This document discusses culture techniques for grouper species, including distribution, biology, nursery rearing, and grow-out. It summarizes techniques for broodstock development using wild-caught groupers in sea cages, induced spawning trials, and successful maturation of groupers within one year when reared in open sea cages compared to indoor tanks. The document concludes that continuous supply of grouper seeds is needed to develop grouper aquaculture in India and that broodstock development in sea cages is an important step towards captive seed production.
Broodstock And Hatchery Management Of Penaeus Monodonsush_p
Shrimp aquaculture is an important and valuable production sector that has been growing rapidly over the past two decades. Success is largely based on the quality of post larvae, particularly their health condition, thus making hatchery production of quality post larvae crucial to the sector’s sustainability. Vietnam is the leading producer of black tiger shrimp in the world with a production of 300,000 tons in 2011, followed by India and Indonesia with a production of 187,900 tons and 126,200 tons respectively.
Major contribution of the tiger shrimp to global shrimp production and the economic losses resulting from disease outbreaks, it is essential that the shrimp-farming sector invest in good management practices for the production of healthy and quality seed. The Indian shrimp hatchery industry has established a detailed guidance and protocols for improving the productivity, health management, biosecurity and sustainability of the sector. Following a brief review of shrimp hatchery development in India, the major requirements for hatchery production are discussed under the headings: infrastructure, facility maintenance, inlet water quality and treatment, wastewater treatment, biosecurity, standard operating procedures (SOPS), the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach, chemical use during the hatchery production process and health assessment. Pre-spawning procedures include the use of wild, domesticated and specific pathogen free/ specific pathogen resistant (SPF/SPR) broodstock, broodstock selection and holding techniques, transport, utilization, health screening, maturation, nutrition and spawning, egg hatching; nauplius selection, egg/ nauplius disinfection and washing and holding, disease testing and transportation of nauplii. Post-spawning procedures include: larval-rearing unit preparation, larval rearing/health management, larval nutrition and feed management, important larval diseases, quality testing/selection of PL for stocking, PL harvest and transportation, nursery rearing and record keeping.
Broodstock And Hatchery Management Of Penaeus Monodonsush_p
Shrimp aquaculture is an important and valuable production sector that has been growing rapidly over the past two decades. Success is largely based on the quality of post larvae, particularly their health condition, thus making hatchery production of quality post larvae crucial to the sector’s sustainability. Vietnam is the leading producer of black tiger shrimp in the world with a production of 300,000 tons in 2011, followed by India and Indonesia with a production of 187,900 tons and 126,200 tons respectively.
Major contribution of the tiger shrimp to global shrimp production and the economic losses resulting from disease outbreaks, it is essential that the shrimp-farming sector invest in good management practices for the production of healthy and quality seed. The Indian shrimp hatchery industry has established a detailed guidance and protocols for improving the productivity, health management, biosecurity and sustainability of the sector. Following a brief review of shrimp hatchery development in India, the major requirements for hatchery production are discussed under the headings: infrastructure, facility maintenance, inlet water quality and treatment, wastewater treatment, biosecurity, standard operating procedures (SOPS), the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach, chemical use during the hatchery production process and health assessment. Pre-spawning procedures include the use of wild, domesticated and specific pathogen free/ specific pathogen resistant (SPF/SPR) broodstock, broodstock selection and holding techniques, transport, utilization, health screening, maturation, nutrition and spawning, egg hatching; nauplius selection, egg/ nauplius disinfection and washing and holding, disease testing and transportation of nauplii. Post-spawning procedures include: larval-rearing unit preparation, larval rearing/health management, larval nutrition and feed management, important larval diseases, quality testing/selection of PL for stocking, PL harvest and transportation, nursery rearing and record keeping.
Effects of WSSV and bio-security on shrimp farming in BangladeshWorldFish
Effects of WSSV and bio-security on shrimp farming in Bangladesh. Presentation by Partho Pratim Debnath, Ben Belton, Manjurul Karim, Hendrik Jan Keus, Chadag Vishnumurthy Mohan.
Shrimp Hatcheries
Shrimp hatcheries may require some facilities, such as pipe -lines, to be located on public land. Where this is the case, hatcheries shall ensure that local communities are consulted, approval is granted by pertinent authorities and adequate precautions are taken to prevent the facilities from being a hazard, nuisance or eyesore.
Biosecurity measures in shrimp farming:-
- Biosecurity measures at the time of stocking
- Biosecurity measures at the initial time of culture period
- Biosecurity measures during mid culture period
- Biosecurity measures at the end of culture period
Culture Of Cobia- Its Biology, Seed Collection & Culture TechniquesHaladharHembram2
Cobia , Rachycentron canadum also known as Lemon fish or Ling is an oceanodromous , migratory and pelagic fish that lives in brackish and marine waters.
The fish is popular known by the common names-Black kingfish, Black salmon, runner or sergeant fish, crab eater and Sea murrel.
It is a highly priced game fish with high market value both in domestic and international markets.
Cobia known for its excellent meat quality is a famous premium food fish highly preferred by people in Taiwan and Japan. The white meat of the fish is served in restaurants as raw fish called Sashimi.
The fast growth rate, adaptability to captive breeding (attains 6-8 kg/year) are the major attributes which makes cobia as an excellent candidate species for aquaculture.
Cobia is one of the marine finfish species with high aquaculture potential particularly for cage culture in India.
Effects of WSSV and bio-security on shrimp farming in BangladeshWorldFish
Effects of WSSV and bio-security on shrimp farming in Bangladesh. Presentation by Partho Pratim Debnath, Ben Belton, Manjurul Karim, Hendrik Jan Keus, Chadag Vishnumurthy Mohan.
Shrimp Hatcheries
Shrimp hatcheries may require some facilities, such as pipe -lines, to be located on public land. Where this is the case, hatcheries shall ensure that local communities are consulted, approval is granted by pertinent authorities and adequate precautions are taken to prevent the facilities from being a hazard, nuisance or eyesore.
Biosecurity measures in shrimp farming:-
- Biosecurity measures at the time of stocking
- Biosecurity measures at the initial time of culture period
- Biosecurity measures during mid culture period
- Biosecurity measures at the end of culture period
Culture Of Cobia- Its Biology, Seed Collection & Culture TechniquesHaladharHembram2
Cobia , Rachycentron canadum also known as Lemon fish or Ling is an oceanodromous , migratory and pelagic fish that lives in brackish and marine waters.
The fish is popular known by the common names-Black kingfish, Black salmon, runner or sergeant fish, crab eater and Sea murrel.
It is a highly priced game fish with high market value both in domestic and international markets.
Cobia known for its excellent meat quality is a famous premium food fish highly preferred by people in Taiwan and Japan. The white meat of the fish is served in restaurants as raw fish called Sashimi.
The fast growth rate, adaptability to captive breeding (attains 6-8 kg/year) are the major attributes which makes cobia as an excellent candidate species for aquaculture.
Cobia is one of the marine finfish species with high aquaculture potential particularly for cage culture in India.
This is a presentation about the culture and breeding aspects of Red Sea bream,Pagrus major (Chrysophrys major).This fish have high aquaculture Importance today because of its meat quality and high growth rate
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
3. • The word “grouper”orginate from the portuguese language.
• 2 mts (6 feet) & 225 kg.
• Protogynous hermaphrodites.
• Easy to grow & fast-growing, hardy.
• Tasty meat, high demand, live long lives.
INTRODUCTION
4. Taxonomic Classification
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Actinopterygii
Order : Perciformes
Family : Serranidae
Common name: Grouper
6. DISTRIBUTION
• Occurs in the western Indian Ocean from the southern Red Sea
to Natal and east to the western Pacific where it is distributed
from Ryukyu Islands to New South Wales.
• It ranges east into Oceania only to Palau in the Northern
Hemisphere and Fiji in the Southern.
7. BIOLOGICAL FEATURE
• Body elongate, not very compressed
• Teeth in 2 rows; nostrils sub equal; serrae at corner
• 4th dorsal spine usually longest; spinous portion of dorsal fin
incised; caudal fin - pelvic fin
• Body colour .
8. HABITAT
• Orange spotted groupers inhabit turbid coastal reefs and are
often found in brackishwater over mud and rubble.
• Juveniles - shallow waters of estuaries over sand, mud and
gravel and among mangroves, feeding on small fish, shrimp,
and crabs.
• eurythermal and euryhaline
9. SIZE, AGE, AND GROWTH
• The major spawning period is March to June.
• Females mature at 250-300 mm TL @2-3 years.
• Sexual transition @550-750 mm.
10. FOOD HABITS
Carnivorous ,Shrimps and smaller fish predominate in the diet
of adult
Juveniles feed on Acetes and Mysid shrimps
11. SEED SUPPLY AND HATCHERY TECHNIQUES
• Brooders are stocked in separate 50 m3 tanks.
• Most of the brooders are collected from the wild
• Reared for 1 to 7 years using seawater at a constant
temperature of 27-28 °C
• The fish are fed with frozen sardines, mackerels, cuttlefish,
squids and top shell clams
12. NURSERY REARING
• Two production systems
• Indoor system @30-50 m3
• Outdoor system@ >200 m3
13. OUTDOOR SYSTEM
• Hatchery reared or wild caught fry are nursed in tanks or hapa nets until
they reach 6 cm.
• Hapa nets [1 x 2 x 1.5 m; 2 mm mesh] are set in tanks or ponds or
inside floating net cages and stocked <2.5 cm fry at 1000-2000/net.
• Sorting and grading are essential during the nursery phase. Lamps are
placed at the centre above the hapa nets to attract live prey such as
adult Artemia, copepods, mysids, small fish or crustacean larvae.
14. • Fish are fed to either with high protein formulated feeds of various sizes or
finely chopped frozen or fresh fish mixed with a vitamin mineral premix [1
kg trash fish; 1020 g vitamin and mineral mix].
15. INDOOR SYSTEM
• Nursery tanks vary from 30 to 50 m3 in either semi intensive or
intensive flow through systems. Such tanks are stocked with <2.5
cm fry at 50-200/m3.
• Higher densities of over 1000/m3 are sometimes used in flow
through or recirculation water systems.
• Graded every 57 days until they reach >6 cm after 45-60 days.
• Grow out ponds or floating cages.
17. • Fish -200 g -@ Chopped frozen fish 5%BW or pellets @ 2 %BW.
• 20-50% Water exchange takes advantage of spring tides or pumped
water from reservoirs and is carried out at least twice/week.
• Paddlewheel aerators are use when DO2 falls < 4 ppm.
• Water quality is maintenance.
pH 7.5-8.3,
Temp 25-32°C,
DO2 4-8 ppm
NO2N <0.05 ppm
NH3N <0.02 ppm.
EARTHEN POND SYSTEMS
18. FLOATING NET CAGE SYSTEMS
• Net cages (8 mm mesh) are used for 210 cm fingerlings; 25
mm mesh is used for larger fish.
• Grouper fingerlings are stocked at 15-20/m3.
• Grading is carried out at least once a month.
• Floating net cages should be moved to a new site for
deteriorating bottom conditions to recover.
• The duration of culture in the grow out phase is 47
months,depending on the preferred size at harvest.
19. • Fish are fed with appropriate fresh or frozen chopped fish
daily at 10 % BW or with pelleted feeds 3 % BW, half early in
the morning and half late in the afternoon. 0.5 per cent vitamin
and mineral premix is added to the properly thawed trash fish
before feeding.
20. FEED SUPPLY
• Generally, farmers depend on commercial suppliers for
growout feeds.
• Costs for groupers vary from USD 1100 to 1200/ton.
21. HARVESTING TECHNIQUES
• Groupers are harvested at 400 g or above, depending on
specific market demand.
• Fish are marketed either live for the restaurant business and
international markets or freshly caught for local markets.
22. HARVESTING IN EARTHEN PONDS
Fish are harvested by seine in the early morning or late
afternoon.
The water is disturbed (agitated) two hours before harvest to
prevent occurrence of rigid muscles in the fish.
Alternatively, for partial harvesting, modified lift nets may be
installed in feeding areas
23. These have to be lifted slowly to avoid fish escape.
It is advisable to install 8x2x1.5 or 8x4x1.5 m net cages (25
mm mesh) in the ponds to hold fish temporarily.
The stocking density in these holding cages should not exceed
20/m3
24. HARVESTING IN NET CAGES
• Feeding is stopped 12 days before marketing.
• The net cage should be inspected for any damage and then
lifted slowly from one side to concentrate the fish in one
corner.
• A fine, soft knotless scoop net or soft plastic screen is used to
catch the fish.
• Care must be taken to avoid loss of scales or causing lesions
on fish during harvesting
25. HANDLING AND PROCESSING
• Harvested fish are stocked in an aerated conditioning tank.
• To slow metabolic activity, the water temperature is slowly
lowered to 20 °C (2-3°C/hr) by adding crushed ice in plastic
bags or by using cooling pumps.
• 3-5 fish are stocked into each 20x20x30 cm double lined
plastic bag.
• Biomass is limited to 2-3kg/bag.
26. • Oxygen is added at a 1:3 water:oxygen ratio before sealing
with a rubber band.
• This method is suitable for air transport for a period not
exceeding 8 hours after packing
• The bags are packed in styrofoam boxes to which an adequate
amount of frozen gel packs, ice bags or frozen water in sealed
plastic bottles wrapped in old newspapers is added to keep the
temperature low during transportation.
27. PRODUCTION COSTS
• Fry usually comprise between 15-20%of on growing costs.
• In hatcheries, labour costs are 20 to 25% of the total.
• Other large factors are feed (30%), followed by administrative
expenses and fuel and power requirements for heater/chillers
and automatic feeders.
• Generally, on growing costs are lower in larger scale farms.
30. Groupers are cultured in either ponds or cages and being
euryhaline in nature
•
(Sim et al., 2005)
INTRODUCTION
They can thrive well in brackish water environments.
However, they are mostly cultured in floating net cages either
in the open sea or near the seaward end of estuaries
31. In India, grouper culture practices are entirely supported by the supply of seeds
collected from the wild (Nammalwar et al., 1998).
At present, growth and development of grouper farming industry in India has
been constrained by inadequate supply of juveniles for stocking.
32. FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION OF SEA CAGES:
1. The site for installation of sea cages was selected at a distance of
about 500 m from the shore in the Bay of Bengal off
Visakhapatnam
2. 8 m water depth during low tide was ensured at the site to
facilitate efficient water exchange.
3. Two circular HDPE cages of 6 m inner ring and 8 m outer ring dia
was fabricated and launched for stocking adult groupers
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All fishes were tagged for identification and to maintain
the history of individual fish
33. Broodstock development
Groupers collected from the commercial hook and line operations
BROODSTOCK DEVELOPMENT
Fishes were recompressed by inserting a needle through their anal
openings to relieve barotrauma stress
A total 63 nos. of E. coioides were selected
9 fishes were stocked in 5 t FRP tanks 54 nos. were stocked in two 6 m dia
HDPE floating cages
Acclimatisation for a period of four months
34. 4 fishes from tanks
20 fishes from the cages
17 α-methyl testosterone aimed at developing male brooders
The fishes were fed twice a day at 5% body weight with Decapterus russelli,
sardine and squids. Vitamins, cod liver oil and mineral supplements were also
given twice in a week along with feed
Growth of the fishes was monitored regularly by taking body weight
35. INDUCED SPAWNING
For induced spawning experiment, female fish with intra-ovarian eggs of
around 450 μ dia were selected.
Trials were conducted using mature females and sex reversed males in the
ratio 1:1.
Followed by luteinising hormone releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa) @
40 μg kg BW-1 after 24 h of the final HCG injection in the first two
induction trials.
All trials were undertaken in FRP tanks except the last trial of induced
spawning where the brooders were kept in the cage itself.
37. • The survival, growth and maturity status of fishes in the
experimental cages and tanks were recorded for a period of one year.
• The survival rate was higher in tanks (100%) compared to cages
(94.11%).
• The observation from the present study that the same group of fish
when stocked in cages matured within one year, indicated that open
sea floating cages are better for domestication, conditioning and
broodstock development of greasy groupers than indoor tanks
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
38. • The global aquaculture production of groupers has been increasing from
the year 1990 onwards in which the major contributors were Taiwan and
Thailand (Pierre et al., 2008).
• It is well understood that only continuous supply of grouper seeds can lead
to the development of grouper aquaculture in India.
• The present success in the broodstock development of the greasy grouper in
sea cage is a major step towards development of successful seed production
technology for groupers in captivity and grouper farming in India.
CONCLUSION
39. • APHA 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and
wastewater, 20th edn. American Public Health Association, American
Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Washington, D.
C., p. 45. Cacot, P., Legendre, M., Dan, T. Q., Tung, L. T., Liem, P. T.,
Mariojouls, C. and Lazard, J. 2002. Induced ovulation of Pangasius
bocourti (Sauvage, 1880) with a progressive
• HCG treatment. Aquaculture, 213: 199-206. Caylor, R. E., Biesiot, P. M.
and Franks, J. S. 1994. Culture of cobia (Rachycentron canadum):
cryopreservation of sperm and induced spawning. Aquaculture, 125: 81–
92. Chen, F. Y., Chow, M., Chao, T. M. and Lim, R. 1977. Artificial
spawning and larval rearing of the grouper, Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskal)
in Singapore. Singapore J. Pri. Ind.,
• 5:1-21. FAO 1989. Propagation of seabass, Lates calcarifer in captivity.
Seafarming Development Project (Jakarta, Indonesia).
REFERENCES