the history of aquatic toxicology
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The history of aquatic toxicology began with early classifications of poisons by Dioscorides and theories of toxicologist Paracelsus that the dose determines whether a substance is toxic. Through the Middle Ages and later, understanding of bioavailability and effects of chemicals like metals, industrial byproducts like methanol and lead, and environmental issues like acid rain, eutrophication, and uncleaned industrial waste developed toxicology as a field. Major events included Minamata disease from mercury in industrial wastewater in Japan and destruction of fish stocks from acid rain in Europe and North America. Remedies involved reducing sulfur in fuels and removing it from emissions to curb acid rain.
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This document provides an overview of chemistry and its central role in science and daily life. It discusses how chemistry has contributed to developments in areas such as electronics, medicine, food processing, forensics, and energy. Some key points made include that chemistry is fundamental to understanding the molecular world and has helped develop critical innovations like transistors, plastics, fertilizers, and medical diagnostics and treatments. The document emphasizes that nearly every aspect of modern life involves chemical developments and that chemistry is truly the central and connecting science.
Opiumpeople
This document provides a summary of the book "Opium and the People" by Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards. It examines the role of opium use in 19th century English society. The book is divided into nine parts covering topics like the import and cultivation of opium, its popular use, the beginnings of restriction, its role in different social classes and professions, and how 19th century views and experiences compare to the present. The preface outlines the book's social history approach and emphasis on popular culture and different social groups rather than just famous opium users. It also discusses the interdisciplinary collaboration between the social historian and psychiatrist authors.
tobacco and health
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Endogenous evolution.pptx
This document contains the schedule and syllabus for a Bioscience open elective course from July to December 2020. The schedule shows the course, OE0202, will meet on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays from 8:30am to 9:30am. The document then covers topics related to evolution and biochemistry, including the origins of life, evidence for early Earth conditions allowing abiotic synthesis of organic molecules, RNA as a potential early genetic material, the development of the first cells, and Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
Presentation iyc
The document discusses the definition and characteristics of science, describing it as both a body of knowledge and process of discovery that seeks to understand the natural world through questions, evidence, and collaboration. Several fields of science are outlined including chemistry, which is celebrated in 2011 as an international year focusing on its contributions to society. The document also provides examples of scientists throughout history and some interesting facts about chemistry.
1. History and Scope of microbiology (1).pptx
This document provides an overview of the history and scope of microbiology. It discusses how microbiology began with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery and observation of microbes in the late 1600s. Important early experiments disproving spontaneous generation include Redi's meat experiment and Pasteur's swan neck flask experiment. Robert Koch and others established the germ theory of disease and techniques like staining and culturing. Modern microbiology is interdisciplinary and studies diverse microbes and their roles in fields like medicine, industry, and biotechnology using techniques like genetics and electron microscopy. Microbiology has applications in human health, agriculture, biotechnology, and other areas.
Chemistry 21st century.ppt
This document provides a history of chemistry from ancient Greece to the 21st century. It discusses how chemistry originated from Aristotle's theory of four elements of earth, water, air and fire. Key developments included Georg Agricola's work on mining and metallurgy in the 16th century, Robert Boyle's experimental methods in the 17th century, Lavoisier's discoveries on combustion and being the "Father of Modern Chemistry" in the 18th century, Dalton's atomic theory and the law of conservation of energy in the 19th century, and discoveries of the atomic nucleus, neutron and superconductivity leading into the 21st century. The document traces the major advances in chemistry over the centuries.
introduction of Organic chemistry
In this slide we learnt about,introduction,evolution classification & career areas of organic chemistry.
Actinomycetes
This document discusses the history, classification, morphology, roles, isolation sources, and applications of actinomycetes. Actinomycetes are a group of gram-positive bacteria that produce bioactive agents including antibiotics. They play important roles in decomposing organic matter in soil and producing various antibiotics. Actinomycetes can be isolated from various environmental sources using different media and characterized using morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular techniques.
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Study of Molluscs
The document describes several different mollusks and cnidarians. It provides details on the physical characteristics, habitats, and taxonomic classifications of various gastropods like Conus and Cypraea, bivalves like Perna and Meritrix, and cnidarians like Fungia, Favia, Gorgonia, Tubipora, Metridium, and Pennatula. The document also includes general information on the phylum Mollusca and its classes, as well as the characteristic features and classes of the phylum Cnidaria.
Estimation of primary productivity of freshwater bodies
This document describes the procedure for estimating primary productivity of freshwater bodies. Water samples are collected in light and dark bottles, with one bottle serving as a control. The bottles are incubated for 3-4 hours, then the oxygen content is measured using Winkler's method. Primary productivity is calculated based on the difference between oxygen levels in the light and dark bottles, accounting for respiration. Gross primary productivity is estimated as the change in oxygen from dark to light bottles, while net primary productivity excludes respiration.
WATER BUDGETING IN LIMNETIC ENVIRONMENT
This document discusses the management of waterbodies for economic activities. It outlines several key uses of water including agriculture, aquaculture, drinking, irrigation, domestic use, industrial use, hydroelectric power generation, recreation, environment, and their challenges. Agriculture is the largest user, accounting for 70% of global water withdrawal mainly for irrigation. Other major uses include industrial activities like power and manufacturing, aquaculture, and recreation. The document also discusses the aims and challenges of different water-using sectors and stresses the need for sustainable management of water resources given issues like population growth, climate change, and pollution.
Coastal and marine ecosystem
This document provides an introduction to marine ecosystems. It discusses the key characteristics of marine ecosystems, including the biotic and abiotic components. It also describes several types of marine ecosystems in more detail, including oceans, estuaries, on-shore ecosystems, and coral reefs. For each ecosystem type, it outlines the defining features, environmental factors, and common plant and animal species found there. The goal is to study and understand these different marine environments and the life they support.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES
The document discusses several rural development schemes in India, including Ekalavya schools for scheduled caste students, the Udan regional connectivity scheme, Aajeevika Grameen Express Yojana for rural transport, and the Saubhagya electrification scheme. It also outlines objectives, key aspects, and expected benefits of these programs aimed at improving infrastructure, access, and livelihoods in rural areas.
NATIONAL QUALITYSTANDARDS FOR FISH AND FISHERY PRODUCTS
National quality standards have been introduced to protect public health and ensure fair trade practices. Standards are established for fish and fish products to ensure minimum levels of cleanliness and hygiene during handling, processing, and marketing. Standards fall into two main categories: safety standards, to protect against health hazards, and composition standards, to prevent fraud by ensuring food is pure and correctly labeled. The Bureau of Indian Standards has established over 50 national standards for fish and fishery products in India covering various aspects of quality.
National standards
Food standards have been introduced nationally to protect public health and ensure fair trade. Standards fall into safety and composition categories. Safety standards ensure hygiene and prevent pathogens, while composition standards protect consumers from fraud through correct labeling and weights. Standards include national, international, and company-specific types. National standards bodies establish processing, packaging, inspection and grade standards for various fresh, frozen, dried, cured and canned fish products. Standards specify physical, sensory, microbiological and chemical product requirements.
Deforestation
Deforestation is the clearing of forests to make way for agriculture, logging, mining, dams, and roads. It has harmful effects by disrupting water and carbon cycles, reducing biodiversity, and causing soil erosion and poor water quality. The leading cause is agriculture as farmers clear land for crops and livestock. Logging and mining also contribute by cutting down trees for wood and extracting resources. Building dams and roads enables further deforestation by providing access to more forest areas. The Amazon and forests in Africa and Southeast Asia have faced significant deforestation, reducing habitats for many species. Individual actions like sustainable consumption and donations can help combat deforestation.
saprotophs,necrotrops and sewage fungus complex
Saprotrophs and necrotrophs are organisms that feed on dead organic matter and dead host tissues respectively. Saprotrophic nutrition involves extracellular digestion of dead organic matter through active transport, and is facilitated by the presence of water, oxygen, and neutral to acidic pH at low-medium temperatures. Necrotrophs release toxins that kill host cells and feed on the dead tissues, causing lesions. Sewage fungus complexes consist of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, protozoans and rotifers that constitute the biological component of activated sludge systems, breaking down wastewater, though higher organisms are deterred by agitation. Common sewage fungi include Sphaerotilus natans
coastal wetland and its thereats
Wetlands provide important ecosystem services but face many threats. On-site threats include draining wetlands for agriculture, dumping waste, and pollution from nearby activities. Off-site threats involve upstream deforestation, dams altering water flows, and pollution from distant sources. A key threat is conversion to aquaculture through draining or filling wetlands. Wetlands are drained and filled to make way for shrimp or fish farms, eliminating natural habitat.
Threats to marine biodiversity
There are several major threats to marine biodiversity according to the document. These include overexploitation of marine resources through overfishing and recreational fishing, pollution from various sources, habitat destruction through activities like coastal development, and the introduction of invasive species. Climate change is also a growing threat as it can cause rising water temperatures, acidification, and sea level rise. If left unaddressed, these threats will have severe economic, social, and environmental consequences.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES
The document discusses several rural development schemes in India:
1) The Ekalavya schools scheme aims to establish residential schools for scheduled caste students across India by 2022, similar to Navodaya schools.
2) The Aajeevika Grameen Express Yojana provides loans to self-help groups to operate public transport in rural areas, connecting villages to services.
3) The Saubhagya scheme aims to electrify all households in India by 2018 by providing last mile connectivity and free connections to poor families.
4) A new ornamental fisheries project will promote the sector through cluster-based approaches to boost trade and create rural employment.
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIA WASTE
The document discusses various biological treatment processes for sewage and industrial waste. It describes:
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- Key aspects of each treatment process such as operating principles, advantages, and limitations.
MANAGEMENT OF WETLANDS THROUGH BIOMANIPULATION
This document summarizes management of wetlands through biomanipulation, which involves top-down and bottom-up methods to control algal blooms and restore water quality. Biomanipulation techniques include increasing predators to control planktivorous fish and zooplankton populations. Bottom-up methods aim to reduce nutrient levels, while top-down methods alter higher trophic levels to control lower ones. Both approaches together can effectively address eutrophication issues in wetlands and shallow waters.
Restoration ecology
Restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. It involves improving ecosystem structure and functions to emulate the original, indigenous ecosystem. Approaches include rehabilitation, reclamation, re-creation, and enhancement. The ultimate goal is to enhance ecosystem functioning through increasing nutrient cycling, productivity, and trophic interactions. Successful restoration also requires addressing issues like degraded soil and hydrology. Many restoration efforts aim to restore critical habitats for endangered species or improve water quality in degraded rivers and lakes. Large-scale examples in India include programs to restore the Ganges and Yamuna rivers through reducing pollution and improving sanitation.
Coastal erosion and control measures
This document discusses coastal erosion and measures to control it. It notes that coastal erosion is the wearing away of land and removal of beach sediments by waves, tides, currents and winds. It then outlines several structural and non-structural approaches to prevent coastal erosion, including constructing seawalls, groins and revetments, as well as beach replenishment and sand dune management. The document also discusses the impacts of coastal erosion such as loss of habitat and infrastructure, as well as initiatives by the Indian government to assist coastal states in protecting vulnerable coastal areas from sea erosion.
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Two phase sampling is a method where a first phase sample is selected and observed to obtain variable x. Then a second phase subsample is selected from the first phase sample where the selection probability depends on x. This allows collecting more detailed data from a smaller subsample while using the first phase to guide the selection. An example is capture-recapture estimation of animal populations where some are marked in the first phase to guide selection in the second phase. The method reduces data collection time while maintaining accuracy by focusing effort where most needed.
Soft shell producttion
This document discusses the production of soft shell crabs. It begins by introducing soft shell crabs and some of the commercially important crab species used for soft shell crab production. It then covers topics like the life cycle and molting process of crabs, methods for harvesting peelers and producing soft shell crabs, common culture systems used, and considerations around marketing and trade of soft shell crabs.
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
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MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
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measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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Slides from talk:
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https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingUnlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
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Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
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formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
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Complex titration with EDTA.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
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bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
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the history of aquatic toxicology
- 1. THE HISTORY OF AQUATIC
- 2. INTRODUCTION TOXICOLOGY : SCOPE: Mixture of science,art and creative thinking. facts -predictions. Father of toxicology-Paracelsus. Modern father of toxicology-Mathieu Orfila
- 3. • Dioscorides : first classification of poisons, use of emetics in treatment . • Paracelsus : ”All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy.” • A physician – alchemist; set the basics of pharmacology, toxicology and therapeutics; investigated the dose-response relation.
- 4. • Toxicology dates to the earliest humans. • Poisons played an important role in the history of mankind. • They may either be lack of information or ignorance, carelessness, untidiness, and, at worst, anger that may lead to cases of deliberate poisoning. Hemlock (Greek capital punishment) Aconite (Chinese poison arrows) HISTORY
- 5. • King Mithridates VI of Pontus • Poisonings were so rampant in Rome, a law was enacted in 82BC. It made poisoning illegal, and later extended to careless dispensers of drugs (an early regulatory effort!)
- 6. MIDDLE AGES Concept of bioavailability: • Based on the forms of toxicants, or what one eats/drinks before ingestion, the chemical can be more or less readily available in the body. • Milk, butter and cream could delay intestinal absorption (due to the fat content) Full stomach also delays absorption
- 7. 1890s-1900s • Discovery of vital amines (vitamins) led to the wide-spread usage of bioassays to determine whether these new chemicals were beneficial. • Development of neurotoxicity field due to the production of bootleg liquor by-products (methanol & lead). • Toxicology of metals due to the production of ‘The bomb’. MODERN TOXICOLOGY
- 8. Minamata Disease ( 1950s – 1960s ,Japan)
- 9. Itai-Itai Disease ( ouch-ouch) 1950, Japan
- 10. • The first larger-scale aquatic environmental issue resulted from lead water pipes that were used in large Roman scales. • Sewage systems –Eutrophication.
- 11. • Upon industrialization acid rains become issue. • Whole fish stocks especially salmonids were wiped out. • European and North American countries.
- 12. Remedies: • The use of fuels containing much sulphur be curbed. • The use of coal in energy production be decreased. • Smoke be cleaned. • Removing sulphur from the gases.
- 13. • Untill the later part of the 20th centuary, waste water was virtually always uncleaned. • Uncleaned paper-and-pulp-mill effluents used to be the major environmental question in western europe and North America • At that time all the water areas close to the paper-and-pulp- mill were dead.
- 14. THANK YOU