This document outlines procedures for performing a presumptive chemical test to detect the possible presence of blood using phenolphthalein. Key steps include:
1) Taking a sample from a stained area and adding phenolphthalin working solution, observing for no color change.
2) Adding 3% hydrogen peroxide and observing for 10-15 seconds, where a pink color indicates a presumptive positive result for blood.
3) Positive and negative controls are tested each day to ensure the reagents are functioning properly before examining evidence samples.
Caliberation and validation of High performance liquid chromatographySaBa SaBir
A brief introduction to HPLCX
its principle of working , types of column , detectors
and more importantly, the caliberation and validation of HPLC its column, detector , volume of injection , oven tempreture etc
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
Caliberation and validation of High performance liquid chromatographySaBa SaBir
A brief introduction to HPLCX
its principle of working , types of column , detectors
and more importantly, the caliberation and validation of HPLC its column, detector , volume of injection , oven tempreture etc
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
Dissolution Method Validation with Reverse Phase Chromatographic Method for D...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present analytical work is a unique method development and validation for the determination of dissolution of Eltrombopag using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with isocratic elution technique. HPLC method for quantification of drug in dissolution samples of Eltrombopag tablet is developed and validated. About 0.5% polysorbate 80 in phosphate buffer of pH −6.8 is used as dissolution medium and paddle (USP-II) as apparatus at 50 rpm. The sample was withdrawn after 45 min. The developed HPLC method was used for quantitative estimation of drug release in dissolution samples of Eltrombopag tablet. Here, the stationary phase used was Xbridge C18 (50 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 μm), mobile phase was 25% ammonium formate and 75% acetonitrile. pH of the buffer solution was maintained at 3.0, flow rate 1.0 ml/min. Eluted material underwent for monitoring at the detector wavelength of 230 nm. Retention time for Eltrombopag was found to be 2.16 min; and linearity range was 3.516 µg/mL–131.862 µg/mL. The new method was evaluated according to the ICH guideline and as far as validation results are concern correlation coefficient value that was 1.0000 for the compound, percentage recovery 99.4%, and repeatability results relative standard deviation 0.6 for Eltrombopag. The developed HPLC method was found to be a simple and rapid one for regular analysis in professional laboratory.
NOVEL SEPARATION AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF LEVOFLOXACIN, PRULIFLOXACI...Dr. Ravi Sankar
The core AIM of the present study is to develop a novel, rapid, precise and accurate RP-HPLC method for simultaneous separation and quantification of six fluoroquinolones OF LEVOFLOXACIN (LEVO), PRULIFLOXACIN (PRFX), GATIFLOXACIN (GATI), SPARFLOXACIN (SPAR), MOXIFLOXAXIN (MOXI) AND BALOFLOXACIN (BALO) for the the day to day analysis.
The author felt that a novel single method for separation and quantification of all the above said drugs on single chromatographic system without any minor changes in detection wavelength and mobile phase composition.
To develop rapid, sensitive and economical analytical method based on HPLC for separation and estimation of six fluoroquinolones pharmaceutical dosage forms.
To develop method with shorter run time and better sensitivity.
Reducing the solvent consumption to make it more eco-friendly.
Avoid the column damage by minimizing the buffer strength and pH of mobile phase than reported methods.
To validate the method for different parameters like Accuracy, Precision, Linearity, specificity, Robustness International Conference on Harmonization ICH Q2(R1) guidelines..
To apply the developed RP-HPLC method in the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations.
Pesticide residue detection methods by making use of the quantum related technologies are described, the motivation is to push the detection limit, to protect the environment we are to survive beyond what Stephen Hawking predicted!
Dissolution Method Validation with Reverse Phase Chromatographic Method for D...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present analytical work is a unique method development and validation for the determination of dissolution of Eltrombopag using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with isocratic elution technique. HPLC method for quantification of drug in dissolution samples of Eltrombopag tablet is developed and validated. About 0.5% polysorbate 80 in phosphate buffer of pH −6.8 is used as dissolution medium and paddle (USP-II) as apparatus at 50 rpm. The sample was withdrawn after 45 min. The developed HPLC method was used for quantitative estimation of drug release in dissolution samples of Eltrombopag tablet. Here, the stationary phase used was Xbridge C18 (50 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 μm), mobile phase was 25% ammonium formate and 75% acetonitrile. pH of the buffer solution was maintained at 3.0, flow rate 1.0 ml/min. Eluted material underwent for monitoring at the detector wavelength of 230 nm. Retention time for Eltrombopag was found to be 2.16 min; and linearity range was 3.516 µg/mL–131.862 µg/mL. The new method was evaluated according to the ICH guideline and as far as validation results are concern correlation coefficient value that was 1.0000 for the compound, percentage recovery 99.4%, and repeatability results relative standard deviation 0.6 for Eltrombopag. The developed HPLC method was found to be a simple and rapid one for regular analysis in professional laboratory.
NOVEL SEPARATION AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF LEVOFLOXACIN, PRULIFLOXACI...Dr. Ravi Sankar
The core AIM of the present study is to develop a novel, rapid, precise and accurate RP-HPLC method for simultaneous separation and quantification of six fluoroquinolones OF LEVOFLOXACIN (LEVO), PRULIFLOXACIN (PRFX), GATIFLOXACIN (GATI), SPARFLOXACIN (SPAR), MOXIFLOXAXIN (MOXI) AND BALOFLOXACIN (BALO) for the the day to day analysis.
The author felt that a novel single method for separation and quantification of all the above said drugs on single chromatographic system without any minor changes in detection wavelength and mobile phase composition.
To develop rapid, sensitive and economical analytical method based on HPLC for separation and estimation of six fluoroquinolones pharmaceutical dosage forms.
To develop method with shorter run time and better sensitivity.
Reducing the solvent consumption to make it more eco-friendly.
Avoid the column damage by minimizing the buffer strength and pH of mobile phase than reported methods.
To validate the method for different parameters like Accuracy, Precision, Linearity, specificity, Robustness International Conference on Harmonization ICH Q2(R1) guidelines..
To apply the developed RP-HPLC method in the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations.
Pesticide residue detection methods by making use of the quantum related technologies are described, the motivation is to push the detection limit, to protect the environment we are to survive beyond what Stephen Hawking predicted!
Evaluation of Red Cell Hemolysis in Packed Red Cells During Processing and St...Apollo Hospitals
Storage of red cells causes a progressive increase in hemolysis. Inspite of the use of additive solutions for storage and filters for leucoreduction some amount of hemolysis is still inevitable. The extent of hemolysis however should not exceed the permissible threshold for hemolysis even on the 42nd day of storage.
Method Development and Validation of Clopidogrel Bisulphate by Reverse Phase-...SriramNagarajan15
A new, simple sensitive, rapid, accurate and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for the estimation of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. Clopidogrel bisulphate was chromatographed on a reverse phase C18column (150 mm x 4.5 mm, i.d 5μm) in a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH: 3.0) in the ratio of 60:40 % v/v. The mobile phase was pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with detection at 224 nm. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 50-150 μg /ml. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation was found to be 1.3 and 4.2 µg/ml, respectively. The intra and inter day variation was found to be less than 2%. The mean recovery of the drug from the solution was 99.79%. The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate, precise and reproducible hence, it can be applied for routine quality control analysis of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. Key words: Clopidogrel bisulphate, RP-HPLC, Validation, Accuracy, Precision.
Method Development and Validation of Clopidogrel Bisulphate by Reverse Phase-...SriramNagarajan15
A new, simple sensitive, rapid, accurate and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for the estimation of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. Clopidogrel bisulphate was chromatographed on a reverse phase C18column (150 mm x 4.5 mm, i.d 5μm) in a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH: 3.0) in the ratio of 60:40 % v/v. The mobile phase was pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with detection at 224 nm. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 50-150 μg /ml. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation was found to be 1.3 and 4.2 µg/ml, respectively. The intra and inter day variation was found to be less than 2%. The mean recovery of the drug from the solution was 99.79%. The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate, precise and reproducible hence, it can be applied for routine quality control analysis of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. Key words: Clopidogrel bisulphate, RP-HPLC, Validation, Accuracy, Precision.
Common Diagnostic pitfalls with coagulation disorders lies in addressing challenges in preanalytical processes & implementation of algorithms as per newer guidelines.
Liquid biopsy quality control – the importance of plasma quality, sample prep...Thermo Fisher Scientific
Liquid biopsy is emerging as a non-invasive companion to traditional solid tumor biopsies. As next generation sequencing (NGS) of circulating cell-free nucleic acids (cfNA = cfDNA and cfRNA) becomes common, it’s important to understand the impact of sample preparation on quality, specificity, and sensitivity of liquid biopsy tests. Plasma samples are often limited, and may have undesirable characteristics such as lipemia or hemolysis that contribute unwanted genomic DNA (gDNA) to the sample. Low cfDNA concentration can also limit the amount available for NGS library prep. In this study, we explore the effects of suboptimal plasma and low library input on liquid biopsy NGS, and discuss various techniques for in-process quality control of cfNA samples isolated from plasma
After reviewing the Coleman (2016) article on executive compensation.docxAMMY30
After reviewing the Coleman (2016) article on executive compensation and reading this week's assigned readings, choose one of two statements below and construct an argument supporting your position:
The market trend towards escalating executive compensation reflects the critical importance of an executive to an organization’s long-term viability.
The growing compensation inequity between executive management and the average employee threatens to destabilize organizational morale and societal justice.
.
After reviewing the chapter on Recognizing Contributions, perform .docxAMMY30
**After reviewing the chapter on Recognizing Contributions, perform a self reflection and evaluate how well you recognize the contributions of your staff. For the assignment, develop an action plan for the next 12 months to improve your recognition efforts.
***Please write about and share what you gained.***
**Reflection paper and action plan (12 months) is the assignment requirement.
Textbook Reference
Kouzes, J. & Posner, B. (2012). The leadership challenge : how to make extraordinary things happen in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
.
After reviewing the chapter on Recognizing Contributions, perform a .docxAMMY30
After reviewing the chapter on Recognizing Contributions, perform a self reflection and evaluate how well you recognize the contributions of your staff. For the assignment, develop an action plan for the next 12 months to improve your recognition efforts.
***Please reply when you are finished with this self-reflection and share what you gained.*** 2 page
Textbook Reference
Kouzes, J. & Posner, B. (2012). The leadership challenge : how to make extraordinary things happen in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
.
After reviewing the background materials and doing your own research.docxAMMY30
After reviewing the background materials and doing your own research, discuss the value in looking at other countries’ policy successes and failures. How can it be beneficial to health policy development in our own country?
Be sure to support your answer with citations from reliable sources.
.
After reviewing the articles and videos, please address the followin.docxAMMY30
After reviewing the articles and videos, please address the following questions:
https://hbr.org/2016/05/different-cultures-see-deadlines-differently
https://hbr.org/video/2363497345001/reaching-across-cultures-without-losing-yourself
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DSV1NUGS3o
1. How do you define cultural communication?
2. Do you agree with the concepts presented by Molinsky as he reviews the importance of global dexterity? Why or why not?
3. In your organization, what ideas regarding cultural communication do you think are important? How will you apply them as a leader?
Please reference a minimum of three external sources to support our points.
.
After reviewing Georgia v. Randolph and Fernandez v. Californi.docxAMMY30
After reviewing
Georgia v. Randolph
and
Fernandez v. California
, answer the following questions:
What defenses, if any, were asserted in these cases?
How did these cases impact law enforcement and prosecutors?
Do you agree with the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions?
Were these decisions consistent with each other? How does consistency in legal decisions positively and negatively impact law-enforcement officers and attorneys?
.
After reviewing chapter 11 of the E-Text and the Required Resources .docxAMMY30
After reviewing chapter 11 of the E-Text and the Required Resources please discuss the following:
Discuss the challenges that law enforcement faces when seizing digital evidence and propose at least two solutions.
Discuss the five-paragraph SMEAC that should ideally find a place in any investigation plan. Which one of these do you feel is the most important? Why?
.
After reading Library ArticlesDevine, K., Kloppenborg, .docxAMMY30
After reading
Library Articles:
Devine, K., Kloppenborg, T. J., & O’Clock, P. (2010). Project measurement and success.
Journal of Health Care Finance,
38–50.
Sandrik, K. M. (2008). Navigating today's opportunities for capital.
Healthcare Financial Management, 62
(12), 78–83.
Schuhmann, T. M. (2009). Hospital capital spending: Shifting and slowing even before the financial meltdown.
Healthcare Financial Management, 63
(11), 92–102.
Answer the following:
Investment Decisions
What types of decisions would need to be made before the investment is made? Indicate the main kinds of information/data needed to evaluate this capital investment project.
.
After reading Trifles by Susan Glaspell complete the following works.docxAMMY30
After reading Trifles by Susan Glaspell complete the following worksheet:
“Trifles” Worksheet
Name: ___________________ Period ____
1. Title Implications: Explain what the word “trifles” literally means. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Symbolic Setting.
A. Outside: What is the weather? ________________
Specifically, where is the murder site/ farmhouse located? ________________
B. Inside the house:
List two things that let the audience “feel” how literally cold it is: ____________________________________________________________________
3. List three significant details that are evidence of a poorly kept kitchen: ___________ ____________________________________________________________________
4. Thumbnail Sketch: Make a comment about each of the characters
A. Attorney Henderson_________________________________________________ B. Sheriff Peters ______________________________________________________ C. Mr. Hale __________________________________________________________ D. Mrs. Peters ________________________________________________________ E. Mrs. Hale _________________________________________________________
5. List two “put down” comments the men make against women: __________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________
6. What evidence is there to suggest that John Wright was a hard man to live with ? ________________________________________________________________
7. Why hadn’t Mrs. Hale gone to see Minnie Wright in over a year? _______________ _____________________________________________________________________
8. Why does Mrs. Peters not like the phrase “married to the law”? _________________ ____________________________________________________________________
9. Why do the women hide the dead bird? ____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
10. What other action might they have taken?___________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
How is each of these important?
A. John Wright’s decision not to pay for a party [shared] telephone line
B. Bird cage with broken door
C. Dead bird with its neck rung
D. Millie sang in the choir thirty years before
E. The quilt pieces
(The Log Cabin quilt pattern has been a favorite because it was a wonderful & frugal pattern for using up fabric scraps. In many of the old quilts the center square was red to symbolize the hearth of the home, its symbolic heart. The overall effect of the log cabin quilt is achieved by the use of light and dark fabrics and how they are arranged.)
.
After reading through Chapter 1, the focus was on targeting the five.docxAMMY30
After reading through Chapter 1, the focus was on targeting the five communities that make up the core field for ICT-enabled policy-making. Please answer the following question.
What are those five communities involved,
Provide a brief narrative for each community above to support your response
.
After reading There Is No Unmarked Woman, by Deborah Tannen, a.docxAMMY30
After reading "There Is No Unmarked Woman," by Deborah Tannen, answer the following question in a response 200 words long:
What is Tannen's strongest argument, or her strongest point, to support her thesis that women are unfairly scrutinized in society? Do you agree with her overall? Have things changed since she wrote this article in 1993?
.
After reading the U.S. Constitution and the Amendments respond t.docxAMMY30
After reading the U.S. Constitution and the Amendments respond to the following questions:
(i) What is the institutional power and the personal right you believe to be the most important, and explain why;
(ii) What is the institutional power and the personal right you would remove, and explain why;
(iii) What institutional power and personal right would you add to the U.S.
An institutional power is one that authorizes or limits action and/or organization of one of the three branches of government. Examples include the power of the legislative branch "to lay and collect taxes" (Art. I) or to not "make no law respecting an establishment of religion." (First Amendment)
A personal right is one that protects or empowers the people, such as "the right of the people to keep and bear arms." (Second Amendment)
Suggested length is 3-5 pages
Your points will be allocated on the following criteria:
Offering creative and/or critical opinions;
Expressing yourself clearly and concisely;
Forming logical arguments and conclusions;
Identifying and discussing counter-arguments;
Grammar and compliance with APA (6th edition).
.
After reading the two short primary source documents listed below, c.docxAMMY30
After reading the two short primary source documents listed below, construct an essay based on the following question:
How and why did black people use the language of the American Revolution—of natural rights—in freedom petitions to argue for their freedom and the abolition of slavery?
Your essay should be based on your reading and analysis of the primary source documents. Your paper should be 2 to 3 pages in length and use double-spacing and 12 point font. Please use MLA style.
.
After reading the section titled Dominant Microprocessor Company In.docxAMMY30
After reading the section titled “Dominant Microprocessor Company Intel Adapts to Next Trend” (Chapter 11 pg. 384-385) and the article titled “2018-2019 Intel Corporate Responsibility Report: Creating Value through Transparency,” complete a list of reasons how a single firm like Intel comes to dominate some markets.
Submission Details:
Response should be no less than 250 words
Follow the APA style of writing with in-text citations and a reference list.
.
After reading the section titled Dominant Microprocessor Compan.docxAMMY30
After reading the section titled “Dominant Microprocessor Company Intel Adapts to Next Trend” (Chapter 11 pg. 384-385) and the article titled “2018-2019 Intel Corporate Responsibility Report: Creating Value through Transparency,” complete a list of reasons how a single firm like Intel comes to dominate some markets.
Submission Details:
Response should be no less than 250 words
Follow the APA style of writing with in-text citations and a reference list.
.
After reading the paper for this week, Steinfield C, LaRose R, C.docxAMMY30
After reading the paper for this week, Steinfield C, LaRose R, Chew H, Tong S. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Rural Business Clusters: The Relation Between ICT Adoption and Benefits Derived From Cluster Membership. Information Society. 2012;28(2):110-120. doi:10.1080/01972243.2012.651004, please answer the following questions in a 2-page main body APA formatted document. Please make sure that there is a title and references page. All references listed need to be cited in the document.
What kind of study is this? (Hint: the videos you watched)
Please make sure that you address the type of study and why you think this was used in this paper.
How is this paper related to the topics in this course?
Do you agree with the author’s conclusions?
.
After reading the Martin Luther King, Jr. speech in the attached lin.docxAMMY30
After reading the Martin Luther King, Jr. speech in the attached link, please write a 1-2 page response which addresses the following task: Summarize the excerpts from Martin Luther King, Jr.’s 1961 address defending the student sit-ins. Then, in your opinion, discuss the three main points made in Martin Luther King, Jr.’s address. Please explain your opinion in detail.
.
After reading the material from Shafer-Landau concerning the appeal .docxAMMY30
After reading the material from Shafer-Landau concerning the appeal of hedonism and the potential objections to the theory, what is your considered view on hedonism? Is it true or false as a moral theory? Do the advantages of hedonism outweigh the difficulties raised against it, or are the objections to hedonism fatal to the theory?
.
After reading the IMAA article this week on Effective Manageme.docxAMMY30
After reading the IMAA article this week on
Effective Management of Change during Mergers and Acquisition
, review the case study noted within the article on item 7. It is about a merger between AOL and Time Warner in 2001. There is a chart listed with the summary that shows the cultural differences between the two companies. Review that chart.
Using this as an example, conduct some research and find two companies that similarly merged or that was acquired by another company. Write a two-page summary of the merger or acquisition to include:
1 – the reasons why it occurred and when it occurred
2 - the approximate size of each company before the merger
3 - the organizational challenges faced
4 - was the merger successful or not and
why
5 - the state of the company now
Then include a simple four column chart similar to the example and show at least five cultural elements of the companies, the cultural differences in the two companies before the merger took place and then in the fourth column include the culture now in the acquiring company. List at least five cultural elements in the chart.
Cultural Element / AOL culture / Time Warner culture / Culture adopted
Your written assignment should be no less than 700 words. Avoid using direct quotes. Use your own words. If you do use any direct quotes, increase the length of your paper accordingly. Use APA citations and ensure you document where you found your data in a separate reference listing.
.
After reading the essay, Why Rational People Buy into Conspiracy Th.docxAMMY30
After reading the essay, "Why Rational People Buy into Conspiracy Theories," answer the following questions. Provide specific details to justify your reasoning:
What is a conspiracy theory? Identify and discuss at least two recent conspiracy theories mentioned on the news, social media, and/or internet.
How does the Internet and other media help "perpetuate paranoia" (12)?
Why do you think "rational people buy into conspiracy theories"?
.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
District of columbia department of forensic sciences fbs02 – ph
1. District of Columbia Department of Forensic Sciences
FBS02 – Phenolphthalein Presumptive Chemical Test for the
Presence of Blood
Table of Contents
1. Scope
2. Background
3. Safety
4. Materials Required
5.
Standards and Controls
6.
Calibration
7.
Procedures
8.
Sampling
9.
Calculations
10. Uncertainty of Measurement
11. Limitations
12. Documentation
2. 13.
References1. Scope
1.1. This procedure is used to determine the possible presence
of blood on evidentiary material.2. Background
2.1. To establish the practices for documenting the examination
of evidence to conform to the requirements of the Department of
Forensic Sciences (DFS) Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL)
Quality Assurance Manual, the accreditation standards under
ISO/IEC 17025:2005, and any supplemental standards.
2.2. Blood can usually be located by the visual appearance of
the stain (red-brown color). This is augmented by testing with
presumptive tests for blood, such as the phenolphthalein
(Kastle-Meyer) test. This test relies on the peroxidase-like
activity of the heme groups associated with the hemoglobin
contained in red blood cells. In the presence of hydrogen
peroxide, this peroxidase-like activity will catalyze the
oxidation of phenolphthalin, which is colorless in solution, into
phenolphthalein resulting in a pink colored solution. The
presence of a pink color is a positive test result indicating the
presumptive presence of blood.
AH2 + H2O2 –[heme]( A +
2H2O
phenolphthalin
phenolphthalein
(colorless)
(pink)
3. Safety
3.1. Wear personal protective equipment (e.g., lab coat, gloves,
mask, eye protection) when carrying out standard operating
3. procedures.
3.2. Read Material Safety Data Sheets to determine the safety
hazards for chemicals and reagents used in the standard
operating procedures.
4. Materials Required4.1. Phenolphthalin Working
Solution
(FBR16)
4.2. 3% Hydrogen Peroxide
4.3. Positive Control-Blood (FBR02)
4.3.1. NOTE: Never use solutions directly from the stock
bottles. Use Reagent SOPs for preparation and labeling
instructions.
5. Standards and Controls5.1. The Positive and Negative
Controls are tested prior to daily use. These results will be
recorded in casework documentation.
5.1.1. A known blood dilution test strip is tested as a Positive
Control (FBR02). This control must exhibit a pink color within
10 to 15 seconds upon the addition of the 3% Hydrogen
Peroxide up to the 1:512 dilution (or greater). If the 1:512
dilution tests negative, this indicates the reagents are losing
sensitivity and the phenolphthalin and/or the hydrogen peroxide
solution(s) need to be replaced.
4. 5.1.2. The unstained area on the known blood dilution test strip
indicated as “Blank”, is tested as the Negative control. This
control should exhibit no pink color after 15 seconds upon the
addition of the 3% Hydrogen Peroxide.
6. Calibration
6.1. Not applicable7. Procedures
7.1. Stain areas are located by a visual examinatio n and/or with
the aid of an alternate light source (ALS).7.2. A small sample
(e.g. swab, filter paper or cutting) of a suspected bloodstain is
taken. The sampling method is dry or moist (diH2O)
rubbing/swabbing of the stain area. Cuttings should only be
taken if the stain is faint or weak (e.g., washed stain, small
smear, etc) and stain size permits.
7.3. Add 1-2 drops of the phenolphthalin working solution to
the sample.
7.4. Observe. No pink color should develop at this stage. If the
sample exhibits a pink color, the result should be recorded as
inconclusive due to the possible presence of other oxidative
substances in the stain.
7.5. Add 1-2 drops of 3% Hydrogen Peroxide to the sample.
7.6. Observe the sample for 10-15 seconds for any color change.
5. A pink color is a positive result and indicates the sample is
presumptively positive for the presence of blood. No color
development is a negative result and indicates the sample is
presumptively negative for the presence of blood.
7.7. The phenolphthalein test is used for the presumptive
identification of blood. A confirmatory test may be required to
positively identify a stain as containing blood.
7.8. The phenolphthalein test depends upon the catalytic
peroxidase-like activity of the heme group in hemoglobin.
Because hemoglobin is used for oxygen and carbon dioxide
transport in other organisms, this test will react with blood from
animals as well as humans.
7.9. Insufficient sample quality and/or quantity could limit the
development of a positive reaction.
7.10. A color change must be observed within 15 seconds due to
the oxidative nature of the reaction. An unlimited detection time
could lead to a false positive reaction.
7.11. Color development before the addition of hydrogen
peroxide may be due to a chemical oxidant present in the
sample.
7.12. Plant peroxidases react similarly to blood in catalyzing
this reaction. Typically these stains are associated with plant
tissue and can be visually distinguished from blood. Plant
peroxidases tend to be unstable, losing their ability to oxidize
the phenolphthalin reagent over time.
6. 8. Documentation
8.1. FBU Serology Examination Worksheet
8.2. FBU Report of Results9. References
9.1. Camps, F. E., editor. Gradwohl’s Legal Medicine.
Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins (1968).
9.2. Culliford, Bryan J., The Examination and Typing of
Bloodstains in the Crime Laboratory, National Institue of Law
Enforcement and Criminal Justice PR71-7, Washington, DC,
1971, p. 41-52.
9.3. Gaensslen, R. E., Sourcebook in Forensic Serology,
Immunology, and Biochemistry, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC, 1983, p. 103.
9.4. Lee, H. C. Identification and Grouping of Bloodstains.
Saferstein, R., ed., In: Forensic Science Handbook, Prentice-
Hall, 267-337 (1982).
9.5. FBR02 - Positive Control – Blood (Current Version)
9.6. FBR16 - Phenolphthalin Working