Diuretics and Electrolyte Balance
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This document discusses diuretics and electrolyte balance. It defines diuretics as substances that increase urine output by decreasing tubular reabsorption or increasing tubular secretion. The normal physiology of urine formation is described, including the roles of the nephron and glomerular filtration rate. The document outlines the major classes of diuretics and their mechanisms of action, including how they inhibit reabsorption at different sites of the nephron. Potential side effects and drug interactions of diuretics are also summarized.
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This document provides an overview of the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It defines CKD and outlines criteria for diagnosis based on markers of kidney damage and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It describes tools for screening and staging CKD, including estimated GFR (eGFR) calculators and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Common clinical manifestations of CKD like fluid and electrolyte disorders, anemia, bone disease, and cardiovascular complications are summarized. Treatment strategies are covered for managing complications involving hypertension, acid-base abnormalities, mineral and bone disorders, anemia, and diabetes in CKD patients.
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This document summarizes treatment approaches for different types of jaundice. General treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve removing the cause, administering antibiotics or other drugs, or surgery. For neonatal jaundice, mild cases resolve on their own with increased feeding, while more severe cases use phototherapy or blood transfusions. Viral jaundice typically requires no treatment as the body clears the virus. Cholestatic jaundice treatment focuses on surgical interventions like cholecystectomy or nonsurgical options like oral bile acids or endoscopic procedures.
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This document provides an overview of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It defines CKD as the presence of kidney damage or decreased kidney function for three or more months. Key points include:
- CKD is defined based on evidence of kidney damage through structural abnormalities found on biopsy, imaging, or urine tests, or decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below 60 mL/min/1.73m2.
- Common causes of CKD include diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney diseases, and vascular diseases.
- The document outlines clinical and laboratory manifestations of CKD and approaches to evaluating and managing patients with CKD.
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The document discusses diuretic drugs, which increase urine output. It describes the mechanisms of urine formation through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion. It then classifies and describes various diuretic drugs based on their site of action in the nephron (loop, distal tubule, etc.), speed/duration of action, and relative potency. Common diuretics discussed include furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone, and mannitol. Their indications, mechanisms, effects and side effects are summarized.
6 diuretic
In medicine, diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension, influenza, water poisoning, and certain kidney diseases.
different major types of diuretic drug
1. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors 2. Loop 3. Osmotic 4. Potassium- sparing 5. Thiazides
Diuretics
This document provides information about diuretics, including their definition, classification, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and contraindications. It focuses on different classes of diuretics - carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like acetazolamide, osmotic diuretics like mannitol, and loop diuretics like furosemide. It discusses how each class works, its pharmacokinetics, uses to treat conditions like glaucoma and edema, potential side effects, and situations where it should not be used. The document is intended to educate on the topic of diuretic drugs.
Excretion of drugs
The document discusses excretion of drugs from the body. It defines excretion as the transfer of drugs or metabolites from internal to external environments through renal or non-renal routes. The principal organ of excretion is the kidneys, which excrete water soluble, non-volatile drugs under 500 Daltons. Drugs can be excreted renally through glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption or non-renally through bile, lungs, saliva, milk, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Renal excretion is influenced by factors like urine pH, drug properties, binding, and disease states.
Medicinal Chemistry of Diuretics
Diuretics are drugs that increase urine output. They work by interfering with electrolyte reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, and water. There are several classes of diuretics that work through different mechanisms, targeting different parts of the nephron. Diuretics are used to treat conditions caused by fluid retention like heart failure and liver disease, as well as high blood pressure. Their primary side effects come from electrolyte imbalances.
1. Diuretics.pptx
This document outlines the course objectives and topics for a pharmacology course for advanced practice nurses. The course covers drugs that influence pain, infection, hematologic disorders, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and renal disorders. Key topics include therapeutic options for conditions like bacterial infections, congestive heart failure, hypertension, and renal failure. The course evaluation is based on presentations, quizzes, and a final exam. Recommended textbooks are also provided.
Diuretics (shoriful)
The document is a seminar report on diuretics presented by Shoriful Islam. It discusses the introduction, definitions, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, adverse effects and treatment of various types of diuretic drugs. The report classifies diuretics as high, medium and low efficacy and describes how different diuretics such as loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics and osmotic diuretics work to increase urine output. It also outlines the therapeutic uses and potential side effects of these important drugs used to treat conditions like hypertension, heart failure and edema.
Diuretics ppt for BAMS students
The document discusses human renal physiology and diuretics. It covers the key functions of the kidney - filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion. It then describes different types of diuretics and how they work, including loop diuretics, potassium sparing diuretics, high ceiling diuretics, osmotic diuretics, thiazide diuretics and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Potential side effects of diuretic use are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing antidiuretics like ADH/vasopressin and synthetic forms like desmopressin, as well as lythotriptics and hepatoprotection.
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Pharmacology of diuretics including renal physiology.ppt
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Diuretics and Electrolyte Balance
- 1. Diuretics and Electrolyte Balance DEEPAK KUMAR SAHEL ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY WEBSITE: - WWW.ISFCP.ORG EMAIL: Deepakisfcp10@gmail.Com ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga Ghal Kalan,nGT Road, Moga- 142001, Punjab, INDIA Internal Quality Assurance Cell - (IQAC)
- 2. Introduction • Diuretics are the chemical substances which increase urine output by two ways. By decreasing tubular reabsorption By increasing tubular secretion • Diuretics, also called water pills, are medications designed to increase the amount of water and salt expelled from the body as urine 2
- 3. Normal Physiology of Urine Formation 3 • Kidney is the main organ which regulate urine formation in body • Nephron is the smallest structural and functional unit of kidney • There are approx. 1,000,000 nephron in one human kidney • Nephron act as a filter media in the process of urine formation • Kidney is the main organ in regulation of electrolyte balance in the body
- 4. Parts of Nephron 4 These are the five main parts of a nephron Bowen's capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct
- 5. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) 5 • Its is the normal rate by which filtration of blood is carried out by glomerular in Bowen's capsule . • The normal GFR is 130 ml/min • There are various markers which are used to determine the GFR value such as: inulin • GFR defines the normal functioning of kidney
- 6. Normal Physiology of Urine Formation 6 Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus Loop of Henle Collecting Duct DCT PCT
- 7. Various site for reabsorption in nephron 7 There are four major site in nephron through which reabsorption of glomerular filtered blood. Sodium/hydrogen Pump 2 Chloride/Hydrogen/Potassium Pump Sodium/Chloride Pump Sodium/Potassium Pump
- 8. Major classes of Diuretics 8 1. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors – Acetazolamide 2. High efficiency diuretics – Furosemide 3. Thiazide diuretics - Hydrochlorothiazide 4. Aldosterone antagonist - Spironolactone
- 9. Diuretics – Mechanism of Action 9 1. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors – Acetazolamide This class of drugs act on site I and inhibits the Na/H pump. This leads to reduction of reabsorption of sodium. 2. High efficiency diuretics – Furosemide This class of drugs act on site II and inhibits the 2Cl/K/Na pump and leads to reduction of reabsorption
- 10. 10 Loop of Henle Carbonic anhydrase Na H H+HCO2= H2CO Aldosterone Na K Collecting Duct Acetazolamide Furosemide Thiazide Spirenolectone
- 11. Diuretics – Mechanism of Action 11 3. Thiazide diuretics - Hydrochlorothiazide These substance act on site III and inhibits the Na/Cl pump, leads to reduction of reabsorption. 4. Aldosterone antagonist - Spironolactone These substance act on site IV and inhibits the activity of Aldosterone, aldosterone regulate Na/K pump.
- 12. 12 Any time you begin a new medication, you should tell your doctor about any other drugs, supplements, or herbs you’re taking. Be sure to tell your doctor if you take any medications that might interact with a diuretic. These include: Cyclosporine Antidepressants such as fluoxetine and venlafaxine Lithium Digoxin Other drugs for high blood pressure Drug interactions
- 13. 13 The more common side effects of diuretics include: •Too little potassium in the blood •Too much potassium in the blood (for potassium-sparing diuretics only) •Low sodium levels •Headache •Dizziness •Thirst Side Effects of Diuretics
- 14. 14 •Increased blood sugar •Muscle cramps •Increased cholesterol •Skin rash •Gout •Diarrhea Side Effects of Diuretics
- 15. 15Uses of Diuretics Diuretics are used in following physiological conditions Hypertension Angina Pectoris CHF
- 16. 16 THANK YOU
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