1) A study assessed the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes and diabetes mortality rate in a large Puerto Rican community in Chicago. 2) The prevalence of diabetes was found to be 20.8%, the highest reported for Puerto Ricans and twice as high as rates for Puerto Ricans in New York and Puerto Rico. 3) The diabetes mortality rate of 67.6 per 100,000 population was more than twice the rates for all of Chicago and the US.
This document analyzes health data from Jamaica to examine chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) among working-aged and retirement-aged cohorts. It finds that between 47-51% of all deaths in Jamaica from 2002-2008 were due to CNCDs, with the majority (55-65%) occurring among those aged 60+. Specifically, the retirement-aged cohort (ages 60+) had a CNCD prevalence rate of 37.6%, compared to 8.2% for the working-aged cohort. Comorbidity (multiple conditions) affected 27.4% of the retirement cohort and 15.6% of the working cohort. The study aims to inform policies that address CNCDs in a targeted manner based
This study examined the association between family history of type 2 diabetes and health beliefs and physical activity levels in African Americans. The researchers surveyed 133 African American churchgoers about their family history of diabetes, knowledge of diabetes risk factors, perceptions of susceptibility and severity of diabetes, and physical activity levels. They found that those with a family history of diabetes had greater knowledge of risk factors, were more likely to feel concern about developing diabetes influenced their health behaviors, and engaged in significantly more physical activity than those without a family history. The study suggests family history of diabetes may promote greater preventative behaviors by increasing perceived risk and health beliefs related to diabetes in African Americans.
Latinos in the U.S. and Northeast Florida: A Health Overview
Feb. 25, 2005
This is part 1 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of Duval County Health Department.
Minorities, especially African Americans, account for nearly half the population of Fulton County, Georgia but experience disproportionate rates of health issues like sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). STD rates in Fulton County, particularly for conditions like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, are among the highest in the state. African Americans contract STDs at much higher rates than other groups. Social factors like poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and segregation of minority populations likely contribute to these disparities.
Health outcomes of Aboriginal individuals with early onset diabetesKelli Buckreus
The study examined the health outcomes of 116 Aboriginal individuals in Alberta diagnosed with diabetes in youth (≤20 years old). The majority (86.2%) were Aboriginal, with an average current age of 30.5 years and average diabetes duration of 14.5 years. High rates of comorbidities were found, including obesity (82%), abnormal waist circumference (64.1%), metabolic syndrome (43.1%), hypertension (48.4%), and poor blood glucose control (61.1% had A1c >7%). Many also showed signs of diabetes complications like microalbuminuria (33%) and being at high risk for foot issues (11.4%). The results suggest diabetes takes a significant toll on health early in
The document identifies ten important determinants of mortality based on a review of sources. The top ten determinants are:
1. Income level and employment status, as wealthier nations have lower mortality rates.
2. Nutritional status, as malnutrition increases risk of death from infection.
3. Epidemics, as disease outbreaks can cause many deaths, like the 1918 influenza pandemic.
4. Injuries, both intentional and unintentional, account for around 9% of deaths globally.
5. Personal behaviors like diet, alcohol and tobacco use, and hygiene practices impact mortality.
6. Education levels, especially of women, influence health behaviors and outcomes.
Community Profile of HIV AIDS within Atlanta GeorgiaMary Akel
This document provides a community profile of HIV/AIDS in Metro Atlanta, focusing on Fulton and Dekalb Counties. It identifies relevant geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics of the area. HIV prevalence and rates of STIs like chlamydia are significantly higher in these counties compared to national averages. African Americans and the LGBT community are disproportionately affected. The document analyzes how factors like poverty, lack of healthcare access, and stigma likely contribute to the high disease burden. It concludes that HIV/AIDS is one of the most pressing public health issues facing Metro Atlanta due to its complex risk factors.
This document analyzes health data from Jamaica to examine chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) among working-aged and retirement-aged cohorts. It finds that between 47-51% of all deaths in Jamaica from 2002-2008 were due to CNCDs, with the majority (55-65%) occurring among those aged 60+. Specifically, the retirement-aged cohort (ages 60+) had a CNCD prevalence rate of 37.6%, compared to 8.2% for the working-aged cohort. Comorbidity (multiple conditions) affected 27.4% of the retirement cohort and 15.6% of the working cohort. The study aims to inform policies that address CNCDs in a targeted manner based
This study examined the association between family history of type 2 diabetes and health beliefs and physical activity levels in African Americans. The researchers surveyed 133 African American churchgoers about their family history of diabetes, knowledge of diabetes risk factors, perceptions of susceptibility and severity of diabetes, and physical activity levels. They found that those with a family history of diabetes had greater knowledge of risk factors, were more likely to feel concern about developing diabetes influenced their health behaviors, and engaged in significantly more physical activity than those without a family history. The study suggests family history of diabetes may promote greater preventative behaviors by increasing perceived risk and health beliefs related to diabetes in African Americans.
Latinos in the U.S. and Northeast Florida: A Health Overview
Feb. 25, 2005
This is part 1 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of Duval County Health Department.
Minorities, especially African Americans, account for nearly half the population of Fulton County, Georgia but experience disproportionate rates of health issues like sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). STD rates in Fulton County, particularly for conditions like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, are among the highest in the state. African Americans contract STDs at much higher rates than other groups. Social factors like poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and segregation of minority populations likely contribute to these disparities.
Health outcomes of Aboriginal individuals with early onset diabetesKelli Buckreus
The study examined the health outcomes of 116 Aboriginal individuals in Alberta diagnosed with diabetes in youth (≤20 years old). The majority (86.2%) were Aboriginal, with an average current age of 30.5 years and average diabetes duration of 14.5 years. High rates of comorbidities were found, including obesity (82%), abnormal waist circumference (64.1%), metabolic syndrome (43.1%), hypertension (48.4%), and poor blood glucose control (61.1% had A1c >7%). Many also showed signs of diabetes complications like microalbuminuria (33%) and being at high risk for foot issues (11.4%). The results suggest diabetes takes a significant toll on health early in
The document identifies ten important determinants of mortality based on a review of sources. The top ten determinants are:
1. Income level and employment status, as wealthier nations have lower mortality rates.
2. Nutritional status, as malnutrition increases risk of death from infection.
3. Epidemics, as disease outbreaks can cause many deaths, like the 1918 influenza pandemic.
4. Injuries, both intentional and unintentional, account for around 9% of deaths globally.
5. Personal behaviors like diet, alcohol and tobacco use, and hygiene practices impact mortality.
6. Education levels, especially of women, influence health behaviors and outcomes.
Community Profile of HIV AIDS within Atlanta GeorgiaMary Akel
This document provides a community profile of HIV/AIDS in Metro Atlanta, focusing on Fulton and Dekalb Counties. It identifies relevant geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics of the area. HIV prevalence and rates of STIs like chlamydia are significantly higher in these counties compared to national averages. African Americans and the LGBT community are disproportionately affected. The document analyzes how factors like poverty, lack of healthcare access, and stigma likely contribute to the high disease burden. It concludes that HIV/AIDS is one of the most pressing public health issues facing Metro Atlanta due to its complex risk factors.
The Health of the African American Community in the District of ColumbiaErik Schimmel, MHA
This document provides a summary of a report on health disparities faced by the African American community in Washington D.C. It finds that while overall health outcomes have improved, African Americans have lower life expectancy and higher rates of chronic diseases and homicides compared to other racial groups. Social factors like poverty, education levels and housing costs negatively impact the health of long-time Black residents. The report provides recommendations to address systemic inequities and promote health equity in D.C.
A study on awareness of diabetic complications among type 2 diabetes patientsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
LuciousDavis1-Research Methods for Health Sciences-01-Unit9_AssignmentLucious Davis
This document discusses health disparities faced by minority groups in the United States. It focuses on disparities experienced by African Americans, such as higher rates of homicide, heart disease, and cancer. These disparities are linked to socioeconomic factors like low income and lack of access to quality healthcare. The author proposes investigating connections between race, economic status, access to healthcare and treatment. A quantitative and qualitative research approach will be used to understand disparities and how socioeconomic status impacts health outcomes in minority communities.
This document summarizes the key issues discussed in the book "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks" regarding inequality and injustice in healthcare. It discusses how Henrietta Lacks' cervical cancer cells (called HeLa cells) were taken without her consent and used widely in medical research, providing many benefits but at the expense of her and her family's rights and well-being. The document also outlines historical disparities in healthcare access and treatment between white and black Americans like Henrietta Lacks, as well as ongoing issues with lack of informed consent, exploitation of vulnerable populations, and prioritization of research advances over patient privacy and dignity.
Understanding Health Inequities in Bostoncommonhealth
This document summarizes health inequities between black and white residents in Boston across several health indicators such as asthma, birth weight, cancer mortality rates, diabetes, and more. It shows racial disparities through data and charts and explores possible contributing factors like socioeconomic conditions, environmental exposures, health behaviors, stress, and differences in healthcare provision. The document argues that addressing racism and social determinants of health is needed to help eliminate these inequities.
This document summarizes diabetes statistics and trends in South and Central America. It reports that in 2015, an estimated 29.6 million people in the region had diabetes, with 11.5 million cases being undiagnosed. By 2040, the number of diabetes cases is expected to rise over 60% to 48.8 million people. Puerto Rico currently has the highest diabetes prevalence in the region. Health expenditures due to diabetes are also expected to increase significantly by 2040.
The new public health and std hiv preventionSpringer
This document discusses social determinants of sexually transmitted infections. It explores how social factors like education, occupation, neighborhoods, and media can influence sexual behaviors and networks, thereby affecting STI spread. Key determinants of STI transmission include likelihood of transmission during sex, number of sexual partners, and partnership patterns. Factors like consistent condom use, access to healthcare, sex education, sexual network patterns, and timing of partnerships all influence STI rates at a population level.
The document summarizes cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence, costs, risk factors, and prevention programs in the United States. It notes that CVD is the leading cause of death, costs over $444 billion annually in healthcare expenditures, and that over 83 million Americans have at least one CVD. Risk factors discussed include hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and diabetes. Prevention programs highlighted are the Sodium Reduction Community Program and WISEWOMAN program, which provide screening, lifestyle programs, and referrals to underserved women.
How to approach Patient Diversity in the Medical Environmentflasco_org
Providing a course that is relevant, practical and patient-centered that will positively impact the speed in which entry-level oncology specialists integrate into the oncology practice setting.
This document describes a study conducted by Georgia Southern University students to assess the nutritional knowledge of low-income adults in rural South Georgia. The students developed and implemented a 3-part nutrition education program called Healthy Habits 101 at Rebecca's Cafe, which serves meals to low-income residents. Participants completed pre- and post-tests to measure changes in knowledge of nutrition and chronic disease after the program. The findings support providing more comprehensive health education to rural populations, as lack of knowledge contributes to health disparities. Researchers may want to consider Rebecca's Cafe as an intervention site for future studies.
Jan 3 how healthy is the filipino revised december 10Nash De Vivar
While Filipinos are living longer lives on average, chronic noncommunicable diseases now pose the greatest health challenges. Filipinos are increasingly getting sick and dying from heart disease, cancer, stroke, and other noncommunicable conditions. These diseases disproportionately affect the elderly population and prevalence increases with age. Additionally, more males are affected by heart disease while breast cancer remains the leading cause of death among women. However, lung cancer has the highest mortality rate overall for both sexes. Longer lifespans mean the population is aging, bringing financial and healthcare resource implications.
This essay gives the descriptive account of how Paratransit services are in need of better assessment criteria but it also highlights the expense of managing a program that caters to people who are disabled.
The Madison County AIDS Program (MadCAP) is seeking funding to implement an HIV/AIDS risk reduction program for adolescents in Madison County high schools. The program will use the evidence-based BART (Becoming a Responsible Teen) curriculum over the 2016-2017 school year. The goal is to reduce HIV rates among teens and young adults by increasing HIV knowledge, perceived risk of infection, and safe sex practices. Freshmen students will participate in sessions on causes, transmission, testing and prevention. The program aims to have 75% of participants increase essential HIV knowledge and perceive themselves at higher risk of infection after. It will also teach proper condom use through demonstrations to further prevent spread of HIV. Evaluation will compare pre-
The document discusses strategies for assessing global disease burden, including the Global Burden of Disease study established by WHO. It examines hypertension specifically, defining it and discussing its prevalence, risk factors, and relationship to cardiovascular outcomes. Hypertension is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide according to DALYs. Family history, lifestyle factors like diet and exercise, and conditions like obesity influence hypertension risk.
The document discusses how mortality and life expectancy are measured globally and how they vary worldwide. It provides key definitions for measuring mortality, including crude death rate and life expectancy. It then examines global patterns of death rates, life expectancy, and infant mortality. Higher mortality is generally seen in less economically developed countries, where infectious diseases are more common causes of death, while chronic diseases dominate in developed nations with longer life expectancies.
This study assessed behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases among adolescents in Chitwan District, Nepal. The researchers surveyed 1650 adolescents aged 15-19 years using questionnaires about substance use, dietary habits, and physical activity. They found high levels of behavioral risk factors. Specifically, about 50% of males and 30% of females reported using substances like tobacco, alcohol, or drugs. Only 14% of respondents reported satisfactory levels of physical activity. Additionally, a high percentage of adolescents consumed too much salt and fat in their diets. The high prevalence of behavioral risk factors suggests the need for awareness programs to educate adolescents on healthy behaviors.
The document discusses type 2 diabetes, which disproportionately affects African American females. It provides statistics on diabetes nationally, in South Carolina, and locally in Columbia. 29.1 million Americans have diabetes, including 8.1 million undiagnosed cases. African Americans are 1.7 times more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes than other groups. Eating habits and sedentary lifestyles are important risk factors. Several organizations work to address diabetes, including the International Diabetes Federation, American Diabetes Association, and Diabetes Initiative of South Carolina.
Racial Disparities in Abortion and Reproductive Health Care (final copy) (1)Karissa Charles
Racial disparities exist in access to abortion healthcare in the United States. Statistics show that African American and Latina women have significantly higher abortion rates than white women. This is due in part to socioeconomic factors like lower household wealth levels among minority groups. Lack of health insurance and access to contraception also contribute to higher unintended pregnancy and abortion rates for women of color and low-income women. Policies like the Hyde Amendment that restrict Medicaid funding for abortions disproportionately impact minority women's access to reproductive healthcare.
Promotoras:
RESEARCH TEAM
Community Advisory Board
(CAB)
- Community leaders
- Health care providers
- Faith-based leaders
- Educators
- Business leaders
- Promotoras
- Study participants
Meetings:
- Input on study design
- Review materials
- Interpret findings
- Disseminate results
- Sustain intervention
RESEARCH TEAM
Funding Sources
NIH/NIDDK
NIH/NCRR
American Diabetes Association
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Kellogg Foundation
Texas Department of Health
UT Austin Clinical and Translational Science Award
UT Austin Institute for Health Policy
UT Austin
The document discusses efforts to prevent gentrification and displacement of Chicago's oldest Puerto Rican community in Humboldt Park. Community residents have voiced opposition to gentrification at various events. If no stance is taken against gentrification, the area risks losing its only Puerto Rican community in Chicago, where Puerto Rican history and culture are reflected upon. Preservation efforts for Paseo Boricua and Humboldt Park are ongoing, and support for the campaign can be provided at an upcoming event.
This document outlines recommendations from the Humboldt Park Diabetes Task Force to address the high rates of diabetes in the Humboldt Park community of Chicago. The Task Force was convened in response to research finding diabetes prevalence among Puerto Ricans in Humboldt Park is three times the US rate. The 19 recommendations aim to: 1) increase diabetes awareness and prioritization, 2) define the community problem scope, 3) reduce new diabetes cases through prevention, 4) improve diabetes medical care, and 5) empower individuals to better manage their health. The Task Force calls on the entire community to take action to significantly reduce diabetes burden within five years through prevention, treatment, and self-management support.
The Health of the African American Community in the District of ColumbiaErik Schimmel, MHA
This document provides a summary of a report on health disparities faced by the African American community in Washington D.C. It finds that while overall health outcomes have improved, African Americans have lower life expectancy and higher rates of chronic diseases and homicides compared to other racial groups. Social factors like poverty, education levels and housing costs negatively impact the health of long-time Black residents. The report provides recommendations to address systemic inequities and promote health equity in D.C.
A study on awareness of diabetic complications among type 2 diabetes patientsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
LuciousDavis1-Research Methods for Health Sciences-01-Unit9_AssignmentLucious Davis
This document discusses health disparities faced by minority groups in the United States. It focuses on disparities experienced by African Americans, such as higher rates of homicide, heart disease, and cancer. These disparities are linked to socioeconomic factors like low income and lack of access to quality healthcare. The author proposes investigating connections between race, economic status, access to healthcare and treatment. A quantitative and qualitative research approach will be used to understand disparities and how socioeconomic status impacts health outcomes in minority communities.
This document summarizes the key issues discussed in the book "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks" regarding inequality and injustice in healthcare. It discusses how Henrietta Lacks' cervical cancer cells (called HeLa cells) were taken without her consent and used widely in medical research, providing many benefits but at the expense of her and her family's rights and well-being. The document also outlines historical disparities in healthcare access and treatment between white and black Americans like Henrietta Lacks, as well as ongoing issues with lack of informed consent, exploitation of vulnerable populations, and prioritization of research advances over patient privacy and dignity.
Understanding Health Inequities in Bostoncommonhealth
This document summarizes health inequities between black and white residents in Boston across several health indicators such as asthma, birth weight, cancer mortality rates, diabetes, and more. It shows racial disparities through data and charts and explores possible contributing factors like socioeconomic conditions, environmental exposures, health behaviors, stress, and differences in healthcare provision. The document argues that addressing racism and social determinants of health is needed to help eliminate these inequities.
This document summarizes diabetes statistics and trends in South and Central America. It reports that in 2015, an estimated 29.6 million people in the region had diabetes, with 11.5 million cases being undiagnosed. By 2040, the number of diabetes cases is expected to rise over 60% to 48.8 million people. Puerto Rico currently has the highest diabetes prevalence in the region. Health expenditures due to diabetes are also expected to increase significantly by 2040.
The new public health and std hiv preventionSpringer
This document discusses social determinants of sexually transmitted infections. It explores how social factors like education, occupation, neighborhoods, and media can influence sexual behaviors and networks, thereby affecting STI spread. Key determinants of STI transmission include likelihood of transmission during sex, number of sexual partners, and partnership patterns. Factors like consistent condom use, access to healthcare, sex education, sexual network patterns, and timing of partnerships all influence STI rates at a population level.
The document summarizes cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence, costs, risk factors, and prevention programs in the United States. It notes that CVD is the leading cause of death, costs over $444 billion annually in healthcare expenditures, and that over 83 million Americans have at least one CVD. Risk factors discussed include hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and diabetes. Prevention programs highlighted are the Sodium Reduction Community Program and WISEWOMAN program, which provide screening, lifestyle programs, and referrals to underserved women.
How to approach Patient Diversity in the Medical Environmentflasco_org
Providing a course that is relevant, practical and patient-centered that will positively impact the speed in which entry-level oncology specialists integrate into the oncology practice setting.
This document describes a study conducted by Georgia Southern University students to assess the nutritional knowledge of low-income adults in rural South Georgia. The students developed and implemented a 3-part nutrition education program called Healthy Habits 101 at Rebecca's Cafe, which serves meals to low-income residents. Participants completed pre- and post-tests to measure changes in knowledge of nutrition and chronic disease after the program. The findings support providing more comprehensive health education to rural populations, as lack of knowledge contributes to health disparities. Researchers may want to consider Rebecca's Cafe as an intervention site for future studies.
Jan 3 how healthy is the filipino revised december 10Nash De Vivar
While Filipinos are living longer lives on average, chronic noncommunicable diseases now pose the greatest health challenges. Filipinos are increasingly getting sick and dying from heart disease, cancer, stroke, and other noncommunicable conditions. These diseases disproportionately affect the elderly population and prevalence increases with age. Additionally, more males are affected by heart disease while breast cancer remains the leading cause of death among women. However, lung cancer has the highest mortality rate overall for both sexes. Longer lifespans mean the population is aging, bringing financial and healthcare resource implications.
This essay gives the descriptive account of how Paratransit services are in need of better assessment criteria but it also highlights the expense of managing a program that caters to people who are disabled.
The Madison County AIDS Program (MadCAP) is seeking funding to implement an HIV/AIDS risk reduction program for adolescents in Madison County high schools. The program will use the evidence-based BART (Becoming a Responsible Teen) curriculum over the 2016-2017 school year. The goal is to reduce HIV rates among teens and young adults by increasing HIV knowledge, perceived risk of infection, and safe sex practices. Freshmen students will participate in sessions on causes, transmission, testing and prevention. The program aims to have 75% of participants increase essential HIV knowledge and perceive themselves at higher risk of infection after. It will also teach proper condom use through demonstrations to further prevent spread of HIV. Evaluation will compare pre-
The document discusses strategies for assessing global disease burden, including the Global Burden of Disease study established by WHO. It examines hypertension specifically, defining it and discussing its prevalence, risk factors, and relationship to cardiovascular outcomes. Hypertension is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide according to DALYs. Family history, lifestyle factors like diet and exercise, and conditions like obesity influence hypertension risk.
The document discusses how mortality and life expectancy are measured globally and how they vary worldwide. It provides key definitions for measuring mortality, including crude death rate and life expectancy. It then examines global patterns of death rates, life expectancy, and infant mortality. Higher mortality is generally seen in less economically developed countries, where infectious diseases are more common causes of death, while chronic diseases dominate in developed nations with longer life expectancies.
This study assessed behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases among adolescents in Chitwan District, Nepal. The researchers surveyed 1650 adolescents aged 15-19 years using questionnaires about substance use, dietary habits, and physical activity. They found high levels of behavioral risk factors. Specifically, about 50% of males and 30% of females reported using substances like tobacco, alcohol, or drugs. Only 14% of respondents reported satisfactory levels of physical activity. Additionally, a high percentage of adolescents consumed too much salt and fat in their diets. The high prevalence of behavioral risk factors suggests the need for awareness programs to educate adolescents on healthy behaviors.
The document discusses type 2 diabetes, which disproportionately affects African American females. It provides statistics on diabetes nationally, in South Carolina, and locally in Columbia. 29.1 million Americans have diabetes, including 8.1 million undiagnosed cases. African Americans are 1.7 times more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes than other groups. Eating habits and sedentary lifestyles are important risk factors. Several organizations work to address diabetes, including the International Diabetes Federation, American Diabetes Association, and Diabetes Initiative of South Carolina.
Racial Disparities in Abortion and Reproductive Health Care (final copy) (1)Karissa Charles
Racial disparities exist in access to abortion healthcare in the United States. Statistics show that African American and Latina women have significantly higher abortion rates than white women. This is due in part to socioeconomic factors like lower household wealth levels among minority groups. Lack of health insurance and access to contraception also contribute to higher unintended pregnancy and abortion rates for women of color and low-income women. Policies like the Hyde Amendment that restrict Medicaid funding for abortions disproportionately impact minority women's access to reproductive healthcare.
Promotoras:
RESEARCH TEAM
Community Advisory Board
(CAB)
- Community leaders
- Health care providers
- Faith-based leaders
- Educators
- Business leaders
- Promotoras
- Study participants
Meetings:
- Input on study design
- Review materials
- Interpret findings
- Disseminate results
- Sustain intervention
RESEARCH TEAM
Funding Sources
NIH/NIDDK
NIH/NCRR
American Diabetes Association
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Kellogg Foundation
Texas Department of Health
UT Austin Clinical and Translational Science Award
UT Austin Institute for Health Policy
UT Austin
The document discusses efforts to prevent gentrification and displacement of Chicago's oldest Puerto Rican community in Humboldt Park. Community residents have voiced opposition to gentrification at various events. If no stance is taken against gentrification, the area risks losing its only Puerto Rican community in Chicago, where Puerto Rican history and culture are reflected upon. Preservation efforts for Paseo Boricua and Humboldt Park are ongoing, and support for the campaign can be provided at an upcoming event.
This document outlines recommendations from the Humboldt Park Diabetes Task Force to address the high rates of diabetes in the Humboldt Park community of Chicago. The Task Force was convened in response to research finding diabetes prevalence among Puerto Ricans in Humboldt Park is three times the US rate. The 19 recommendations aim to: 1) increase diabetes awareness and prioritization, 2) define the community problem scope, 3) reduce new diabetes cases through prevention, 4) improve diabetes medical care, and 5) empower individuals to better manage their health. The Task Force calls on the entire community to take action to significantly reduce diabetes burden within five years through prevention, treatment, and self-management support.
Eat 3 balanced meals per day with snacks in between to control blood sugar. Portion sizes should be reduced, especially for carbohydrates and fat. When eating meat, choose lean cuts and remove skin to reduce fat. Limit sweet and high-fat foods, and avoid regular soda and sugars, opting instead for artificially sweetened drinks and water.
Este documento proporciona guías nutricionales para controlar la diabetes tipo 2. Recomienda comer 3 comidas balanceadas por día a horas regulares, así como meriendas ligeras. Sugiere reducir las porciones de carbohidratos, almidones, frutas y leche, y limitar el consumo de grasas mediante la selección de carnes magras y preparaciones menos grasientas. Finalmente, aconseja evitar bebidas y alimentos azucarados, y optar por alternativas saludables como sodas de dieta o limonadas endulz
The document summarizes the mission and activities of the Institute of Puerto Rican Arts & Culture (IPRAC) located in Chicago. IPRAC is devoted to promoting and showcasing Puerto Rican arts and culture. It presents exhibitions that tell the story of Puerto Rican contributions to Chicago. Located in a historic building in Humboldt Park, IPRAC offers educational programs like workshops and lectures to celebrate Puerto Rican heritage.
Irma Romero Cabrera passed away on January 11, 2013 at the age of 73. She lived from August 14, 1939 until her death. The brief obituary provides her name, dates of birth and death to memorialize her life.
The document discusses a workshop exploring new media programs for Latino youth. It will talk about the success of existing programs that empower Latino youth to create media and become future media leaders. Attendees will learn how to follow a blueprint to give Latino youth opportunities in media now and become leaders tomorrow. The document also discusses questions around responsibilities in teaching youth technology, how to engage youth, the structure of ideal new media programs, challenges, and ensuring opportunities beyond the classroom.
The Office of Research on Women's Health at the NIH works to ensure women's health issues are adequately studied and women are represented in clinical research. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among women in the United States, particularly for white, black, and Hispanic women. However, women often underestimate their risk and are less aware of heart disease compared to cancer. While all women face risks, minority women tend to have higher rates of risk factors like hypertension and diabetes. More research is still needed to improve prevention and treatment strategies for cardiovascular disease in all populations.
UCB Causes of health problems among African and Indian Americans.docxwrite5
1) African Americans and American Indians face similar health issues like diabetes and cardiovascular disease, but the causes and challenges differ. For diabetes, the rates are higher for African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanic Americans.
2) Talking circle interventions could be used to address health problems in these communities. Talking circles allow for open discussion and sharing of experiences in a supportive environment.
3) Hypertension disproportionately impacts African Americans and is linked to cultural and social factors like racism and stress in addition to genetics. High blood pressure is much more common among African American males and females compared to other groups.
The document discusses providing fair health to African Americans through community health fairs. It notes that African Americans have higher rates of chronic diseases than Caucasians due to factors like lack of access to healthcare. The purpose is to plan a health fair in East Tampa, where 59% of residents are African American with low income and high poverty/unemployment. A survey found that only 30% had been screened for diabetes, 64% for hypertension, and 27% or less for other diseases. Respondents said they lacked time, insurance, or screening opportunities. The health fair aims to provide free screenings and education to address disparities.
Please use APA format for your paper and follow the following steMoseStaton39
Please use APA format for your paper and follow the following steps to complete the plan of care.
I. Assessment
A. Specify the aggregate level for study (e.g., group, population group, or organization). Identify and provide a general orientation to the aggregate (e.g., characteristics of the aggregate system, suprasystem, and subsystems). Include the reasons for selecting this aggregate
B. Describe specific characteristics of the aggregate.
1. Sociodemographic characteristics: Including age, sex, race or ethnic group, religion, educational background and level, occupation, income, and marital status.
2. Health status: Work or school attendance, disease categories, mortality, health care use, and population growth and population pressure measurements (e.g., rates of birth and death, divorce, unemployment, and drug and alcohol abuse). Select indicators appropriate for the chosen aggregate.
C. Provide relevant information from the literature review, especially in terms of the characteristics, problems, or needs within this type of aggregate. Compare the health status of the aggregate with similar aggregates, the community, the state, and the nation.
D. Identify the specific aggregate’s health problems and needs based on comparative data collection analysis and interpretation and literature review. Include input from clients regarding their need perceptions. Give priorities to health problems and needs, and indicate how to determine these priorities.
II. Planning
A. Select one health problem or need, and identify the ultimate goal of intervention. Identify specific, measurable objectives as mutually agreed upon by the student and aggregate.
B. Describe the alternative interventions that are necessary to accomplish the objectives.
C, Use preventive approach if applicable ( primary, secondary and tertiary)
III. Intervention
A. Implement at least one level of planned intervention when possible.
B. If intervention was not implemented, provide reasons.
C. Levels of prevention if its applicable
IV. Evaluation
A. Evaluate the plan, objectives, and outcomes of the intervention(s). Include the aggregate’s evaluation of the project. Evaluation should consider the process, product, appropriateness, and effectiveness.
B. Make recommendations for further action based on the evaluation, and communicate these to the appropriate individuals or system levels. Discuss implications for community health nursing.
Running head: DIABETES MANAGEMENT IN PATIENTS 1
DIABETES MANAGEMENT IN PATIENTS 11
Diabetes Management in Patients Aged 65 Years and Older (CUTLER BAY, FL)
Student name
Universal Career School
Professor: Mirelys Yanes
Abstract
The study will be based on older adults living with diabetes in CUTLER BAY, FL. The focus will be the elderly age above 65 years. The dynamics of debates will be assessed by observing possible causes of diabetes to the older adults that consequently affect their well ...
The document discusses several topics related to population, health, and communities. It begins by outlining Thomas Malthus's theory of population growth and Karl Marx's response. It then discusses elements of demography such as death rates, life expectancy, and growth rates. The document also examines world population patterns, fertility trends in the United States, sociological perspectives on health, and the relationship between social factors and health outcomes.
This study examined the relationship between acculturation and knowledge of health harms and benefits of smoking among Latinos in Minnesota. A survey of 804 Latino adults found high knowledge that smoking causes lung cancer and heart disease, though smokers had less knowledge of heart disease risks. More acculturated respondents knew less common health links. Smokers perceived more smoking benefits than non-smokers, and greater acculturation predicted perceiving more benefits. The study used multidimensional acculturation measures to better understand how culture influences beliefs about smoking.
Health care disparities exist between different racial and ethnic groups in the United States. The WHO defines health disparities as differences in health outcomes that are closely linked to social and economic disadvantage. There can be up to a 33 year difference in life expectancy between racial groups. Disparities are driven by social determinants like education, income, and environment. Minority groups face greater barriers to accessing quality health care due to lack of insurance, language barriers, and provider biases. Addressing disparities requires improvements in data collection, the health workforce, and policies aimed at promoting equity.
This document discusses how health informatics can help reduce health disparities. It begins by defining key terms like informatics, health disparities, and how informatics turns data into useful information. It then provides examples of how clinicians can use informatics tools like electronic medical records to improve access to health information for diverse patient populations and help eliminate gaps in care. Specific ways highlighted include providing culturally appropriate patient education resources, facilitating communication across languages, and allowing remote patient monitoring. The conclusion reinforces that optimizing information sharing between patients and providers through advanced health informatics approaches is essential for delivering equitable care.
Cardiovascular Disease: Hispanic Perspective
Max Solano M.D., St. Vincent’s Family Medicine Center – Coordinator of Healthy LifeStyle Initiatives Project
June 24, 2005 - UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminar
This is part 5 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of Duval County Health Department.
This webinar will be examining diabetes hospitalization rates among US and Foreign-Born Hispanics/Latin@s in California. Using the Social Determinants of Health framework, we will be exploring potential contributing factors to these hospitalization rates. Lastly, we will demonstrate (live) how to access and map related health data of other communities of interest on HealthyCity.org.
The document summarizes a health needs assessment conducted in rural communities in Chiapas, Mexico. It provides demographic data showing that most residents are young, have low levels of education, work in farming or as homemakers, and have low incomes. It also reports on residents' self-reported health issues and living conditions. The study aimed to identify health, economic, and social needs to help guide a new healthcare project in the region. Local promoters were trained to administer surveys to gather data on residents' demographics, symptoms, nutrition, living standards, and physical measurements.
The document discusses the growing epidemic of childhood obesity in the United States. It provides statistics showing that approximately 1 in 3 adults and 1 in 6 children are obese. Childhood obesity can lead to health issues like heart disease, diabetes, and other chronic diseases. Factors that are contributing to rising obesity rates include increased screen time, marketing of unhealthy foods, lack of physical activity, and larger portion sizes. Addressing this epidemic will require improvements to prevention programs, education efforts, and the healthcare system.
2 mental health and disorders mental health and dismile790243
This document discusses a rising trend of mental health disorders among individuals on Chicago's south side. It notes that African Americans have higher rates of mental health disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia. The document proposes a research study called Project IMPACT that would survey adults in south side Chicago neighborhoods about their mental health using questionnaires. The expected result is an increased risk of mental health disorders among African Americans in those areas. It concludes that decreasing this risk is important for improving the overall health of the African American population.
Food Ordering App and Mediterranean Harvest For Life Addresses Health, Dispar...Tim Maurer
A food ordering app that incorporates nutrition support and incentives for healthy eating can help address federal nutrition programs and health issues. The app would allow online and mobile food ordering while displaying nutrition information and encouraging healthier choices through rewards. It could also integrate with existing POS systems, healthcare IT, and government assistance programs to track outcomes and incentivize reduced chronic disease rates and healthcare costs over time.
This document discusses childhood obesity as a new epidemic in the United States. It notes that approximately 12.7 million children and 78.6 million adults are overweight in the US, which ranks highest among industrialized countries for obesity rates. The rise in fast food consumption and portion sizes are contributing factors, as is increased screen time and marketing of unhealthy foods to children. Childhood obesity can lead to health issues like heart disease and diabetes. More prevention efforts are still needed to address this serious problem.
RunningHead: PICOT Question 1
RunningHead: PICOT Question 7
PICOT Question
Avery Bryan
NRS-433V
Professor Christine Vannelli
May 19, 2019
Clinical Problem
A report from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2015 revealed that (9.4%) 30.3 million Americans are diabetic and 84.1 million have prediabetes. This is a total population of over 100 million is at risk of developing type 2 diabetes which is a growing health problem being the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S. An estimated 1.5 million new cases were among 18-year old bracket and the rates of diagnosed diabetes increased proportionally to age. Below 44 years accounted for 4%, below 64 years at 17 % and 25% for those above 65 years across both genders. One-third of adults in America has prediabetes but sadly, they are unaware despite reports released by The National Diabetes Statistics Report every year. These reports elaborate on prevalence and incidence, prediabetes, long-term complications, risk factors, mortality, and cost. Diabetes poses the risk of serious complications like death, blindness, stroke, kidney disorders, cardiac diseases and health problems that lead to amputation of legs. However, the risks can be mitigated through physical body activities, proper dieting and prescribed use of insulin and other related measures to control the blood sugar levels. Diabetes Prevention Program was funded by NIH to research a yearly evidence-based program to improve healthy weight loss through diet and physical activities. There also efforts to determine the effectiveness of public service campaigns in improving the real-life experience in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.
PICOT Question.
The population affected by diabetes cuts across all ages, gender, race, and ethnicity. The prevalence is significantly high from 18 years and it increases with age to about 25% above 65 years. In terms of gender, men are at higher risk accounting for 37% while women are at 30% across races and educational levels. On races, the rates were higher among Indians/Alaska natives at 15%, non-Hispanic blacks at 12.7% and Hispanics at 12%. Among Asians, the rates were lower at 8% and 7.4% for non-Hispanic whites.
Intervention indicator for diabetes shows that individuals who do not observe a healthy diet are more exposed to the disease. Some risk behaviors include lack of exercise and excessive intake of junk foods that lead to obesity and increased blood sugar levels. Diabetes prevalence varied according to education levels were those with less than high school education at 12.6% and 7.2% for those higher than high school education.
Comparison and use of a control group from the popularity of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine showed distinct knowledge of diabetes, blood sugar control, and self-care. The experimental group received education through interactive multimedia for three months while the control group received.
This document provides a draft Master's of Public Health (MOP) proposal for a study examining cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and premature heart disease mortality among Native Americans aged 45-64 living in North and South Dakota from 2010-2013. The study would use a nested case-control design within the Strong Heart Study cohort to examine the association between exposures like diabetes, hypertension, smoking and outcomes like premature heart disease mortality. The goal is to better understand high rates of premature heart disease in Native American populations and inform prevention programs. Ethical considerations around working with vulnerable populations and obtaining informed consent are discussed.
This document discusses a module developed through a collaboration between the Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to enhance population health education. It acknowledges the individuals and institutions involved in developing the module. The module aims to discuss key topics related to population health determinants, health status, leading causes of death, health disparities, and use of Healthy People objectives in public health planning. It was made possible through a cooperative agreement between the CDC and the Association for Prevention Teaching and Research.
This document summarizes research on predictors and correlates of vision health and diabetic retinopathy in the United States. It finds that the leading causes of vision impairment are age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, and glaucoma. Diabetic retinopathy is also a major cause of vision loss. The research uses NHANES data to examine socioeconomic, clinical, and lifestyle factors correlated with diabetic retinopathy. It finds higher rates among older individuals, racial/ethnic minorities, those with lower income/education, and people with poorer diabetes management. Addressing these disparities could help reduce rates of vision loss.
Similar to Disproportionate Impact of Diabetes (20)
The document contains multiple repeated notifications that QuickTime and a JPEG decompressor are needed to view embedded pictures. No other substantive information is provided beyond the recurring technical requirement.
Oscar Lopez Rivera moved from Puerto Rico to Chicago at age 14 and faced discrimination. He was later drafted and sent to Vietnam. After returning, he organized to improve conditions for Puerto Ricans, establishing bilingual education and encouraging university recruitment of Latino students. In 1981, he was arrested and accused of seditious conspiracy and being a member of FALN, and was sentenced to 55 years in prison. He was held in solitary confinement at a maximum security prison. Despite wide support for his release, Oscar remains imprisoned after 36 years.
Light and color are prominent features in Caribbean art, seen in works by Amelia Peláez and Lorenzo Homar. Pablo Marcano García's work prominently features light and color, drawing on stained glass windows. His works depict notable Puerto Rican and Latin American figures, landscapes, and scenes of daily life in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean to showcase the region's culture and history.
This document summarizes an ethnographic study conducted at a racially diverse Chicago public high school to understand tensions between Latino and Black students. The study found that a fight between a Mexican and Black student that was racialized actually stemmed from non-racial reasons related to gang affiliation and masculinity. By examining the process by which the fight became racialized, the study challenges the concept that violence between racial groups is solely racially motivated. It concludes that race is often used as a scapegoat to explain tensions that have deeper roots in issues like poverty, lack of respect in schools, and the need for school reform.
The document outlines the mission and goals of the Puerto Rican Agenda 2005, which aims to revitalize and stabilize Chicago's Puerto Rican community through improvements in education, housing, health, culture, human and civic rights, and economic development. It provides details on specific community organizations, schools, cultural events and institutions, political representatives, housing projects, and health initiatives that contribute to these goals for the Puerto Rican community in Humboldt Park.
The attached presentation is Jenny Byelick’s UIC School of Public Health Capstone project for her Master of Public Health degree, relating the introductory public health course at Pedro Albizu Campos High School as part of a comprehensive public health curriculum. Public health curricula at the high school level may be a vehicle for addressing health disparities and improving health outcomes among adolescents, particularly in socially marginalized communities. Public health curricula may address health disparities and contribute to the composition of the future health professions workforce; this is especially relevant when high school education programs are linked to career pipelines. This presentation addresses how a school course encompassed aspects of population wellness utilizing social constructionist methods of education. The course was developed adhering to a theoretical framework influenced by principles of positive youth development, critical race theory and school connectedness. This presentation also discusses lessons learned and future directions of the public health curriculum in Humboldt Park. Next steps include improving and evaluating the public health curriculum and career-linked pipeline and connecting this program with other area schools.
This document describes a community initiative called Block-By-Block that aims to address diabetes in the Greater Humboldt Park area of Chicago. It provides health information and referrals, nutritional education classes, support from a dietitian, and encourages physical activity. The partnership includes several local hospitals and community organizations. The initiative operates a community center that provides resources like health information, cooking classes, and support groups to help prevent and manage diabetes.
The document describes a community-based project called Block-by-Block in the Greater Humboldt Park area of Chicago. The project aims to reduce diabetes risks in the neighborhood by helping residents learn about the disease and prevention strategies. It identifies adults in the 72 block area who could benefit and provides education, screening, and referrals through house visits and community events. The benefits for those with or at risk of diabetes include intervention, doctor referrals, exercise and cooking classes, and access to health professionals like nutritionists and dieticians.
Vida/SIDA is a project of the Puerto Rican Cultural Center founded in 1988 to address HIV/AIDS in Chicago's Puerto Rican and Latino communities. It provides prevention programs, testing, and services to neighborhoods on the west and northwest sides of Chicago. Vida/SIDA conducts outreach, education, and testing and collaborates with various community partners. It hosts various annual events related to HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention and participates in cultural events in the Latino community. Vida/SIDA's goals are to expand its capacity to serve more people, foster collaboration with other organizations, and establish initiatives related to LGBTQ issues.
The Puerto Rican Cultural Center Juan Antonio Corretjer is a nonprofit organization founded in 1973 that serves the social and cultural needs of Chicago's Puerto Rican and Latino community. It is built on principles of self-determination, self-actualization, and self-reliance. The Cultural Center offers various programs related to health, education, arts, and social issues that affect the Puerto Rican and Latino communities.
CHSC 431: Community Assessment
This Spring the students of CHSC 431: Community Assessment, a graduate-level core UIC School of Public Health class engaged in a collaborative learning experience with students and faculty at Pedro Albizu Campos Puerto Rican High School to conduct a community health assessment of Humboldt Park. The UIC SPH class of nearly 40 students broke into six groups of students to assess separate health areas identified by PACHS as important - gentrification/sense of belonging; issues of LGBTQ youth, physical activity, nutrition, young women's sexual/reproductive health, and health literacy/diabetes. Each group engaged in a mixed method
assessment modeling the assessment component of the Mobilizing Action through Planning and Partnerships (MAPP) process typically carried out by local health departments. Each group had at least two members engaged in an ongoing community learning experience so as to better discern community perspectives with respect to their health topic. The learning experience ranged from to engaging/facilitating small group learning to facilitating a schoolwide survey to volunteer coaching of a youth sports club. Existing quantitative data on population demographics, health status and health behavior were analyzed in light of qualitative data from key informant interviews, participant observation or focus groups (debriefing groups) gathered from community engaged learning experience characterizing/contextualizing the health topic. Preliminary findings were discussed at Humboldt Park Library 4/21 and 4/28.
The document discusses issues facing LGBTQ youth in Humboldt Park, Chicago. It provides an overview of key topics, including definitions of LGBTQ identities, demographics of the area, health disparities, and limitations in data collection for the LGBTQ population. Mixed methods were used to understand issues, including surveys of local LGBTQ youth, key informant interviews, and participant observation. Emerging themes included the importance of social networks and identity for LGBTQ youth, limited access to resources and health needs, and forces of change in the community. Suggestions focused on promoting community programs, increasing data collection, and expanding support for LGBTQ youth.
The document discusses several programs and organizations in Humboldt Park, Chicago that are working to promote digital media and learning in the Latino community. The Puerto Rican Cultural Center operates several programs including Cafe Teatro Batey Urbano, a youth center, the Barrio Arts, Culture and Communications Academy after-school program, and community events. Other organizations discussed are Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School, Los Tequis del Barrio, and the National Boricua Human Rights Network. The document outlines the technologies, skills, and approaches used by these programs to engage youth and further community goals.
Paseo Boricua is a stretch of Division Street in Chicago that has become the cultural heart of the city's Puerto Rican community. It is marked by the world's largest Puerto Rican flags and contains murals, sculptures, and monuments that represent and celebrate Puerto Rican history and culture. Paseo Boricua also hosts many community events and festivals that bring together the Puerto Rican community of Chicago to celebrate their shared cultural experiences and heritage.
Paseo Boricua discusses the history, culture, and art of the area. It describes murals, sculptures, and festivals celebrating Puerto Rican culture. It also mentions education programs and community organizations like IPRAC that are based in Paseo Boricua.
The campaign to free the prisoners in the 1970s-1980s helped unify Puerto Ricans by creating a dialogue around a shared Puerto Rican human rights agenda. This laid the foundation for the later Vieques movement to successfully pressure the U.S. Navy to leave the island. The prisoners' campaign activated and broadened Puerto Rican support by appealing first to a sense of Puerto Rican identity and rights. This allowed the Vieques movement to gain momentum and achieve its goal of removing the Navy more rapidly.
Liberatory Community Practice: Lessons Learned from a Puerto Rican/Latino Co...Luis Alejandro Molina
The Puerto Rican Cultural Center (PRCC) in Chicago has taken a liberatory, community-driven approach to issues like the HIV/AIDS crisis and gentrification for over 35 years. Three guiding principles of self-determination, self-actualization, and self-sufficiency have informed initiatives like the Vida/SIDA HIV prevention program and Humboldt Park Participatory Democracy Project. Through cultural affirmation, capacity building, and engaging local residents in decision-making, the PRCC has pursued community well-being on its own terms rather than through traditional, deficit-based models.
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo produto revolucionário que combina hardware, software e serviços em nuvem. O dispositivo é pequeno, portátil e oferece conectividade sem fio para acessar aplicativos e armazenamento na nuvem. A empresa espera que o novo produto impulsione o crescimento e a liderança no mercado de dispositivos conectados.
The document summarizes a case study of the Puerto Rican Cultural Center (PRCC) in Chicago and its role in developing social capital and improving community health. Through interviews and observation, the study examined how the PRCC builds social connections and trust within the Latino community through its programs, services, and efforts to promote community participation and address local issues. The PRCC was found to contribute to social capital and positive community impact by embracing the local culture and priorities, providing consistent support to residents over many years, and facilitating joint community actions and partnerships around shared concerns.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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1. Journal of Community Health, Vol. 31, No. 6, December 2006 (Ó 2006)
DOI: 10.1007/s10900-006-9023-7
DISPROPORTIONATE IMPACT OF DIABETES
IN A PUERTO RICAN COMMUNITY OF
CHICAGO
Steve Whitman, PhD; Abigail Silva, MPH; Ami M. Shah, MPH
ABSTRACT: We assessed the impact of diabetes in a large Puerto Rican
community of Chicago by measuring the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes
and calculating the diabetes mortality rate. Data were analyzed from a
comprehensive health survey conducted in randomly selected households
in community areas. Questions on diagnosed diabetes and selected risk
factors were asked. In addition, vital records data were analyzed in order to
calculate the age-adjusted diabetes mortality rate. When possible, rates
were compared to those found in other studies. The diabetes prevalence
located in this community (20.8%: 95% CI = 10.1%-38.0%) is the highest
ever reported for Puerto Ricans and one of the highest ever reported in the
United States for a non-Native American population. For instance, it is
twice the prevalence for Puerto Ricans in New York (11.3%) and Puerto
Rico (9.3%–9.6%). Diagnosed diabetes was found to be significantly
associated with obesity (p = 0.023). The prevalence was particularly high
among older people, females, those born in the US, and those with a family
history of diabetes. Notably, the diabetes mortality rate (67.6 per 100,000
population) was more than twice the rate for all of Chicago (31.2) and the
US (25.4). Understanding why the diabetes prevalence and mortality rates
for Puerto Ricans in this community are so much higher than those of
other communities is imperative for primary and secondary prevention.
Collaboration between researchers, service providers and community
members can help address the issues of diabetes education, early screening
and diagnosis, and effective treatment needed in this community.
KEY WORDS: diabetes; diabetes prevalence; diabetes mortality; puerto Rican
health; hispanic health.
INTRODUCTION
The prevalence of diabetes in adults in the United States has
been steadily increasing from 4.9% in 1990 to 6.1% in 2004.1,2 Diabetes
Steve Whitman, PhD, Abigail Silva, MPH, Ami M Shah, MPH, Sinai Urban Health Institute,
Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
Requests for reprints should be addressed to Steve Whitman PhD, Sinai Urban Health
Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, California Ave. at 15th Street, K437, Chicago 60608, IL, USA; e-mail:
whist@ sinai.org
521
0094-5145/06/1200-0521 Ó 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
2. 522 JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
prevalence is higher in US non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics compared
to non-Hispanic Whites.3 Puerto Ricans especially seem to have a par-
ticularly high prevalence of diabetes. One report, using a Behavioral Risk
Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) methodology, produced a prevalence
estimate of 9.6% for Puerto Rico while a 2000 survey, implemented with
a similar methodology, produced an estimate of 11.3% for Puerto Ricans
living in New York City.4,5
Mortality from diabetes also exhibits substantial racial/ethnic dis-
parities. In 2002, the age-adjusted mortality rates for diabetes were: 25.4 per
100,000 population for the entire US, 22.2 for non-Hispanic White people,
50.3 for non-Hispanic Black people and 35.6 for Hispanic people. Fur-
thermore, the diabetes mortality rate for people living in Puerto Rico was
69.5.6
Chicago is home to more Puerto Ricans than any US city other than
New York. A recently completed health survey conducted in randomly
selected households in Chicago included the largest Puerto Rican com-
munity in the city. This report presents the diabetes prevalence rate strat-
ified by various demographic and risk factors. To better assess the impact of
diabetes on this community, diabetes mortality rates were also calculated
and compared to local and national rates. Finally, the implications of these
elevated rates are discussed.
METHODS
Survey
Data analyzed in this report were obtained from the Sinai Health
System’s ‘‘Improving Community Health Survey’’.7 Chicago is divided into
77 officially designated community areas, which often serve as loci for
describing health, delivering health care services and implementing
community-based interventions.8 Six of these community areas were
selected for this survey for various planning and policy reasons, but pri-
marily to reflect the diversity of Chicago.
In an effort to obtain a representative sample for each of the
selected community areas, a three-stage probability sample design was
implemented.9 First, census blocks were chosen using Probability Propor-
tionate to Size sampling according to the proportion of individuals age 18
and over who lived on each block according to the 2000 Census. Second,
households were randomly selected from the blocks. Third, adults within
the households were randomly selected (using the Trodhal-Carter-Bryant
3. Steve Whitman, Abigail Silva, and Ami M. Shah 523
methodology10). The goal was to obtain approximately 300 surveys from
each community area.
A person was eligible for the survey if he or she was between 18 and
75 years of age, spoke either English or Spanish, lived in a residence in one
of these six community areas, and was physically and mentally able to
participate. All participants signed an informed consent. This project was
approved by all relevant institutional review boards.
The questionnaire was administered face-to-face in either English
or Spanish in selected households by trained bilingual interviewers from
September 2002 - April 2003. The survey contained 469 questions on
health-related topics such as access to health care, diagnosed conditions,
and health behaviors. The interview lasted approximately one hour and
respondents received a health information packet (in Spanish or English)
along with $40 in appreciation for their time.
More details on the survey’s methodology and individual commu-
nity’s response and participation rates can be found elsewhere.11,12
Study Population
West Town and Humboldt Park were among the six community
areas surveyed. These two areas are contiguous and contain about 26,000
Puerto Ricans (23% of Chicago’s total Puerto Rican population). These
residents view themselves as being part of the same community and are
treated as such (West Town-Humboldt Park) in this report.
Data Collected
The race and ethnicity of survey respondents were measured by self-
identification. Diagnosed diabetes was measured, consistent with the
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey, by those responding
‘‘yes’’ to ‘‘Have you ever been told by a doctor that you have diabetes?’’
Women who had been told that they had diabetes only during a pregnancy
were not included among those with diabetes. Body Mass Index (BMI) was
calculated by using self-reported height and weight (BMI = kg/m2).
Respondents were categorized into: not overweight (BMI < 25.0), over-
weight (25.0 – 29.9) and obese (‡30).13
Data Analysis
Data for denominators for mortality rates and prevalence propor-
tions were drawn from the US Census 2000 files. Mortality data were
4. 524 JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
abstracted from Illinois Vital Records Death Files. Deaths from diabetes
consisted of all deaths with an underlying cause coded as E10 - E14 under
the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision.14 All mortality
rates were age-adjusted to the US standard 2000 population.
Consistent with other studies in this literature, the prevalence
proportions in this analysis were not age-adjusted. The sampling weights
employed in this analysis account for differential probabilities of selection
and the post-stratification of the sample to resemble the 2000 Census dis-
tribution of the population for each CA. Data were analyzed using STATA
v8 to account for the sampling design effects.15
The statistical significance between two prevalence proportions or
two mortality rates was examined with a t-test. A 95% level of significance
was employed for all analyses.
RESULTS
Prevalence
Of 603 people that were interviewed in West Town-Humboldt Park,
595 people had no missing study data, and 104 identified themselves as
Puerto Rican.
The Puerto Rican residents of West Town-Humboldt Park tended to
be young, female (57.3%), have more than an eighth grade education
(82.7%), and be born in Puerto Rico (58.6%) (Table 1).
The risk for diabetes was also high in this community as 33.2% of
the residents were found to be obese and 43.2% had a family history of
diabetes. The majority of the residents had health insurance (76.7%).
The prevalence of physician-diagnosed diabetes in Puerto Ricans
living in this community was 20.8% (Table 1). The prevalence proportions
for other people in these two communities were 3.1% for non-Hispanic
White people, 14.5% for non-Hispanic Black people and 4.1% for Mexican
people (Table 2). The Puerto Rican prevalence was significantly higher
than the Mexican (p = 0.025) and White proportions (p = 0.025).
Table 3 compares the diabetes prevalence found among Puerto
Ricans in West Town-Humboldt Park to those found for Puerto Ricans
living in other areas. Puerto Ricans in West Town-Humboldt Park report a
prevalence (20.8%) about twice as high as Puerto Ricans living in New York
City (11.3%) and Puerto Rico (9.6% and 9.3%).5,4,16
Diabetes prevalence varied by associated risk factors (Table 1). Preva-
lence was significantly higher among obese people (p = 0.02), and marginally
significantly higher among those with a family history of diabetes (p = 0.06). It
5. Steve Whitman, Abigail Silva, and Ami M. Shah 525
was also higher (but not significantly) among older people, females, those with
fewer years of education, those born in the US, and those with insurance.
Mortality
Table 4 presents diabetes mortality rates by area and race/ethnicity.
Note that the diabetes mortality rate for Puerto Ricans (67.6 per 100,000
TABLE 1
Non-Gestational Diabetes Prevalence by Risk Factors for Puerto Ricans
in West Town-Humboldt Park (n = 108), 2002–2003
Age Total (%) Prevalence (%) 95% CI P
18–44 65.0 13.1 (5.4, 28.4) 0.106
45–64 27.7 34.4 (12.2, 66.4)
65+ 7.3 34.5 (10.5, 70.2)
Gender
Male 42.7 12.5 (4.8, 28.9) 0.158
Female 57.3 27.1 (11.1, 52.5)
Education
< = 8th 17.3 33.6 (16.6, 56.3) 0.126
> =9 82.7 18.4 (7.7, 37.8)
Birthplace
Puerto Rico 58.6 15.7 (9.4, 25.0) 0.383
United States 41.4 25.1 (9.2, 52.3)
Weight Status
Obese 33.2 33.4 (18.2, 54.1) 0.023
Non-Obese 66.8 14.8 (5.5, 34.3)
Diabetes Family History
Yes 43.2 32.5 (12.9, 61.0) 0.064
No 56.8 12.3 (5.8, 24.0)
Health Insurance
Uninsured 23.3 10.8 (2.1, 40.3) 0.357
Insured 76.7 23.0 (10.3, 46.0)
Total 20.8 (10.1, 38.0)
6. 526 JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
TABLE 2
Non-Gestational Diabetes Prevalence in West Town-Humboldt Park, by
Race/Ethnicity, 2002–2003
Group N Prevalence (%) 95% CI
All 595 9.0 (6.4, 12.7)
Puerto Rican 104 20.8 (10.1, 38.0)
Mexican* 97 4.1 (1.4, 11.4)
Non-Hispanic White* 154 3.1 (0.7, 13.2)
Non-Hispanic Black 163 14.5 (9.4, 21.8)
*The Puerto Rican rate was significantly higher than Mexican (p = .025) and non-Hispanic
White rates (p = .025).
TABLE 3
Non-Gestational Diabetes Prevalence among Puerto Ricans in Recent
Years, Various Reports
West Town-Humboldt Park, 2002–03 20.8%
New York City, 20005 11.3%
Puerto Rico, 19994 9.6%
Puerto Rico, 1998–200216 9.3%
TABLE 4
Age-adjusted Diabetes Mortality Rates* by Race/Ethnicity in Recent Years
Non-Hispanic Non-Hispanic Puerto
Total White Black Mexican Rican
West Town-Humboldt Park, 36.1 22:0y 42.2 23:0y 67.6
1999–2001
Chicago 1999—2001 31:2y 23:8y 37:9y 41.7 70.9
United Statesz 20026 25:4y 22:0y 53.4 39:0y 45.4
Puerto Rico 20026 69.5 – – – 69.5
*
per 100,000 population.
y p < 0.05 when compared to the West Town-Humboldt Park Puerto Rican mortality rate.
z excludes Puerto Rico.
population) in West Town-Humboldt Park is consistent with the high
prevalence. As can be expected, the Puerto Rican mortality rate is signifi-
cantly higher than the rate for Mexican people (p = 0.006) and White
7. Steve Whitman, Abigail Silva, and Ami M. Shah 527
people (p = 0.002) and higher than for Black people (p = 0.11) in the
same community area. The rate is also more than twice the rate for all of
Chicago (p = 0.006) and the US (p = 0.002). While the Puerto Rican rate
in West Town-Humboldt Park is similar to that found among Puerto Ricans
in the rest of Chicago and Puerto Rico, it is 50% higher than that found in
Puerto Ricans living in the US (p = 0.12).
DISCUSSION
Although the prevalence of diabetes is consistently found to be
much higher for Hispanics than for non-Hispanic Whites, the prevalence in
this community of Puerto Ricans in Chicago (20.8%) is the highest diabetes
prevalence we have been able to locate for Puerto Ricans, and is twice as
high as findings for Puerto Ricans living on the island or in New York City
(Table 2).
It is relevant to note that the relationship to virtually every risk
factor examined in this report (Table 1) is consistent with findings from
other studies which also show increased prevalence among older people,
females, those with fewer years of education, those born in the US, obese
people, those with a family history of diabetes and those with health
insurance.2,17 The direction of the relationships of these risk factors to
diabetes prevalence is also identical with other studies of diabetes among
Puerto Ricans.4,5 Of particular note is the high prevalence of obesity
(33.2%) and family history of diabetes (43.2%), both important risk factors
for diabetes, found in this community. The prevalence of obesity among
Puerto Ricans in this study is higher than that of the US (25%) and may
thus be contributing to the increased diabetes prevalence rate.18
It is compelling that this elevated prevalence corresponds to a
greatly elevated diabetes mortality rate of 68 (per 100,000 population). This
is more than twice as high as the rate for Chicago (31.2), and almost three
times as high as the rate for Illinois (25.4) and the US (25.4). It is also
noteworthy that this Puerto Rican mortality rate is virtually identical to that
found in Puerto Rico, but that studies there have found the prevalence to
be only about half what has been found in this community.2,4,6 One
plausible hypothesis for the lower prevalence on the island, despite the
elevated mortality rate, is disproportionate under-diagnosis. However, we
are not aware of evidence to support or contradict this.
This elevated diabetes mortality carries with it an alarming obser-
vation. For example, if this mortality rate of 68 prevailed for the United
States as a whole, then diabetes would be the second leading cause of death
8. 528 JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
in the country, trailing only heart disease but well ahead of all separate types
of cancers (e.g., lung, breast, colorectal) and cerebrovascular diseases.6
Given the already extraordinary – and growing – burden of diabetes in this
country, it is a sobering thought that in this Puerto Rican community the
impact may be three times greater than it is for the country as a whole.19,20
We also further investigated the lower than expected prevalence
among Mexican people in this community. None of the demographic
variables examined in Table 1 for Puerto Ricans (including insurance sta-
tus) showed a significant relationship to prevalence among Mexican peo-
ple. This may be due to small numbers.
Methodological Issues
There are important methodological issues to consider when
examining the results from this study. First, consistent with virtually all the
other literature in this field, we did not age-adjust our prevalence estimates.
Our own data, along with that from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), suggest that such adjustments generally increase prev-
alence by about 10%, though this estimate is quite variable.18 For example,
if we had age-adjusted our estimates (to the 2000 standard US population)
the prevalence for Puerto Ricans would have risen from 20.8% to 22.6%, an
increase of 8.7%.
Second, our sample did not include residents over the age of 75.
Because diabetes generally increases with age, this may bias the prevalence
estimates. However national data show that the prevalence is similar for
those ages 65–74 and those ages 75 and over.21 Therefore, the bias may be
minimal.
Third, it is well established that self-report of physician diagnosis
underestimates the true prevalence of diabetes by 33% to 40%.3,22,23 Using
the 33% adjustment, an estimate of the actual prevalence of diabetes among
Puerto Ricans in this Chicago community could be as high as 31% for
adults between the ages of 18 and 75.
Fourth, since one must see a physician to obtain a physician diag-
nosis of diabetes, lack of insurance would tend to minimize the prevalence
estimates derived in this study. Indeed, 24% of the Puerto Ricans in the
survey were without insurance and these uninsured individuals had a dia-
betes prevalence that was less than one-third of those with insurance. This
dynamic would serve to even further elevate the estimate of the actual
prevalence of diabetes among Puerto Ricans in this community.
Finally, due to the small sample size (n = 104) the confidence limits
around our estimates were wide. However, in order to determine statistical
9. Steve Whitman, Abigail Silva, and Ami M. Shah 529
significance we did not employ overlapping confidence intervals because
this technique is more conservative (i.e., rejects the null hypothesis less
often). Rather, we used the z-test in testing all the comparisons in this
analysis.24 Despite this effort, due to a small sample size, we failed to see
some statistically significant differences that we otherwise may have
obtained.
Implications
The disparities in diabetes prevalence and mortality demonstrated
here are inconsistent with the national initiative to reduce disparities in
general and for diabetes in particular.25,26 These disparities exist despite
continued calls for improvement in screening and treatment for diabe-
tes.27,28 As the prevalence increases and more people become obese and
acquire the disease earlier in life, diabetes-related complications and
mortality will only increase. Of paramount concern would be the upstream
issue of prevention. As McGinnis has aptly noted in his foreword to a
supplementary issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine devoted to
diabetes control: ‘‘. . . as perhaps with no other disease is the importance of
the link between clinical and community interventions so clear. The po-
tential for gain against the toll of diabetes is great, but only if we pair
aggressive clinical interventions with equally aggressive community action
fundamental to broad lifestyle changes’’.29
The elevated prevalence and mortality from diabetes in Puerto
Ricans have by and large gone unnoticed in the literature. Under-
standing why the diabetes prevalence and mortality rates for Puerto Ri-
cans in West Town-Humboldt Park are twice as high as those of other
communities is imperative. Almost certainly, the answer to this question
will include reducing the prevalence of obesity, increasing diabetes
education and early screening and diagnosis, and providing effective
treatment.
This paper has revealed local level disparities in diabetes prevalence
and mortality and thus offers an opportunity to improve the situation.
Established guidelines and resources already exist that can improve the
quality of diabetes care.30,31,32 We hope that researchers, service providers
and community members will work collectively to seize this opportunity
and make important contributions that will improve the quality of life for
people living in West Town-Humboldt Park and other communities like it
across the United States.
10. 530 JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project could not have been done without the support, time
and dedication of epidemiologists and researchers at the Sinai Urban
Health Institute. Generous funding for this project was provided by the
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Grant # 043026) and the Chicago
Community Trust (Grant # C2003–00844).
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