The document provides an overview of blood groups, focusing on the ABO and Rh systems, their genetic inheritance, and their importance for blood transfusions and organ transplants. It highlights the compatibility required to avoid immune reactions, the significance of rare blood types, and advancements in blood typing technologies. Continuous research is emphasized for safe blood-related practices.

1. M.R. COLLEGE OF PHARMACEUTICAL
SCIENCES AND RESEARCH
TOPIC NAME: DETAIL ABOUT THE BLOOD GROUPS
COURSE: BACHELOR OF PHARMACY
SESSION: 2024-25(ODD)
YEAR: 1st
SEMESTER: 1st
UNIVERSTY ROLL NO: 36305924064
COLLEGE ROLL NUMBER: 49
SUBJECT: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
SUBJECT CODE: PT105
SLOT: 1ST
(CA 1)
SUBMITTED BY: PRADEEPTA RAY
SUBMITTED TO: MR. RAJKUMAR BERA

2. DETAIL ABOUT THE
BLOOD GROUPS

3. Introduction
Blood is classified into different groups based on the presence or
absence of specific antigens on red blood cells.
The two primary blood group systems are ABO and Rh.

4. The ABO Blood Group System
Blood is divided into four groups based on the presence of antigens A and
B.
Group A: Has A antigens on red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in
plasma.
Group B: Has B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in
plasma.
Group AB: Has both A and B antigens on red blood cells and no anti-A or
anti-B antibodies.
Group O: Has no A or B antigens on red blood cells but has both anti-A
and anti-B antibodies.

5. Genetics of the ABO Blood Group
The ABO system is controlled by a gene with three alleles: A, B, and O.
AA or AO genotype results in blood type A.
BB or BO genotype results in blood type B.
AB genotype results in blood type AB.
OO genotype results in blood type O.

6. The Rh Blood Group System
The Rh factor refers to the presence (+) or absence (-) of the D antigen.
Rh+: Presence of D antigen on red blood cells.
Rh-: Absence of D antigen on red blood cells.

7. Importance of Blood Type Compatibility
Blood transfusions: Compatibility is crucial to avoid immune reactions.
Type O- is considered the universal donor.
Type AB+ is the universal recipient.
Organ transplantation: Blood group matching helps reduce rejection.

8. Blood Type Inheritance
Blood type inheritance follows Mendelian genetics.
A child inherits one allele from each parent.
Examples of how different parental blood types lead to different
offspring blood types.
Punnett square diagram showing possible offspring blood types from
different combinations of parental blood types.

9. Blood Donation and Transfusion
The importance of matching blood types for donation and transfusion.
Blood typing tests: ABO and Rh typing.
Crosshatching tests to ensure compatibility.
Blood transfusion reactions due to incompatibility (hemolysis, allergic
reactions).

10. Rare Blood Types
Some rare blood types exist due to genetic mutations (e.g., Bombay
blood group, Rh-null).
The Bombay blood group lacks both A and B antigens, making it
incompatible with all ABO blood types.

11. Modern Blood Group Testing and Research
Advances in genetic testing allow for more accurate blood type
identification.
Research into artificial blood and blood substitutes.
Ongoing studies into the genetic basis of rare blood groups.

12. Conclusion
Blood groups are crucial for safe blood transfusions, organ
transplantation, and pregnancy management.
Understanding blood group compatibility can save lives.
Continuous research is essential for improving blood-related.

13. References
1.Hoffman, R., & Benz, E. J. (2013). Hematology: Basic
Principles and Practice. 6th
Edition. Elsevier.
2.Rossi, E. (2014). Transfusion Medicine: Principles and
Practice. 2nd
Edition. Wiley.

14. THANK YOU