Identification of plankton
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umme salma shaik MFK 1710 AEM, CoFM
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National quality standards have been introduced to protect public health and ensure fair trade practices. Standards are established for fish and fish products to ensure minimum levels of cleanliness and hygiene during handling, processing, and marketing. Standards fall into two main categories: safety standards, to protect against health hazards, and composition standards, to prevent fraud by ensuring food is pure and correctly labeled. The Bureau of Indian Standards has established over 50 national standards for fish and fishery products in India covering various aspects of quality.
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Food standards have been introduced nationally to protect public health and ensure fair trade. Standards fall into safety and composition categories. Safety standards ensure hygiene and prevent pathogens, while composition standards protect consumers from fraud through correct labeling and weights. Standards include national, international, and company-specific types. National standards bodies establish processing, packaging, inspection and grade standards for various fresh, frozen, dried, cured and canned fish products. Standards specify physical, sensory, microbiological and chemical product requirements.
Deforestation
Deforestation is the clearing of forests to make way for agriculture, logging, mining, dams, and roads. It has harmful effects by disrupting water and carbon cycles, reducing biodiversity, and causing soil erosion and poor water quality. The leading cause is agriculture as farmers clear land for crops and livestock. Logging and mining also contribute by cutting down trees for wood and extracting resources. Building dams and roads enables further deforestation by providing access to more forest areas. The Amazon and forests in Africa and Southeast Asia have faced significant deforestation, reducing habitats for many species. Individual actions like sustainable consumption and donations can help combat deforestation.
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This document describes the procedure for estimating primary productivity of freshwater bodies. Water samples are collected in light and dark bottles, with one bottle serving as a control. The bottles are incubated for 3-4 hours, then the oxygen content is measured using Winkler's method. Primary productivity is calculated based on the difference between oxygen levels in the light and dark bottles, accounting for respiration. Gross primary productivity is estimated as the change in oxygen from dark to light bottles, while net primary productivity excludes respiration.
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The document discusses several rural development schemes in India, including Ekalavya schools for scheduled caste students, the Udan regional connectivity scheme, Aajeevika Grameen Express Yojana for rural transport, and the Saubhagya electrification scheme. It also outlines objectives, key aspects, and expected benefits of these programs aimed at improving infrastructure, access, and livelihoods in rural areas.
NATIONAL QUALITYSTANDARDS FOR FISH AND FISHERY PRODUCTS
National quality standards have been introduced to protect public health and ensure fair trade practices. Standards are established for fish and fish products to ensure minimum levels of cleanliness and hygiene during handling, processing, and marketing. Standards fall into two main categories: safety standards, to protect against health hazards, and composition standards, to prevent fraud by ensuring food is pure and correctly labeled. The Bureau of Indian Standards has established over 50 national standards for fish and fishery products in India covering various aspects of quality.
National standards
Food standards have been introduced nationally to protect public health and ensure fair trade. Standards fall into safety and composition categories. Safety standards ensure hygiene and prevent pathogens, while composition standards protect consumers from fraud through correct labeling and weights. Standards include national, international, and company-specific types. National standards bodies establish processing, packaging, inspection and grade standards for various fresh, frozen, dried, cured and canned fish products. Standards specify physical, sensory, microbiological and chemical product requirements.
Deforestation
Deforestation is the clearing of forests to make way for agriculture, logging, mining, dams, and roads. It has harmful effects by disrupting water and carbon cycles, reducing biodiversity, and causing soil erosion and poor water quality. The leading cause is agriculture as farmers clear land for crops and livestock. Logging and mining also contribute by cutting down trees for wood and extracting resources. Building dams and roads enables further deforestation by providing access to more forest areas. The Amazon and forests in Africa and Southeast Asia have faced significant deforestation, reducing habitats for many species. Individual actions like sustainable consumption and donations can help combat deforestation.
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Saprotrophs and necrotrophs are organisms that feed on dead organic matter and dead host tissues respectively. Saprotrophic nutrition involves extracellular digestion of dead organic matter through active transport, and is facilitated by the presence of water, oxygen, and neutral to acidic pH at low-medium temperatures. Necrotrophs release toxins that kill host cells and feed on the dead tissues, causing lesions. Sewage fungus complexes consist of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, protozoans and rotifers that constitute the biological component of activated sludge systems, breaking down wastewater, though higher organisms are deterred by agitation. Common sewage fungi include Sphaerotilus natans
coastal wetland and its thereats
Wetlands provide important ecosystem services but face many threats. On-site threats include draining wetlands for agriculture, dumping waste, and pollution from nearby activities. Off-site threats involve upstream deforestation, dams altering water flows, and pollution from distant sources. A key threat is conversion to aquaculture through draining or filling wetlands. Wetlands are drained and filled to make way for shrimp or fish farms, eliminating natural habitat.
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The history of aquatic toxicology began with early classifications of poisons by Dioscorides and theories of toxicologist Paracelsus that the dose determines whether a substance is toxic. Through the Middle Ages and later, understanding of bioavailability and effects of chemicals like metals, industrial byproducts like methanol and lead, and environmental issues like acid rain, eutrophication, and uncleaned industrial waste developed toxicology as a field. Major events included Minamata disease from mercury in industrial wastewater in Japan and destruction of fish stocks from acid rain in Europe and North America. Remedies involved reducing sulfur in fuels and removing it from emissions to curb acid rain.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES
The document discusses several rural development schemes in India:
1) The Ekalavya schools scheme aims to establish residential schools for scheduled caste students across India by 2022, similar to Navodaya schools.
2) The Aajeevika Grameen Express Yojana provides loans to self-help groups to operate public transport in rural areas, connecting villages to services.
3) The Saubhagya scheme aims to electrify all households in India by 2018 by providing last mile connectivity and free connections to poor families.
4) A new ornamental fisheries project will promote the sector through cluster-based approaches to boost trade and create rural employment.
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The document discusses various biological treatment processes for sewage and industrial waste. It describes:
- The three phases of wastewater treatment: pretreatment, primary treatment, and secondary treatment.
- Aerobic and anaerobic biological treatments, including activated sludge process, extended aeration, sequential batch reactor, trickling filter, oxidation ponds, expanded bed reactor, and rotating biological contractor.
- Key aspects of each treatment process such as operating principles, advantages, and limitations.
MANAGEMENT OF WETLANDS THROUGH BIOMANIPULATION
This document summarizes management of wetlands through biomanipulation, which involves top-down and bottom-up methods to control algal blooms and restore water quality. Biomanipulation techniques include increasing predators to control planktivorous fish and zooplankton populations. Bottom-up methods aim to reduce nutrient levels, while top-down methods alter higher trophic levels to control lower ones. Both approaches together can effectively address eutrophication issues in wetlands and shallow waters.
Restoration ecology
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Coastal erosion and control measures
This document discusses coastal erosion and measures to control it. It notes that coastal erosion is the wearing away of land and removal of beach sediments by waves, tides, currents and winds. It then outlines several structural and non-structural approaches to prevent coastal erosion, including constructing seawalls, groins and revetments, as well as beach replenishment and sand dune management. The document also discusses the impacts of coastal erosion such as loss of habitat and infrastructure, as well as initiatives by the Indian government to assist coastal states in protecting vulnerable coastal areas from sea erosion.
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Two phase sampling
Two phase sampling is a method where a first phase sample is selected and observed to obtain variable x. Then a second phase subsample is selected from the first phase sample where the selection probability depends on x. This allows collecting more detailed data from a smaller subsample while using the first phase to guide the selection. An example is capture-recapture estimation of animal populations where some are marked in the first phase to guide selection in the second phase. The method reduces data collection time while maintaining accuracy by focusing effort where most needed.
Soft shell producttion
This document discusses the production of soft shell crabs. It begins by introducing soft shell crabs and some of the commercially important crab species used for soft shell crab production. It then covers topics like the life cycle and molting process of crabs, methods for harvesting peelers and producing soft shell crabs, common culture systems used, and considerations around marketing and trade of soft shell crabs.
Seperation techniques
This document discusses various separation techniques including paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, gel-permeation chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation. Each technique separates molecules based on differences in properties like polarity, size, or charge. The techniques have wide applications in analyzing samples from water purification to protein analysis.
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Concepts of disaster management
1) A disaster is defined as any event that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of life, deterioration of health services, and warrants an extraordinary response. Disaster management aims to minimize deaths and losses through preparedness and planning.
2) Key factors that affect disasters include population growth, poverty, rapid urbanization, and environmental degradation. Disaster management involves preparedness, response, recovery and rebuilding after natural or human-made disasters.
3) India has established agencies and plans to manage different disaster types through various ministries and organizations. Nodal agencies coordinate response while the National Disaster Management Authority oversees overall coordination and policy.
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Yellowfin tuna are an important commercial fish found worldwide in tropical and subtropical oceans. They form schools and feed primarily on fish, crustaceans, and squids. According to this study, the major components of yellowfin tuna diet were teleost fish, crabs, squids, and shrimps. Overfishing is a concern, as the Eastern Pacific stock is overfished and some overfishing is occurring in the Indian Ocean. The study of their feeding habits is important to better understand their role in the ecosystem and to improve management strategies.
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Trophical relationship in WETLAND ecosystem
Wetland ecosystems have multiple trophic levels that facilitate nutrient production and transportation. Nutrients enter wetlands from rivers via tidal transport and are assimilated by phytoplankton, which then transport the nutrients back into deeper channels to support other organisms. Wetlands effectively remove 70-90% of nitrogen and 20-100% of metals from water, depending on the pollutant and wetland type. They also reduce pathogen levels by trapping bacteria and allowing them to die off without a host. This trophic transfer of nutrients is important for maintaining water quality and the health of connected ecosystems.
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saprotophs,necrotrops and sewage fungus complex
Saprotrophs and necrotrophs are organisms that feed on dead organic matter and dead host tissues respectively. Saprotrophic nutrition involves extracellular digestion of dead organic matter through active transport, and is facilitated by the presence of water, oxygen, and neutral to acidic pH at low-medium temperatures. Necrotrophs release toxins that kill host cells and feed on the dead tissues, causing lesions. Sewage fungus complexes consist of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, protozoans and rotifers that constitute the biological component of activated sludge systems, breaking down wastewater, though higher organisms are deterred by agitation. Common sewage fungi include Sphaerotilus natans
coastal wetland and its thereats
Wetlands provide important ecosystem services but face many threats. On-site threats include draining wetlands for agriculture, dumping waste, and pollution from nearby activities. Off-site threats involve upstream deforestation, dams altering water flows, and pollution from distant sources. A key threat is conversion to aquaculture through draining or filling wetlands. Wetlands are drained and filled to make way for shrimp or fish farms, eliminating natural habitat.
Threats to marine biodiversity
There are several major threats to marine biodiversity according to the document. These include overexploitation of marine resources through overfishing and recreational fishing, pollution from various sources, habitat destruction through activities like coastal development, and the introduction of invasive species. Climate change is also a growing threat as it can cause rising water temperatures, acidification, and sea level rise. If left unaddressed, these threats will have severe economic, social, and environmental consequences.
the history of aquatic toxicology
The history of aquatic toxicology began with early classifications of poisons by Dioscorides and theories of toxicologist Paracelsus that the dose determines whether a substance is toxic. Through the Middle Ages and later, understanding of bioavailability and effects of chemicals like metals, industrial byproducts like methanol and lead, and environmental issues like acid rain, eutrophication, and uncleaned industrial waste developed toxicology as a field. Major events included Minamata disease from mercury in industrial wastewater in Japan and destruction of fish stocks from acid rain in Europe and North America. Remedies involved reducing sulfur in fuels and removing it from emissions to curb acid rain.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES
The document discusses several rural development schemes in India:
1) The Ekalavya schools scheme aims to establish residential schools for scheduled caste students across India by 2022, similar to Navodaya schools.
2) The Aajeevika Grameen Express Yojana provides loans to self-help groups to operate public transport in rural areas, connecting villages to services.
3) The Saubhagya scheme aims to electrify all households in India by 2018 by providing last mile connectivity and free connections to poor families.
4) A new ornamental fisheries project will promote the sector through cluster-based approaches to boost trade and create rural employment.
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIA WASTE
The document discusses various biological treatment processes for sewage and industrial waste. It describes:
- The three phases of wastewater treatment: pretreatment, primary treatment, and secondary treatment.
- Aerobic and anaerobic biological treatments, including activated sludge process, extended aeration, sequential batch reactor, trickling filter, oxidation ponds, expanded bed reactor, and rotating biological contractor.
- Key aspects of each treatment process such as operating principles, advantages, and limitations.
MANAGEMENT OF WETLANDS THROUGH BIOMANIPULATION
This document summarizes management of wetlands through biomanipulation, which involves top-down and bottom-up methods to control algal blooms and restore water quality. Biomanipulation techniques include increasing predators to control planktivorous fish and zooplankton populations. Bottom-up methods aim to reduce nutrient levels, while top-down methods alter higher trophic levels to control lower ones. Both approaches together can effectively address eutrophication issues in wetlands and shallow waters.
Restoration ecology
Restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. It involves improving ecosystem structure and functions to emulate the original, indigenous ecosystem. Approaches include rehabilitation, reclamation, re-creation, and enhancement. The ultimate goal is to enhance ecosystem functioning through increasing nutrient cycling, productivity, and trophic interactions. Successful restoration also requires addressing issues like degraded soil and hydrology. Many restoration efforts aim to restore critical habitats for endangered species or improve water quality in degraded rivers and lakes. Large-scale examples in India include programs to restore the Ganges and Yamuna rivers through reducing pollution and improving sanitation.
Coastal erosion and control measures
This document discusses coastal erosion and measures to control it. It notes that coastal erosion is the wearing away of land and removal of beach sediments by waves, tides, currents and winds. It then outlines several structural and non-structural approaches to prevent coastal erosion, including constructing seawalls, groins and revetments, as well as beach replenishment and sand dune management. The document also discusses the impacts of coastal erosion such as loss of habitat and infrastructure, as well as initiatives by the Indian government to assist coastal states in protecting vulnerable coastal areas from sea erosion.
critically endangered indian medicinal plants
shaik umme salma AEM- MFK -1710 COLLEGE OF FISHERIES MANGLORE
Two phase sampling
Two phase sampling is a method where a first phase sample is selected and observed to obtain variable x. Then a second phase subsample is selected from the first phase sample where the selection probability depends on x. This allows collecting more detailed data from a smaller subsample while using the first phase to guide the selection. An example is capture-recapture estimation of animal populations where some are marked in the first phase to guide selection in the second phase. The method reduces data collection time while maintaining accuracy by focusing effort where most needed.
Soft shell producttion
This document discusses the production of soft shell crabs. It begins by introducing soft shell crabs and some of the commercially important crab species used for soft shell crab production. It then covers topics like the life cycle and molting process of crabs, methods for harvesting peelers and producing soft shell crabs, common culture systems used, and considerations around marketing and trade of soft shell crabs.
Seperation techniques
This document discusses various separation techniques including paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, gel-permeation chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation. Each technique separates molecules based on differences in properties like polarity, size, or charge. The techniques have wide applications in analyzing samples from water purification to protein analysis.
experimental research design
This document discusses various experimental research designs. It defines experimental research as research where the researcher manipulates variables and controls other factors to determine causal relationships. It describes several key experimental research designs: post-test only design, pre-test post-test design, Solomon four-group design, randomized block design, crossover design, and factorial design. For each design, it provides an example of how the design could be used to study a research question.
Concepts of disaster management
1) A disaster is defined as any event that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of life, deterioration of health services, and warrants an extraordinary response. Disaster management aims to minimize deaths and losses through preparedness and planning.
2) Key factors that affect disasters include population growth, poverty, rapid urbanization, and environmental degradation. Disaster management involves preparedness, response, recovery and rebuilding after natural or human-made disasters.
3) India has established agencies and plans to manage different disaster types through various ministries and organizations. Nodal agencies coordinate response while the National Disaster Management Authority oversees overall coordination and policy.
Food and Feeding habits of yellowfin tuna
Yellowfin tuna are an important commercial fish found worldwide in tropical and subtropical oceans. They form schools and feed primarily on fish, crustaceans, and squids. According to this study, the major components of yellowfin tuna diet were teleost fish, crabs, squids, and shrimps. Overfishing is a concern, as the Eastern Pacific stock is overfished and some overfishing is occurring in the Indian Ocean. The study of their feeding habits is important to better understand their role in the ecosystem and to improve management strategies.
food and feeding habbits of rohu
This document discusses the feeding habits of Labeo rohita, a freshwater fish found in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar. It begins by providing taxonomic classification and background on the species' physical characteristics and habitat preferences. The document then examines the fish's feeding behaviors at different life stages, finding it eats zooplankton as a juvenile but transitions to eating more phytoplankton and vegetation as an adult. Two papers are summarized that analyze gut contents of L. rohita from different locations and seasons, finding it is an omnivore that relies more on plant matter as it grows larger.
survey on allopathy and ayurvedic medicines
The document summarizes a study on the preferences of ayurvedic and allopathic medicine among college students in Mangaluru, India. The study used questionnaires to survey 20 students on their medicine preferences. A paired t-test analysis found a statistically significant difference between preferences for allopathic versus ayurvedic medicine. While allopathy was the overall preference, the study found ayurveda is gaining more importance for certain health aspects.
Trophical relationship in WETLAND ecosystem
Wetland ecosystems have multiple trophic levels that facilitate nutrient production and transportation. Nutrients enter wetlands from rivers via tidal transport and are assimilated by phytoplankton, which then transport the nutrients back into deeper channels to support other organisms. Wetlands effectively remove 70-90% of nitrogen and 20-100% of metals from water, depending on the pollutant and wetland type. They also reduce pathogen levels by trapping bacteria and allowing them to die off without a host. This trophic transfer of nutrients is important for maintaining water quality and the health of connected ecosystems.
distribution,biology,seed collection,nursery rearing and culture techniques o...
This document discusses culture techniques for grouper species, including distribution, biology, nursery rearing, and grow-out. It summarizes techniques for broodstock development using wild-caught groupers in sea cages, induced spawning trials, and successful maturation of groupers within one year when reared in open sea cages compared to indoor tanks. The document concludes that continuous supply of grouper seeds is needed to develop grouper aquaculture in India and that broodstock development in sea cages is an important step towards captive seed production.
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Identification of plankton
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