Diversification of Livestock to Build Resilience of Farmers
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Presentation by Dr Sikhalazo Dube from ILRI, at the Regional planning meeting on ‘Scaling-Up Climate-Smart Agricultural Solutions for Cereals and Livestock Farmers in Southern Africa – Building partnership for successful implementation’,13–15 September 2016, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Diversification of Livestock to Build Resilience of Farmers
- 1. Diversification of livestock to build resilience of farmers Sikhalazo Dube (PhD) International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Regional Representative, Southern Africa s.dube@cgiar.org CTA Regional Workshop & Planning Meeting 13 -15 September 2016
- 2. Mission and vision ILRI envisions a world where all people have access to enough food and livelihood options to fulfill their potential. ILRI’s mission is to improve food and nutritional security and to reduce poverty in developing countries through research for efficient, safe and sustainable use of livestock—ensuring better lives through livestock.
- 3. Strategic objective 1 ILRI and its partners will develop, test, adapt and promote science-based practices that—being sustainable and scalable— achieve better lives through livestock.
- 4. Strategic objective 2 ILRI and its partners will provide compelling scientific evidence in ways that persuade decision- makers—from farms to boardrooms and parliaments— that smarter policies and bigger livestock investments can deliver significant socio-economic, health and environmental dividends to both poor nations and households.
- 5. Strategic objective 3 ILRI and its partners will work to increase capacity amongst ILRI’s key stakeholders and the institute itself so that they can make better use of livestock science and investments for better lives through livestock.
- 6. Provides food and nutritional security BUT overconsumption can cause obesity Powers economic development BUT equitable development can be a challenge Improves human health BUT animal-human/emerging diseases and unsafe foods need to be addressed Enhances the environment BUT pollution, land/water degradation, GHG emissions and biodiversity losses must be greatly reduced Opportunities and challenges in the livestock sector
- 7. 4 of 5 highest valueglobal commodities are livestock FAOSTAT 2015 (values for 2013) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 50 100 150 200 250 Production(MT)millions Netproductionvalue(Int$)billion net production value (Int $) billion production (MT) Cow milk has overtaken rice
- 8. Economic opportunities in the livestock sector • The 4 billion people who live on less than US$10 a day (primarily in developing countries) represent a food market of about $2.9 trillion per year. • Asset value $1.4 trillion • Employs at least 1.3 billion people
- 9. Huge increases over 2005/7 amounts of cereals, dairy and meat will be needed by 2050 From 2bn−3bn tonnes cereals each year From 664m−1bn tonnes dairy each year From 258m−460m tonnes meat each year
- 10. Importance of livestock • Source of wealth; • Payment for goods and services (school fees, cultural functions etc.) • Draught power; • Meat, milk and eggs, manure.
- 11. Challenges facing smallholder farmers • National disasters – droughts, floods (estimate >63000 cattle died in the 2015/2016 drought in SADC) • Inadequate and poor quality grazing for livestock - highly degraded grazing lands • Low participation by women and youth • Underdeveloped markets • Food insecurity and low incomes
- 12. Why diversification? • Widen choice of livestock activities • Spread the risk • Meet market demand • Increase sources of animal source foods • Increase household sources income
- 13. Opportunities for diversification • Sustainable intensification - Increased yield/unit area - Crop-livestock integration • Establishment and production of fodder from grasses and legumes • Reinforce native pasture with improved forage grasses and legumes.
- 14. Opportunities for diversification cont’d • Adaptable, high yielding and improved crop varieties • Improved and adaptable animal breeds • Fodder conservation – e.g. silage, hay, fodder banks, foggage • Developing appropriate dry season feeding strategies
- 15. Opportunities for diversification cont’d • Engaging private sector organizations • Training, capacity building • Access to information on: - Crop and livestock production - market participation
- 16. Necessary conditions for diversification • Enabling Policies – Trade – Disease surveillance and management • Extension services • Availability and quality of genetics & germplasm • Understanding of farmer’s operating environment • Access to resources • Demand-driven and market-oriented production
- 17. Understanding farmer’s operating environment • On-farm research and demonstrations • Whole farm systems approach • Use of participatory approaches • Feedback/reflection
- 18. Access to resources • Equal access to land and water • Access to information • Support services • Market infrastructure & Information
- 19. Demand-driven and market-oriented production • Innovation platforms • Private sector and other stakeholder involvement • Ownership and accountability • Market infrastructure and information
- 20. The presentation has a Creative Commons license. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI. better lives through livestock ilri.org Strategy materials: www.ilri.org/mission
Editor's Notes
- Mention who are decision makers What practices Metrics: Over a 5–10-year time period, livestock-related real income for 2.8 million people is increased by 30%, the supply of safe animal-source foods in ILRI’s target sites/countries1 is increased 30%, and greenhouse gas emissions per unit of livestock product produced are reduced. Simultaneously, in partnership with others, these results are scaled to tens of millions more people. Metrics: Within a 10–15-year time frame, the share of agricultural budgets invested in livestock in ILRI’s target countries are brought at least 20% closer to livestock’s contribution to agricultural GDP. Increased investor contributions to the livestock sector should drive greater representation of livestock commodities in development efforts. Metrics to assess the underpinning changes in attitudes and behaviour will be defined based on learning from taking pilot studies to scale in target countries. Metrics: ILRI has not previously articulated capacity at this level or covering such a diversity of engagement, spanning both institutions and individuals from farmers to local and global decision-makers. ILRI will therefore conduct a baseline assessment before specifying the exact metrics for this third strategic objective; the metrics will specify the number of individuals and key institutions to have developed greater capacity to make greater use of livestock research results—be it for better productivity on farms, improved environmental management or more strategic use of development resources ILRI’s use of the terms ‘practice’ and ‘decision-makers’ in this strategy encompasses a wide range of scales and groups. The following are examples of these wide ranges in livestock systems with high potential for growth and in those where increasing resilience rather than productivity is paramount. Where there exists high potential for economic growth in mixed crop-and-livestock systems of developing countries, ‘inclusive growth’ for poverty reduction and food security can often be achieved through the development of pro-poor livestock value chains. Here, improving practice refers to the uptake of technologies and institutional innovations that (1) increase on-farm livestock productivity in smallholder production systems as well as (2) efficiencies in their associated market channels, (3) improve the equitable distribution of benefits generated through more livestock employment and income, and (4) minimize livestock threats to the environment and public health. The men and women decision-makers who adopt these practices include not only the livestock keepers and market agents who handle livestock and their products, but also the individuals, businesses and government agencies that support the value chain through the products and services they supply such as feed, veterinary care and public health regulation. In dryland pastoral and agro-pastoral systems, where harsh and highly variable climates pose considerable risk of loss of livestock assets, both household income and food security can be protected against climate shocks by improved practices. In the case of drought, these might include making index-based livestock insurance available to livestock herders, conducting early de-stocking in conjunction with private traders, and making better use of functioning livestock markets. In the case of flooding, which can trigger outbreaks of economically important livestock and zoonotic diseases such as Rift Valley fever, better practice might entail more reliable predictive climate models used in conjunction with early livestock vaccination campaigns to prevent regional market closures able to devastate the livelihoods of livestock producers, traders and others. Changes in practice here would depend on choices made by decision-makers including local men and women livestock pastoralists and agro-pastoralists, market agents and slaughterhouse personnel as well as those at regional and global levels whose actions, policies and investment decisions impact small-scale dryland livestock systems and enterprises. Changes in practice thus spans a range of choices made by decision-makers at all levels, from livestock producers (men and women in both small scale and extensive production systems), to market agents and others intimately engaged with raising, selling and consuming animals and their products, through to those at local, regional and global levels whose development actions, policy and investment decisions impact the livestock sector.
- Figures from: Alexandratos N and Bruinsma J (2012) World Agriculture Towards 2030/2050. The 2012 revision. ESA Working paper No. 12-03. Agriculture Development Economics Division, FAO, Rome. All types of food are needed – diversity of food Specifically, the world will need: 1 billion tonnes more cereals to 2050 1 billion tonnes dairy products each year 460 million tonnes meat each year