Artificial propagation involves collecting fish eggs or larvae and raising them in a protected environment until they develop into fingerlings. This allows for higher survival rates compared to natural conditions. The key steps are selecting brood fish, inducing spawning through environmental changes or hormones, collecting the eggs, fertilizing them, incubating the eggs, and rearing the larvae. Successful brood fish rearing and spawning requires controlling factors like temperature, oxygen, light, and stocking density. Hormone treatments can induce out-of-season spawning and techniques are described for fertilizing, incubating, and rearing the fish through the larval stages.
.DEFINITION OF FISH PHARMACOLOGY:
“Fish pharmacology is essential for undertaking treatment of fishes using any therapeutic chemicals or drugs.”
“Pharmacology is the study of the interaction of chemicals with living system.”
“Pharmacology” is morden science which correlated other biological sciences, eg., Biochemistry , Physiology Microbiology , Medicine , and Genetics.
“Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action.”
“Pharmacology is the study of drugs including their origins, history, uses, and properties. It mainly focuses on the actions of drugs on the body.”
“Pharmacology is the study of drugs and theire actions on the body”.
“Pharmacology is the study of substance that interact with living systems through chemical process, especially by binding to regulatory molecules &activating or inhibiting normal body process.
Fig. 1
3. HISTORY OF FISH PHARMACOLGY:
Pharmacology emerged as its own discipline in the 19th Century, branching off from research done in fields of science such as organic chemistry and physiology. Oswald Schmiedeberg, who was born in what is now Latvia in 1838, is considered the father of pharmacology. His doctoral thesis was on the measurement of chloroform levels in blood, and he went on to become a professor of pharmacology at the University of Strasburg, where he ran an institute of pharmacology. There, he studied chloroform, which was used as an anesthetic, chloral hydrate, a sedative and hypnotic, and muscarine, a compound isolated from the mushroom Amanita muscaria that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system and has been used to treat various diseases such as glaucoma.
In 1890, John Jacob Abel became the first pharmacology chair in the United States, at the University of Michigan. He later went to Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Abel was the first to isolate the hormone epinephrine from the adrenal gland, isolate histamine from the pituitary gland, and make pure crystalline insulin. Animals such as dogs, cats, pigeons, and frogs were used to test pharmacological substances. Humans were even used as test subjects. Sometimes they suffered through severe adverse effects from these substances, such as when the German pharmacist Friedrich Serturner and three of his friends had poisoning for several days from an alkaloid that Serturner had isolated from opium. This alkaloid was later named morphine, after the Ancient Greek god of sleep, Morpheus.
Oswald Schmiedeberg was a brilliant scientist. He studied the pharmacology of various compounds, including chloroform, and published an important text called the Outline of Pharmacology. There, he studied chloroform, which was used as an anesthetic, chloral hydrate, a sedative and hypnotic, and muscarine, a compound isolated from the mush to the field, Schmiedeberg is now known as 'the father of pharmacology'.
A SEMINAR ON INDUCING AGENTS OF HYPOPHYSATIONKartik Mondal
The precise combination of environmental factors required for maturation, ovulation and spawning.
However, quite often, under farm conditions, the requisite environmental factors are either not available or do not persist for sufficient length of time for spontaneous maturation to occur.
The pioneering discovery of B.A. Houssay (1931) and Von Ihering (1935, 1937, Argentina) that fishes can be induced to spawn by injecting pituitary homogenates has somewhat mitigated the problem.
The principal advantage of this technique, referred to in aquaculture parlance as “Hypophysation.”
fish nutrition and feeding of fish. different methods of feeding fish. fish feeding behavior. daily feed requirements for fish. storage and selection of quality feeds keeping records of fish feeding and feeder types for fish. FCR and Uniform growth of fish are the ultimate goals to be achieved. university of veterinary and animal sciences Lahore.
.DEFINITION OF FISH PHARMACOLOGY:
“Fish pharmacology is essential for undertaking treatment of fishes using any therapeutic chemicals or drugs.”
“Pharmacology is the study of the interaction of chemicals with living system.”
“Pharmacology” is morden science which correlated other biological sciences, eg., Biochemistry , Physiology Microbiology , Medicine , and Genetics.
“Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action.”
“Pharmacology is the study of drugs including their origins, history, uses, and properties. It mainly focuses on the actions of drugs on the body.”
“Pharmacology is the study of drugs and theire actions on the body”.
“Pharmacology is the study of substance that interact with living systems through chemical process, especially by binding to regulatory molecules &activating or inhibiting normal body process.
Fig. 1
3. HISTORY OF FISH PHARMACOLGY:
Pharmacology emerged as its own discipline in the 19th Century, branching off from research done in fields of science such as organic chemistry and physiology. Oswald Schmiedeberg, who was born in what is now Latvia in 1838, is considered the father of pharmacology. His doctoral thesis was on the measurement of chloroform levels in blood, and he went on to become a professor of pharmacology at the University of Strasburg, where he ran an institute of pharmacology. There, he studied chloroform, which was used as an anesthetic, chloral hydrate, a sedative and hypnotic, and muscarine, a compound isolated from the mushroom Amanita muscaria that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system and has been used to treat various diseases such as glaucoma.
In 1890, John Jacob Abel became the first pharmacology chair in the United States, at the University of Michigan. He later went to Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Abel was the first to isolate the hormone epinephrine from the adrenal gland, isolate histamine from the pituitary gland, and make pure crystalline insulin. Animals such as dogs, cats, pigeons, and frogs were used to test pharmacological substances. Humans were even used as test subjects. Sometimes they suffered through severe adverse effects from these substances, such as when the German pharmacist Friedrich Serturner and three of his friends had poisoning for several days from an alkaloid that Serturner had isolated from opium. This alkaloid was later named morphine, after the Ancient Greek god of sleep, Morpheus.
Oswald Schmiedeberg was a brilliant scientist. He studied the pharmacology of various compounds, including chloroform, and published an important text called the Outline of Pharmacology. There, he studied chloroform, which was used as an anesthetic, chloral hydrate, a sedative and hypnotic, and muscarine, a compound isolated from the mush to the field, Schmiedeberg is now known as 'the father of pharmacology'.
A SEMINAR ON INDUCING AGENTS OF HYPOPHYSATIONKartik Mondal
The precise combination of environmental factors required for maturation, ovulation and spawning.
However, quite often, under farm conditions, the requisite environmental factors are either not available or do not persist for sufficient length of time for spontaneous maturation to occur.
The pioneering discovery of B.A. Houssay (1931) and Von Ihering (1935, 1937, Argentina) that fishes can be induced to spawn by injecting pituitary homogenates has somewhat mitigated the problem.
The principal advantage of this technique, referred to in aquaculture parlance as “Hypophysation.”
fish nutrition and feeding of fish. different methods of feeding fish. fish feeding behavior. daily feed requirements for fish. storage and selection of quality feeds keeping records of fish feeding and feeder types for fish. FCR and Uniform growth of fish are the ultimate goals to be achieved. university of veterinary and animal sciences Lahore.
Shore based aquaculture or coastal brackish water aquaculture is practiced in many countries. There are various methods of traditional culture system based on the local conditions. Shrimp culture is the main attraction of this culture system. Some other fishes and other organisms like crabs, bivalves and seaweeds are also farmed. This type of culture system is mainly found in south East Asia.
Nutritional requirement of larvae and broodstock of commercially important fi...Akhila S
the presentation provides the details regarding, Tthe broodstock nutrition, essential nutrients and recent data on broodstock nutrition; also larval nutrition; the hatchery utilised live feeds in detail and also microparticulate diet, the recent knowlwdge on essential elements amd minerals in larval nutrition, like taurine, phospholipids, liposomes, waxy spray beds etc
the presentation provides details regarding the natural and artificial feeds of fishes, purified and semipurified diets, feeds based on the moisture contents, the larval feeds including the most recent spray dried and vacuumdried feeds, microparticulate diets, the microencapsulated, the microcoated and the microbound diets, microextruded marumerisation, and particle associated rotated agglomeration
Nutrients are substance which Nourish the body, promote growth, maintain and repair the body.
Nutrients can be divided into macro and micro nutrients which both are vital for good health.
Macronutrients such as Proteins, lipids, ash and carbohydrate are present in fishes.
Micronutrient such as Vitamins and minerals are essential dietary elements that are essential in very small quantities that mean they must be supplied from outside to body.
Fish as a food has been playing key role in providing the nutrient to many animals as well as humans.
Fish provide essential nutrients especially protein and fat with high biological value so it is often referred as ‘rich food for poor people’.
Protein and fats are the major nutrients of fish which determine the nutritional value of fish.
Fish is a food with excellent nutritive value, which provides high quality protein and a large variety of vitamins and minerals i.e. vitamin A & D, magnesium and phosphorus.
The micro and macro nutrients present in fish makes it better from other animal protein sources. Fish makes a vital contribution to the survival and health of a significant portion of the world's population.
Fish is especially important in the developing world.
In some of Asia's poorest countries (Bangladesh, Cambodia) people derive as much as 75% of their daily protein from fish. In West Africa fish accounts for 30% of animal protein intake.
Fish play an energetic role in terms of nutritional, economic, cultural and recreational activities.
Principal components of Fish
1. Water: Depending upon fish type 86-82% of water is available in fish muscles.
2. Protein
3. Lipid: Fish have a particular role as a source of the long-chainomega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are major building stones of our neural system. These are important for optimal brain and neurodevelopment in children. Alternative sources of omega-3 fatty acids are found in many vegetable oils, but this is in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which needs to be converted into DHA. However, in our bodies the conversion from ALA into EPA and DHA is in most cases inefficient, making it difficult to rely only on vegetable oil during the most critical periods of our lives: namely, during pregnancy and the first two years of life (the 1000 day window).
4. Carbohydrates: Fish is an almost Zero- carbohydrate food, good for diabetes and other such patients.
5. Vitamins and minerals
Protein is essential biopolymer that is obtained from both animal and plants sources and these are commonly recognized as a abundant sources of nutrients needed for body growth and development.
Among a wide range of protein sources, fishes play an energetic role in terms of nutritional, economical, cultural, and recreational benefits in the human society; because these are considered to be the richest protein sources.
In developing countries, more than 60 million people rely on fishes and their by-products for income.
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through Manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
Shore based aquaculture or coastal brackish water aquaculture is practiced in many countries. There are various methods of traditional culture system based on the local conditions. Shrimp culture is the main attraction of this culture system. Some other fishes and other organisms like crabs, bivalves and seaweeds are also farmed. This type of culture system is mainly found in south East Asia.
Nutritional requirement of larvae and broodstock of commercially important fi...Akhila S
the presentation provides the details regarding, Tthe broodstock nutrition, essential nutrients and recent data on broodstock nutrition; also larval nutrition; the hatchery utilised live feeds in detail and also microparticulate diet, the recent knowlwdge on essential elements amd minerals in larval nutrition, like taurine, phospholipids, liposomes, waxy spray beds etc
the presentation provides details regarding the natural and artificial feeds of fishes, purified and semipurified diets, feeds based on the moisture contents, the larval feeds including the most recent spray dried and vacuumdried feeds, microparticulate diets, the microencapsulated, the microcoated and the microbound diets, microextruded marumerisation, and particle associated rotated agglomeration
Nutrients are substance which Nourish the body, promote growth, maintain and repair the body.
Nutrients can be divided into macro and micro nutrients which both are vital for good health.
Macronutrients such as Proteins, lipids, ash and carbohydrate are present in fishes.
Micronutrient such as Vitamins and minerals are essential dietary elements that are essential in very small quantities that mean they must be supplied from outside to body.
Fish as a food has been playing key role in providing the nutrient to many animals as well as humans.
Fish provide essential nutrients especially protein and fat with high biological value so it is often referred as ‘rich food for poor people’.
Protein and fats are the major nutrients of fish which determine the nutritional value of fish.
Fish is a food with excellent nutritive value, which provides high quality protein and a large variety of vitamins and minerals i.e. vitamin A & D, magnesium and phosphorus.
The micro and macro nutrients present in fish makes it better from other animal protein sources. Fish makes a vital contribution to the survival and health of a significant portion of the world's population.
Fish is especially important in the developing world.
In some of Asia's poorest countries (Bangladesh, Cambodia) people derive as much as 75% of their daily protein from fish. In West Africa fish accounts for 30% of animal protein intake.
Fish play an energetic role in terms of nutritional, economic, cultural and recreational activities.
Principal components of Fish
1. Water: Depending upon fish type 86-82% of water is available in fish muscles.
2. Protein
3. Lipid: Fish have a particular role as a source of the long-chainomega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are major building stones of our neural system. These are important for optimal brain and neurodevelopment in children. Alternative sources of omega-3 fatty acids are found in many vegetable oils, but this is in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which needs to be converted into DHA. However, in our bodies the conversion from ALA into EPA and DHA is in most cases inefficient, making it difficult to rely only on vegetable oil during the most critical periods of our lives: namely, during pregnancy and the first two years of life (the 1000 day window).
4. Carbohydrates: Fish is an almost Zero- carbohydrate food, good for diabetes and other such patients.
5. Vitamins and minerals
Protein is essential biopolymer that is obtained from both animal and plants sources and these are commonly recognized as a abundant sources of nutrients needed for body growth and development.
Among a wide range of protein sources, fishes play an energetic role in terms of nutritional, economical, cultural, and recreational benefits in the human society; because these are considered to be the richest protein sources.
In developing countries, more than 60 million people rely on fishes and their by-products for income.
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through Manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
Finfish breeding and hatchery management pdfKartik Mondal
Rivers were the major source of freshwater fish seed in India during 1950’s and 1960’s.
Over the years, the riverine contribution has declined and at present forms only a supplementary source, constituting less than 5% of the country’s total fish seed production.
The Ganga, the Brahmaputra and the Indus river systems in the North and the Peninsular East coast and the West coast river systems in the South are the important natural sources of fish seed.
Allen Brandt, UW Stevens Point GIS Center & College of Natural Resources
Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food production systems in the world.The aquaculture industry in Wisconsin,
comprised of approximately 2,000 registered fish farms, contributes over $7 million to the state’s economy annually.
There are many species of game, food, and bait fish cultivated throughout the state in a variety of production systems. In
recent years, the growth of the aquaculture industry in Wisconsin has slowed and the number of registered fish farms is
beginning to decrease.The reason for the decrease in fish farms is not known, but it could be from the tough economic
times, high costs of production, limited markets, environmental restrictions, or the site location of the fish farms.The
objective of the study is to determine if the site location characteristics play a part in the success of the fish farm
operation.The utilization of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to create an evaluative model examining the
environmental and socio-economic characteristics of current registered fish farms and those that have closed.The
characteristics considered are land cover, soil types, elevation, water quality and source, and proximity to infrastructure
and potential markets.The evaluative model will then be used to create a predictive model using a multi-criteria
evaluation procedure using a GIS.The predictive model will be able to determine suitable locations for sustainable
system-specific and species-specific aquaculture facilities.
This report contains a detailed analysis of marketing issues of Engro Foods. The TV ads of Engro were observed and some data was collected from internet.
The work was done in group as a final assignment for the subject named "Marketing Issues in Pakistan".
Pre-stocking management of nursery pond for IMCKartik Mondal
Pre stocking management is one of the important method of entire three tire fish farming system. Because, fish mortality is very high at the stage of spawn. The stocking density of nursery pond is 2 lacks/ha.
In Nursery pond fish nursed very well to prevent fish mortality.
Nursery Pond Management
Objectives:
To obtain required amount of desirable species at desired time at desired price all the year round.
After completing these stages of management the nursery pond is prepared for rearing fry and fingerlings.
The next stage is to select culturable species for stocking in the prepared pond and other management.
If we prepare a good nursery pond we will get a good production .
I am uploading the Presentation on Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT). Tilapia is 3rd largest most prefered fish in world which is cultured in 75 countries. This presentation may be helpful to the students of Aquaculture.
This is a brief account of the economics of fish industry, based mostly in Pakistan, detailing some edible freshwater species, culture methods, and economic importance of fish in general.
Induced breeding is a technique where organism is stimulated by particular hormone or other synthetic hormone or by providing condition, introduced to breed in captive condition.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
3. 3. Breaking of the parasite chain
4. Better conditions for growth
and survival
5. Out of season supply of fry
and fingerlings
6. Production of superior strains
4. The artificial intervention in this
procedure consists of:
(a) collection of eggs, larvae or fry
(b) their protection from natural enemies
and unfavourable environmental
factors
(c) raising the larvae up to the fingerling
stage
(d) distributing them for stocking in
different water bodies.
5. Steps in artificial propagation
1. capture of wild brood fish from
spawning grounds,
2. selection of breeders from wild stock
for natural spawning or for hormone
treatment,
3. rearing of brood fishes,
6. 4. inducement of natural spawning with or
without hormone treatment,
5. procurement of ripe sexual products by
stripping with or without hormone treatment,
6. artificial fertilization,
7. incubation and hatching of eggs, and
8. rearing of larvae, fry, and fingerlings.
7. Brood fish
are sexually ripe fish
they can either be :
- collected from natural waters
just prior to the spawning
season
- collected from spawning
grounds
- raised on farms
8. Farm rearing of brood stock
-Widely practised all over the
world
-It enables the building-up and
selection of healthy breeders
for eventual stock
improvement
10. 1.Temperature
it is advisable to rear the brood
stock in a pond where extreme
fluctuations of temperature do
not occur
Generally, warmer environment
accelerates gonadal maturation
11. 2. Light
The requirement for illumination
varies with different species.
Many fishes are irritated in
illuminated environments
12. 3. Oxygen
Frequent fluctuations and low
levels of oxygen content in pond
water tend to inhibit gonadal
development
13. Fresh, oxygen-rich water, is an
important requirement during the
rearing of brood stock.
14. 4. Tranquillity
It is believed that frequent
disturbances interfere with
normal gonadal development
15. 5. Stocking density
Although most cultivated fishes
are able to tolerate crowded
pond conditions, the effects of
crowded conditions on gonadal
development is often deleterious
16. In general it is not advisable to
stock would-be breeders along
with market-destined fish,
especially if the latter are fed an
unbalanced diet.
18. 6. Size and depth of pond
The rearing pond for larger
brood fish (2–10 kg or above)
should be about 2 000–4 000
m2. Smaller brood fish can be
raised in smaller ponds.
19. The depth of brood fish ponds
generally varies from 1 to 2 m.
20. 7. Food
A suitable and adequate food
supply is of foremost importance
to brood fish.
21. If the fish are left hungry or
starving, the vitellogenesis
phase of egg development is
affected.
22. If the food is deficient in
essential nutrients, particularly
the amino-acids, vitamins, and
minerals, the egg development
is adversely affected, ultimately
leading to the failure in
ovulation.
23. Breeders reared on ample
natural food or on a protein-rich
artificial diet yield satisfactory
results.
24. It is better to breed a smaller
number of brood fish on
qualitatively and quantitatively
satisfactory diet (or natural food)
than to keep a huge stock under
half-starved conditions.
25. Age and weight of the
breeders.
The “first spawners” or “virgins” are
usually used for artificial
propagation.
Larger fish produce more eggs,
but the handling of “giants”
weighing over 10–15 kg is rather
27. The symptoms indicative of the
ready-to-spawn condition
Females:
Well-rounded and soft abdomen, the
fullness of which extends posteriorly
past the pelvis to the genital opening.
The genital opening is swollen,
protruding, and reddish or rose in
colour; its edge is uneven or fringed.
28. The anus (vent) may also be swollen
and reddish.
In some column-living fishes, the
abdomen becomes red coloured.
Some fishes develop a nuptial colour
before ovulation.
29. Males:
The male releases a few drops of thick milt
when its abdomen is pressed slightly.
In some male fishes (Chinese carps and
Indian major carps) the dorsal surface of the
pectoral fin becomes rough.
Some male fishes of the Orinoco and
Amazon basins produce a sound when
taken out of the water.
30. Methods of Inducing ovulation
and/or spawning
1.Simulation of suitable environmental
factors
2. Administration of gonadotropic
hormones
3. Combination of the two methods
31. Some pond spawners can be
stimulated to spawn by
providing:
1. nests
2. artificial spawning surface
(Kakabans-mat-like
structures measuring a few
m2 in area)
33. Decisive natural conditions to bring
about spawning in common carp:
•suitable water temperature (18 –
22 C),
•grass-bottomed spawning ground
•water saturated with dissolved
oxygen
•slowly rising water level
•presence of the other sex
•absence of other fishes
34. Hypophysation - “short cut” of the
natural process
- gonadotropic hormone
extracted from the
pituitary of some other
fish (donor) is injected
into the breeder and
brings about final
ovulation
35. Limitations of Hypophysation
1.Some of the sensitive fish cannot
tolerate the treatment
2.Other fish may ovulate only irregularly
3.Breeders whose ovaries have not yet
reached the adequately ripe stage fail
to respond to hypophysation
4.Varying contents of gonadotropin
hormone in the pituitary gland
36. Dosage
• it is generally difficult to fix the exact
dosage, with the result that generally more
hormone than required is injected into the
breeders
•hormone dosage required can vary
significantly from fish to fish of the same
species and from technique to technique
•dosage actually depends on the
“readiness” of the females; their age, size,
sensitivity and many other factors
37. Total dose
2.5 – 3 mg (1gland) – hypophysis
required per kg weight in the case
of large breeders weighing over 5
kg
38. 1.5 mg (0.5 gland) -
hypophysis required per kg
weight for medium sized fishes
(2–5 kg)
0.75 mg (0.25 gland) -
hypophysis required per kg
weight for small fishes (0.5–2
kg)
39. •It is advisable to avoid
overdose in preparatory
injection, since it may lead to
partial ovulation, thereby
upsetting the normal schedule
40. 1. Single, full (100 percent) or knock-out
dose - is given when the breeder has been
in the resting phase for a long time
2. Multiple doses
2.1 preparatory dose - is about 10
percent of the total dose.
2.2 decisive dose
41. The males, as a rule, are only given
one dose of hormone, usually at the
time when the females are given the
last decisive dose.
It is important that the males are not
administered the hormone earlier,
since that may result in releasing the
sperm before the females are ready to
ovulate.
42. The dosage of gonadotropin
hormone extract is expressed:
1.in milligrammes
2.as a number of acetone-dried
hypophysis glands – gland unit
43. The acetone-dried pituitary
gland of a 1.5–2 kg common
carp weighs 2.5–3 mg.
This size of hypophysis is taken
as a unit, when the dosage is
expressed in terms of number
of glands.
44. Solvent
The solvent used for
gonadotropic hormone is
0.6–0.9 percent NaCl
(common salt) solution
45. The solvent is prepared by
dissolving 7 g (.7%)of clean
common salt, free of
iodine, in 1 l of boiled and
already cooled drinking water
47. 3. Addition of a measured
quantity of solvent to dissolve
the pituitary gland (10-30
mins)
48. Choice of body part to
inject
1. Intramuscular
2. Intraperitoneal
3. Intracraneal
49. •The fish becomes more
quiet if its head is covered
with a piece of cloth. It is
advisable to use towels
while handling breeders
and not to touch them with
bare hands.
50. •While injecting scaly
fishes, it is necessary to
take the precaution of not
pricking them through the
scales, but to insert the
needle beneath the scale
and prick through the
underlying muscle
52. •If temperature is too low,
ovulation takes a very long
time, or in most cases
becomes inhibited. High
temperature not only causes
higher oxygen demand and
rapid metabolism, but also
has its own inhibitory effect.
53. •The pituitary treated fish needs
about 50 percent more oxygen than
before the treatment. The
excitement caused by handling and
treatment also results in enhanced
oxygen consumption. It is,
therefore, essential to keep the
treated breeders in a well aerated
environment or in clean, oxygen-
rich flowing water.
54. •Disturbed fish become agitated,
swim rapidly and jump against
the wall of the tank, thereby
exposing themselves to injury.
Their tranquillity can be secured
by putting dark floating objects
on the surface of the tank where
the treated breeders are kept.
55. “Hour-grade”
The temperature of water in the
tank in which the breeders are
held is measured every hour
after the last decisive injection
up to full ovulation. The readings
are added to arrive at the hour-
grade.
56. •A knowledge of hour-grade
value would help the fish
farmer to know exactly when
to expect ovulation after the
last injection.
57. The hour grade value depends
on:
1.the fish species treated
2.the type of treatment
3.the size of the female
4.whether the fish starts
spawning immediately after
ovulation or not.
58. (a)Hour-grade in relation
to fish species
At a temperature of 21 –22 C,
the hour-grade of common carp
is 240–260, while that of grass
carp, silver carp, and bighead
is 200–220.
59. (b) Hour-grade in relation
to the type of treatment
•The hour-grade is 340–
360 in the case of
common carp, when only
one decisive dose is
administered.
60. •It will be only 240–260 if
a preparatory dose is
given 24 hours prior to the
decisive dose.
61. •The hour-grade value
would go down further to
200–220 in cases where
two decisive injections are
given with an interval of
6–8 hours.
65. • In common carp, the
hour-grade value is
usually about 130–150
only when the breeders
are of small size (1.0–
2.0 kg).
66. d. whether the fish starts
spawning immediately after
ovulation or not
•When released with ripe active
males, most of the injected
females begin spawning in the
“ward basin” or “ward tank”.
67. •Failure to spawn would mean
that the species is not
responsive, the males are
inactive or already spent, the
females are injured or suffering
from an overdose of hormone, or
some of the environmental
factors are unfavourable.
68. “Induced spawning” or
“hormone induced
spawning” –spawning of
fishes that are treated by
gonadotropic hormone in the
presence of active males after
normal ovulation
70. Advantages:
1. There is no need to
calculate the exact time of
ovulation, or watch the
females to determine
whether they are ready for
stripping.
71. 2. It is not necessary to catch
the breeders for stripping,
thereby avoiding possible
injuries to the breeders.
72. 3. There is no need to strip
the breeders and fertilize the
eggs artificially, which
process is not only time-
consuming but would also
require more working hands.
73. 4. The danger of
over-ripening of eggs in the
ovary would not arise, since
the fish would start to spawn
as soon as ovulation is
completed.
74. Stocking density and Sex
Ratio
To achieve successful induced
spawning, it is advisable to put
together one female and two-three
males, two females and three
males, or a maximum of three
females and four males, depending
on the size of the ward tank.
75. In the case of breeders
weighing 2–3 kg each, a
maximum of two females
and three males can be put
in a ward tank of 2 m2.
76. As many as three-five
females and four-six males
can be put in the same tank if
they weigh only 0.5–1 kg
each.
77. If the breeders weigh 4–5 kg
each, the putting together of
only one female and two
smaller males is advised. Still
larger fishes would require a
larger ward tank to obtain
satisfactory results.
79. Fertilizing Solution
The fertilizing solution is
prepared by dissolving 30 g
carbamide (urea) and 40 g
common salt (NaCl) in 10 litres
of clean (preferably filtered) pond
water.
80. The quantity of the solution
to be poured on to the eggs
in the beginning is about 10–
20 percent of the volume of
the eggs to be handled.
81. The mixture is then stirred with
a plastic spoon or a feather for
about three-five minutes
continuously, during which time
one sperm enters an egg
through the micropyle and
completes the process of
fertilization.
83. About 2–4 litres of tannin solution is
placed in a plastic bucket and a
maximum of 2–3 litres of swollen
eggs may be added to it all at once.
After stirring for 3–5 seconds, clean
water should be poured into the
bucket. Once the eggs have settled
down, the water is drained out,
preferably by using a strainer.
84. Incubation and Hatching of
eggs
•Fertilized eggs should be
placed in the incubators not
more than 1 minute after
fertilization in the case of
untreated sticky eggs