concrete structure or element, but it also must be controlled. The amount of
primary and secondary reinforcing in concrete structures contributes to a reduction in the amount of
shrinkage, creep and cracking.
5. WATER RETENTION - Portland cement concrete holds water. However, some types of concrete
(like Pervious concrete allow water to pass, hereby being perfect alternatives to Macadam roads, as
they do not need to be fitted with storm drains.
6. WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE - Workability is often referred to as the ease with which a
concrete can be transported, placed and consolidated without excessive bleeding or segregation. The
internal work done required to overcome the frictional forces between concrete ingredients for full
compaction. It is obvious that no single test can evaluate all these factors. In fact, most of these cannot
be easily assessed even though some standard tests have been established to evaluate them under
specific conditions. In the case of concrete, consistence is sometimes taken to mean the degree of
wetness; within limits, wet concretes are more workable than dry concrete, but concrete of same
consistence may vary in workability. Because the strength of concrete is adversely and significantly
affected by the presence of voids in the compacted mass, it is vital to achieve a maximum possible
9. 9
density. This requires sufficient workability for virtually full compaction to be possible using a
reasonable amount of work under the given conditions. Presence of voids in concrete reduces the
density and greatly reduces the strength: 5% of voids can lower the strength by as much as 30%. Slump
Test can be used to find out the workability of concrete.
Factor affecting workability of concrete
Water – cement ratio
Amount and type of aggregate
Amount and types of cement
Weather condition
Chemical admixture
Sand to aggregate ratio
Workability of concrete
7. CONCRETE BLEEDING - Bleeding in concrete is sometimes referred as water gain. It is a particular
form of segregation, in which some of the water from the concrete comes out to the surface of the
concrete, being of the lowest specific gravity among all the ingredients of concrete. Bleeding is
predominantly observed in a highly wet mix, badly proportioned and insufficiently mixed concrete. In
thin members like roof slab or road slabs and when concrete is placed in sunny weather show excessive
bleeding.
Due to bleeding, water comes up and accumulates at the surface. Sometimes, along with this water,
certain quantity of cement also comes to the surface. When the surface is worked up with the trowel,
the aggregate goes down and the cement and water come up to the top surface. This formation of
cement paste at the surface is known as “Laitance”. In such a case, the top surface of slabs and
10. 10
pavements will not have good wearing quality. This laitance formed on roads produces dust in summer
and mud in rainy season.
Water while traversing from bottom to top, makes continuous channels. If the water cement ratio used
is more than 0.7, the bleeding channels will remain continuous and unsegmented. These continuous
bleeding channels are often responsible for causing permeability of the concrete structures. While the
mixing water is in the process of coming up, it may be intercepted by aggregates. The bleeding water
is likely to accumulate below the aggregate. This accumulation of water creates water voids and
reduces the bond between the aggregates and the paste.
The above aspect is more pronounced in the case of flaky aggregate. Similarly, the water that
accumulates below the reinforcing bars reduces the bond between the reinforcement and the concrete.
The poor bond between the aggregate and the paste or the reinforcement and the paste due to bleeding
can be remedied by re vibration of concrete. The formation of laitance and the consequent bad effect
can be reduced by delayed finishing operations.
Prevention of bleeding in concrete
Bleeding can be reduced by proper proportioning and uniform and complete mixing.
Use of finely divided pozzolanic materials reduces bleeding by creating a longer path for the water
to traverse.
Air-entraining agent is very effective in reducing the bleeding.
Bleeding can be reduced by the use of finer cement or cement with low alkali content. Rich mixes
are less susceptible to bleeding than lean mixes.
The bleeding is not completely harmful if the rate of evaporation of water from the surface is equal to
the rate of bleeding. Removal of water, after it had played its role in providing workability, from the
body of concrete by way of bleeding will do well to the concrete. Early bleeding when the concrete
mass is fully plastic, may not cause much harm, because concrete being in a fully plastic condition at
that stage, will get subsided and compacted. It is the delayed bleeding, when the concrete has lost its
plasticity, which causes undue harm to the concrete. Controlled re vibration may be adopted to
overcome the bad effect of bleeding.
8. SEGREGATION OF CONCRETE - Segregation can be defined as the separation of the constituent
materials of concrete. A good concrete is one in which all the ingredients are properly distributed to
make a homogeneous mixture. There are considerable differences in the sizes and specific gravities of
11. 11
the constituent ingredients of concrete. Therefore, it is natural that the materials show a tendency to
fall apart.
Segregation on the removal of formwork
9. HYDRATION IN CONCRETE - Concrete derives its strength by the hydration of cement particles.
The hydration of cement is not a momentary action but a process continuing for long time. Of course,
the rate of hydration is fast to start with, but continues over a very long time at a decreasing rate In the
field and in actual work, even a higher water/cement ratio is used, since the concrete is open to
atmosphere, the water used in the concrete evaporates and the water available in the concrete will not
be sufficient for effective hydration to take place particularly in the top layer. If the hydration is to
continue, extra water must be added to refill the loss of water on account of absorption and evaporation.
Therefore, the curing can be considered as creation of a favourable environment during the early period
for uninterrupted hydration. The desirable conditions are, a suitable temperature and ample moisture.
Concrete, while hydrating, releases high heat of hydration. This heat is harmful from the point of view
of volume stability. Heat of hydration of concrete may also shrinkage in concrete, thus producing
cracks. If the heat generated is removed by some means, the adverse effect due to the generation of
heat can be reduced. This can be done by a thorough water curing.
12. 12
10. AIR ENTRAINMENT - Air entrainment reduces the density of concrete and consequently reduces
the strength. Air entrainment is used to produce a number of effects in both the plastic and the hardened
concrete.
These include –
Resistance to freeze–thaw action in the hardened concrete.
Increased cohesion, reducing the tendency to bleed and segregation in the plastic concrete.
Compaction of low workability mixes including semi-dry concrete.
Stability of extruded concrete.
Cohesion and handling properties in bedding mortars.
PLUM CONCRETE
In this concrete mix used with plums (large stones) mixed with concrete. It is used in gravity dams,
embankments and below the structures. Plum concrete also known as Cyclopean Concrete, this is a variety
of concrete consisting of large sized stones (Plums) with interstices filled with concrete.
Plum concrete consist of 60% of concrete and 40% of large sized stones with proper anchoring of
reinforcement.
Plum concrete is usually done where the surface is uneven and to minimise the costing of concrete. For e.g.
below footings of residential buildings where in a small portion where the slope of ground below single
13. 13
footing is 1:10 to 1:50 in that case to save the cost of concrete plum is usually preferred. This finally leads
to minimise the construction cost of building in all.
The proportion of plums should not exceed 50 per cent of total volume of plum concrete /plum masonry.
The stone size to be used for plum shall be between 200 to 300 mm. The stone shall be basalt, trap or any
other approved locally available stone with minimum crushing strength of 100 kg/sq.cm obtained from
quarries approved by Engineering -in-charge.
The stone shall be hard durable and tough .The length of stone shall not exceed 3 time its height.
It will be sufficient to make up the total volume with plums and fill all the interstices, which should not be
less than 150cm, with cement concrete. The cement concrete shall be in 1:4:8 (cement, sand, coarse
aggregate). The coarse aggregate shall be 25 mm down. The water cement ratio shall be adjusted at site to
maintain the flow ability of concrete to fill all the interstices properly. The plums are laid in layers using
the cement concrete as mortar.
The plum shall be raised uniformly, and no part, at any time shall be raised more than 900 mm above
adjoining work.
Double scaffolding shall be provided for construction and piercing of walls for scaffolding shall not be
permitted. The contactor shall be responsible for any damage or injury resulting from poor scaffolding.
All plum concrete/ plum masonry shall be maintained wet for at least 7 days.
Weep holes shall be provided by HDPE pipes buried in plum masonry. The end of the weep holes on the
filled up side, shall be covered by geo-membrane and filled by gravels of sizes 40 mm.
Form work shall be of ply wood or steel.
14. 14
SIZE OF AGGREGATE REGARDING PLUM CONCRETE
The nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate should be as large as possible within the limits specified
but in no case greater than one – fourth of the minimum thickness of the member, provided that the concrete
can be placed without difficulty so as to surround all reinforcement thoroughly and fill the corners of the
firm. For most work, 20 mm aggregate is suitable. Where there is no restriction to the flow of concrete
elements with thin sections, closely spaced reinforcement or small cover, consideration should be given to
the use of 10 mm nominal maximum size. Plum above 160 mm and up to any reasonable size may be used
in plain concrete work up to a maximum limit of 20 percent by volume of concrete when specifically
permitted by the engineer – in – charge. The plums shall be distributed evenly and shall be not clear than
150 mm from the surface.
For definition purpose if you just enter “Mass concrete definition” or “Plum concrete” in Google, you may
find various definition.
In general concrete in larger sizes in all three dimensions are termed as Mass Concrete. It may be reinforced
or plain. It is not a specific term but used in concrete technology to indicate huge concrete. Plum concrete
is also a type of plain mass concrete, with the use of plums as specified and requirement with different types
of grade of concrete. Generally lean concrete with plums used to fill the gap between low lying areas to
require to rest coming foundation without going deep itself by foundation.
Aggregate
15. 15
PROCEDURE OF MAKING PLUM CONCRETE BLOCK FOR
TESTING
In this procedure, the cement is taken and then it pass through the 90 micron sieve. The cement which
passes through the sieve is taken for the preparation of the concrete block. The cement should be free
from the lumps and should be feel cool and smooth when taken into the hand. The cement should
satisfy all the properties of the cement.
The sand is taken for the preparation of the plum concrete mould which pass through the sieve of size
600 micron.
The aggregate is taken which passes through the 20 mm sieve and retained on the 4.75 mm size of the
sieve. The aggregate is which retained on 4.75 mm size of the sieve is taken for the preparation of the
plum concrete mould. The aggregate should be air dry to remove the moisture from the concrete.
The stone is also taken for the preparation of plum concrete block for the testing. The size of the stone
block which is taken actually for the preparation of the plum concrete structure especially for the
construction of the dam is described above. But here the size of the aggregate is taken which is
randomly and their size is more than the aggregate used.
The cement, sand and aggregate are mixed for the preparation of the plum concrete block in the grade
of M20. The water cement ratio is taken for the 0.40 to 0.60. Here we have taken the water cement
ratio for the preparation of concrete is 0.50.
Then the mould is taken for the preparation of the plum concrete block. The size of the mould is
generally 150mm × 150 mm × 150 mm. The inner surface of the mould is oil painted to provide a
barrier between the concrete surface and the mould surface so that the both they are do not stiff to each
other.
16. 16
Mould for making concrete block
The concrete is placed in the mould in the 3 layer and the before laying the layer of concrete into the
mould, some stone block are placed into the mould for the preparation of the plum concrete block. The
stone block layer is placed every time before the layer of the concrete placed into the mould.
After placing the layer of the concrete, the layer of the concrete is compacted by the tamping rod 35
times so that all the place of the concrete in the mould is properly compacted and fill the area of the
mould by the concrete. The tamping is done properly because it’s also affect the properties of the
concrete.
After placing the concrete and the stone block into the mould, the surface of the concrete on the mould
is levelled and the date of construction is also marked.
Preparation of plum concrete block
17. 17
PROCEDURE OF MAKING THE ORDINARY CONCRETE BLOCK OF
M20 GRADE FOR TESTING
The procedure of making the ordinary concrete block for the testing is similar to the plum concrete block
except that in the preparation of the ordinary concrete block, the stone block are not taken and rest of all
the procedure is same as the plum concrete block.
The purpose of making these block is check the compressive strength of the both the concrete block.
Concrete block
TESTING OF PLUM CONCRETE AND ORDINARY CONCRETE
BLOCK
After the casting of concrete block of both types, they are placed into the open air in shade so that the
concrete block with the mould is hardened.
The concrete block is taken out from the mould after the 24 hours dry in the open air.
Then these block are placed into the water for the proper curing so that sufficient water is available for
the strengthen of the concrete block.
18. 18
Curing of concrete block
The concrete block is take out of the water on that day when we have to test the concrete block. The
properties of the concrete block varies with the day of curing. The concrete which cure more days in
the water have more compressive strength. About 99% of the compressive strength of the concrete is
achieved in the 28 days.
The concrete block should be taken out of water before the 1 hours of the testing time so that the
concrete surface is remain dry.
The compressive strength of the concrete blocks is tested in the compressive strength testing machine.
In the compressive strength testing machine, the load is applied on the concrete surface. The concrete
block should be properly placed on the testing machine so that the load is applied on the concrete block
is in the axial way.
The load at which the concrete block is crack is taken as the ultimate load of that concrete. The
compressive strength of the concrete is determined by the ultimate load of the concrete to the volume
of the concrete block.
Generally 3 specimen are prepared of the ordinary concrete and the plum concrete. And the average of
the three is taken as the compressive strength of the concrete.
19. 19
Then we compare the compressive strength of the ordinary concrete and plum concrete block to show
that who is better. In other word, to determine the suitability of the plum concrete and the ordinary
concrete.
Testing of compressive strength of concrete
RESULT
S. No. Concrete Compressive strength
(N/MM2
) in 7 days
1 Ordinary concrete block 20.44
2 Plum concrete block 19.11
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
The compressive strength of any material is defined as the resistance to failure under the action of
compressive forces. Especially for concrete, compressive strength is an important parameter to determine
the performance of the material during service conditions. Concrete mix can be designed or proportioned
to obtain the required engineering and durability properties as required by the design engineer. Some of the
other engineering properties of hardened concrete includes Elastic Modulus, Tensile Strength, Creep
coefficients, density, coefficient of thermal expansion etc.
20. 20
The compressive strength of concrete is determined in batching plant laboratories for every batch in order
to maintain the desired quality of concrete during casting. The strength of concrete is required to calculate
the strength of the members. Concrete specimens are a cast and tested under the action of compressive loads
to determine the strength of concrete. In very simple words, compressive strength is calculated by dividing
the failure load with the area of application of load, usually after 28 days of curing. The strength of concrete
is controlled by the proportioning of cement, coarse and fine aggregates, water, and various admixtures.
The ratio of the water to cement is the chief factor for determining concrete strength. The lower the water-
cement ratio, the higher is the compressive strength.
For normal field applications, the concrete strength can vary from 10Mpa to 60 Mpa. For certain
applications and structures, concrete mixes can be designed to obtain very high compressive strength
capacity in the range of 500Mpa, usually referred as Ultra High Strength Concrete or Powder Reactive
Concrete.
Standard tests for determining the strength are Cube Test and Cylinder Test. As the name suggests, the
difference in both the tests are in the shape of test specimens. In Indian, British and European standards,
the Compressive strength of concrete is determined by testing concrete cubes referred as characteristic
compressive strength whereas in American standards.
Quantity of Concrete (in m3)
Number of samples for testing Compressive
Strength
1-5 1
6-15 2
16-30 3
31-50 4
51 + 4 + 1 cube for each additional 50m3
Minimum or specified Compressive Strength of concrete cubes of various Grade of Concrete at 28 days of
curing are as follows.
Grade of Concrete
Specified Minimum Compressive Strength of
150mm Cube after 28days of Curing
M10 10 N/mm2
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M15 15 N/mm2
M20 20 N/mm2
M25 25 N/mm2
M30 30 N/mm2
M35 35 N/mm2
M40 40 N/mm2
M45 45 N/mm2
M50 50 N/mm2
M55 55 N/mm2
M60 60 N/mm2
M65 65 N/mm2
M70 70 N/mm2
M75 75 N/mm2
M80 80 N/mm2
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AT VARIOUS AGES
The strength of concrete increases with age. Table shows the strength of concrete at different ages in
comparison with the strength at 28 days after casting.
Age Strength per cent
1 day 16%
3 days 40%
7 days 65%
14 days 90%
28 days 99%
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EFFECT OF WATER CEMENT RATIO ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE
According to water cement ratio law, the strength of concrete only depends upon the quantity of water used
in the workable concrete mix and is quite independent of the proportion of cement and aggregates. The
strength of concrete is inversely proportionally to the water cement ratio .i.e. lower the water cement ratio,
greater is the strength of concrete and vice versa. The relation between water cement ratio by weight and
the developed compressive strength of concrete at 28 days may be shown graphically.
Water cement ratio is generally expressed in volume of water required per 50 kg of cement. A rich mix of
concrete possess higher strength than that a lean mix of desired workability with excessive quantity of
water. The concrete gains strength due to hydration of cement and if it is cured at a temperature below 230
C, gains strength up to 28 days.
For preparing ordinary concrete, the quantity of water used is 5% by weight of aggregates plus 20% by
weight of cement.
COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE
The compression testing machine is used to determine the compressive strength of the concrete. The
compression testing machine can be hand – operated, semi – automatic and fully automatic. The
compression testing machine is available in the market under the manufacturer of various companies and
each companies is determined its price in the market.
Compression testing machine
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PURPOSE OF PLUM CONCRETE
When we test the compressive strength on the plum concrete and the ordinary concrete with the same grade,
then we find out that the compressive strength of ordinary concrete is more than the plum concrete. But the
difference in compressive strength of the plum concrete and the ordinary concrete is not so more. The plum
concrete is mostly used for the purpose where the more stabilizing force i.e. downward force are required
for their stability. The stone block are used in that is the reason of more downward force. Another purpose
of using plum concrete is to complete the work faster. It takes less construction time than the ordinary
concrete. The plum concrete is mostly use for the construction of Dams, retaining wall, etc.
ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
Concrete is most widely used as a construction material in place of brick work and reinforced brick.
It is used in the construction of heavy structure like Dams, reservoir, Multi-storey Building, Bridge,
Flyover, Railways etc.
Concrete can be used in foundation. Partition, superstructure etc. Pre – stressed and light weight
concrete is used to complete the work within sectioned duration.
Preparation of concrete is a controlled process and different grades of concrete can be prepared as per
requirement or site condition.
Life of the concrete is almost 100years as compared to 50 years of brick structure.
Concrete with steel make reinforced concrete which is used on more than 80% of the construction
work.
Construction in all the four zones of the earthquake changes the grade of concrete for use in light and
heavy structure.
Strength of concrete is more than brick and components of construction are easily available in the
market.
DISADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
Due to low tensile strength, concrete is required to be reinforced to avoid cracks.
In long structures expansion joints are required, if there are large temperature variation.
Construction joints are provided to avoid cracks due to drying shrinkage and moisture expansion.
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Concrete made with ordinary Portland cement, gets integrated in the presence of alkalises, sulphate
etc.
Sustain loads develop creep in structure.
USES OF CONCRETE IN COMPARISON TO OTHER BUILDING
MATERIAL
Concrete is a versatile material which provide strength, permanence, durability, fire resistance etc.
which is not found in other building material.
Concrete is a site made materials unlike other construction material.
Concrete is also water proof up to some extent.
Other materials like bricks, stone, wood etc. cannot be mould into desired shape. Only concrete can be
mould into required shape and size.
Concrete of important structure like Dams, Bridges, Water treatment plants, Tunnels, Mega structure
used only concrete to get desired shape, strength, durability and performance.
Construction of concrete and steel is called as RCC, which has been replaced almost 90% of the RB
work.
Special concrete like Air entrained concrete, Light weight concrete, pre stressed concrete are prepared
and used in special conditions where ordinary concrete and other building material cannot be used.
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CONCLUSION
Here we study about the plum concrete and ordinary concrete. We found something knowledge about the
plum concrete and ordinary concrete from the experiment of the compressive strength. When we test the
concrete block of the plum concrete block and the ordinary concrete of both the grade of M20, the
compressive strength of the ordinary concrete is more than the plum concrete due to the presence of stone
block in the plum concrete.
Mostly plum concrete is used in place where faster construction of the structure are required. Plum concrete
mostly used in the water front structure such as Dams. Plum concrete is heavier in weight as compared to
the ordinary concrete.
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REFERENCE
Concrete Technology “Theory and Practice”: M.S. Shetty, S. Chand and Company.
IS 456-2000 ―Plain and reinforced concrete code of practice (fourth revision).
Concrete Technology: K.T. Krishnaswamy & etal, Dhanpat Rai & Sons.
The Roman Pantheon: The Triumph of Concrete.
Jones, Katrina (1999) “Density of Concrete” The Physic Fact book.