The document discusses methods for determining paternity through genetic testing. It defines key terms like paternity, paternity testing, established paternity, and disproved paternity. It then discusses using blood group testing of a man, mother, and child to determine if the man's paternity was honest or not based on their blood types. The summary concludes by stating that genetic markers like blood groups, HLA, DNA, enzymes, and proteins can all be used in protocols to investigate disputed paternity cases.

1. Disputed Paternity
Round 2

2. Who is father ??
2

3. Definitions
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Paternity : Is defined as the fatherhood.
Paternity testing : The technique of determining the
relationship between people, most commonly alleged
parents.
Established (proved) paternity: When a paternity testing
demonstrate that an alleged father is the biological father .
Disproved paternity: When the testing methods
demonstrate that an alleged father is not the biological
father .

4. Clinical case
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A man denied the paternity of a child. Blood groups were determined for the man, mother and
the child, and were found to be (A, Rh +ve , N) , (B, Rh +ve , MN) and (O, Rh –ve, M )
respectively.
 Was the man honest or not ?
Answer
We determine the blood groups (ABO, Rh& MN system) for the man, mother and the child : see
the following table
Blood
group
system
Man Mother Possible
child
The present
child
ABO A B A, B, AB, O O
RH +ve -ve +ve or -ve -ve
MN N MN MN or N M
The man was honest his paternity of the child was exclude by the MNS

5. ”
The questions of disputed paternity
arises in the following cases
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6. 1. In case of sorting baby claimed
by two sets of parents
6 👧 👩
👶

7. 2. Accidental interchange of infant
in a maternity hospital.
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8. 3. Am I the father ?!!!!
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💃

9. A father may deny paternity of a child in
case of :
▹ The wife living apart from her husband
▹ Raped
▹ Adultery
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10. 4. When lost child is recovered after years,
it is required to determine whether he
belongs to a given set of parents.
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11. 5. Mass disasters
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12. ”
How to manage a case of disputed
paternity ?
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13. Human Genetically Controlled Markers System
(HGCMS)
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Blood
Groups
HLA
DNA
prints
Enzyme
Groups
Protein
Groups

14. Blood Groups

15. Medico-legal importance of blood groups
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Personal identification
Disputed paternity
Blood transfusion
Organ transplantation
pregnancy
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2
3
4
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16. Blood Groups
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Blood
Groups
Major
ABO
Rh
(85% +ve & 15% -ve)
Minor

17. Blood Groups
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• More than 30 major blood group systems including ABO and Rh systems. (WHO)
• In addition to the ABO antigens and Rhesus antigens, many other antigens are expressed on the
red blood cell surface membrane named minor blood groups .
• Minor blood groups include:
MNS, P, Lutheran, Kell, Lewis, Duffy, Diego ………………..
• Inheritance of blood groups according to Mendel's law of inheritance (Bernestein theory)
i. The child inherits the parents blood group (A, B, O ). A and B are dominant and O is
recessive.
ii. Every infant will take two of these 3 factors, one from his father and one from his mother.

18. Blood Groups
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19. ▹ If the infant inherits the two different dominant factors so his blood group is
AB .
▹ If both inherited factors are recessive this indicates blood group O .
▹ If the two inherited factors are one dominant (A or B) and other recessive (O)
this indicates the blood group (A or B) .
▹ If the two inherited factors are dominant and similar (AA) or (BB) This
indicates the blood group (A or B)
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Blood Groups

20. 20
Blood Groups
Parents Possible child Impossible child
O & O O A, B, & AB
O & A O or A B & AB
O & B O or B A & AB
O & AB A or B O & AB
A & A O or A B & AB
A & B O, A, B, or AB None
A & AB A, B, or AB O
B & B O or B A & AB
B & AB A, B or AB O
AB & AB A, B or AB O

21. Rh Blood Group System

22. 22
Rh Blood Group System
▹ System for classifying blood groups according to the
presence or absence of the Rh antigen on the cell
membranes of the red blood cells.

23. 23
Rh +ve : if he has D antigen on RBCs. His genotype may be DD or
Dd
Rh –ve : if he has not D antigen on RBCs . His genotype is dd
Parents Possible child Impossible child
(Rh +ve) & (Rh +ve) (Rh +ve) or (Rh –ve) ----------------
(Rh +ve) & (Rh –ve) (Rh +ve) or (Rh –ve) ----------------
(Rh –ve) & (Rh –ve) (Rh –ve) (Rh +ve)

24. MNS

25. 25
MNS
Inheritance of MN blood groups: by two codominant genes : M &N .
 The genotype of blood group M is MM
 The genotype of blood group N is NN
 The genotype of blood group MN is MN
Parents Possible child Impossible child
M & M M MN & N
M &N MN M & N
M &MN M or MN N
N & N N M & MN
N &MN N or MN M
MN & MN M, N, MN None

26. Enzyme Groups & Protein Groups

27. 27
Enzyme Groups
Examples of polymorphic enzymes (in RBCs) :
▹ Lactate dehydrogenase enzymes
▹ Phosphatase enzymes
These enzymes are detected by :
Electrophoresis

28. 28
Protein Groups
Examples of blood proteins (in the plasma) :
▹ Haptoglobins
▹ Gc and Gm
▹ Immunoglobulins
These proteins are detected by :
Electrophoresis

29. HLA

30. HLA : Human leukocytosis Antigen Loci
▹ Protein substance on the surface of a wide variety of tissues
▹ Detected by major histocompatibility complex (MHC),
situated on the short arm of chromosome 6.
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31. Medico-legal importance of HLA
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Organ transplantation
Disease association
Disputed paternity
2
3
1
Aid much in
the field of

32. DNA
▹ DNA fingerprints (old name)
▹ DNA prints (recent name)
▹ DNA is determined by PCR
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33. Protocol for investigating disputed
paternity cases
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34. Protocol for investigation
1. Determination of blood groups:
▸ Easy and rapid technique .
▸ Cheap .
▸ It gives 100% exclusion results .
▸ It gives 75% probability results .
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75% probability results
Blood groups
Easy
Cheap
Rabid
100 % exclusion result

35. Protocol for investigation
2. Determination of enzymes or proteins patterns:
▸ Rapid technique .
▸ Non expensive .
▸ Disadvantage: alone it is non-conclusive .
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36. Protocol for investigation
3. Determination of HLA typing:
▸ Difficult technique .
▸ Expensive .
▸ Alone it gives 98% probability of paternity.
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37. Protocol for investigation
4. Determination of enzymes or proteins patterns:
▸ Difficult technique .
▸ Expensive .
▸ Alone it gives 100% probability of paternity .
It is the only test which can by itself solve the problem of
the disputed paternity
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38. 38
THANKS!
Any questions?

39. TEAM PRESENTATION
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Hesham Shaban Mohamed Mustafa Alaa Hassan Khaled Shawky
Mohamed Ghozal Moamen Fayed Hadeer Mohamed Hadeer Nabhan
Ahmed Ragab
Hager Salah
Hager Sobhy
Reem Abdelhakeem