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1. DNA synthesis – replication and sequencing Process
We have been witnessing the changes since the advancement of technology. The biological technologies
have made some serious ground breaking invention and innovation to discover processes by which
tissues, molecules and different substances of human organs can either be replicated or substituted.
In this line of findings DNA replication or synthesis is one of the major discoveries to attain results in
biological and medical processes.
DNA consists of many DNA nucleotides (nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids) and each of
the DNA nucleotide is composed of deoxyribose (a pentose, or five carbon sugar), a phosphate molecule
and one of four nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. (A, T, C, G). The natural
composition of DNA can be replicated with the use of bio-chemistry and hence scientific progression
resulted in creating human DNA, in order to replicate at some stage.
The DNA synthesis or replication takes place by breaking of hydrogen bonds between bases of the two
anti-parallel strands. The breaking of two strands is the beginning. This split happens in the places of the
sequence which are rich in A-T. It is because of the two bonds between Adenine and Thymine. However,
Cytosine and Guanine consists of three hydrogen bonds. The bond between Adenine and Thymine is
broken with the use of Helicase enzyme which splits the two strands. The point where the splitting
begins or originates is called “Origin of Replication”, and therefore the structure created is known as
“Replication Fork.”
Steps in DNA Synthesis
A. Breaking: The first and foremost important of the steps in the process of DNA synthesis is the
unzipping of the DNA molecules. In the process the hydrogen bonds between the pairs are
broken. Helicase enzyme is used to split the DNA molecules. Thus, the DNA bases are exposed
so that corresponding base pairing can occur.
B. Corresponding Base Pairing: It is evident that DNA synthesis begins or starts with the splitting of
the two hydrogen bonds which leads to the complementary base pairing. The nucleotide bases
that consist of the two strands of DNA molecule are exposed and nucleotides are located as the
nucleus move into places by corresponding base pairing.
Example: Adenine is complementary to Thymine and vice versa, which means A only bonds with T
and T is complemented only by A. Henceforth, the sequence goes on with Cytosine bonding with
Guanine and vice versa, meaning C only bonds with G and G of course goes only with C. The pairs of
complementary nucleotide from cross bridges of DNA molecules.
C. Bonding of Adjacent Nucleotides: The DNA molecule is formed when the sugar part of one
nucleotide bonds with the phosphate part of the adjoining nucleotide. These bonds produce the
sides of the ladder. By joining sugar with phosphate parts of the adjoining nucleotide molecules
causes the length of the new DNA molecule to enlarge. Two complete molecules of DNA are
thus formed, identical or similar to the original one.

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