This document provides a community profile of HIV/AIDS in Metro Atlanta, focusing on Fulton and Dekalb Counties. It identifies relevant geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics of the area. HIV prevalence and rates of STIs like chlamydia are significantly higher in these counties compared to national averages. African Americans and the LGBT community are disproportionately affected. The document analyzes how factors like poverty, lack of healthcare access, and stigma likely contribute to the high disease burden. It concludes that HIV/AIDS is one of the most pressing public health issues facing Metro Atlanta due to its complex risk factors.
HIV/AIDS affects persons from Sub-Saharan Africa and men who have sex with men (MSM) in a disproportionate way. This article analyzes the evidence and the plausibility of anogenital anatomical factors which may contribute to the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the key populations for sexual transmission. The etiology of the pandemic is discussed. Direct and indirect evidence for narrow anogenital anatomy is presented. Two semi-theoretical arguments for anatomical factors are put forward. Anogenital anatomy is analyzed in view of Hill's criteria for causation. I describe how randomized controlled trials and other confirmatory studies could be designed and discuss the consequences of the hypothesis. While many contributing factors for the HIV/AIDS pandemic are well established, direct and indirect empirical evidence, as well as semi-theoretical arguments, militates for an additional role of macroscopic anogenital anatomy in HIV key populations. This factor fulfills Hill's criteria.
Overview of public health issues in the Metro Atlanta area, presented by the Atlanta Regional Commission's Research and Analytics Group and Neighborhood Nexus. Topics include COVID-19, homicide, opioids, maternal health and County Health Rankings status.
As participants in the racial justice movement, my team and I feel compelled to democratize and build upon the work that we have done over time for philanthropy engagements.
NYC felt like a good place to start. It's my home, an epicenter of covid-19, and certainly no stranger to systemic racism.
Attached analysis, the first of many I hope, is not designed to be comprehensive, nor is it new information. It’s a snapshot; a reminder; an imperfect effort to play a part, however small, in advancing the anti-racism movement. It's built upon publicly available information and it belongs to the public. Feel free to use any of the data in your work. Meanwhile I welcome your thoughts, direction, content, ideas, resources, collaboration, all of the above. #justice #antiracism
The Effect Race and Income on HIV AIDS infection in African-Americans - Sunil...Sunil Nair
Race and Income has a significant influence on susceptibility to HIV/AIDS infections; Afro-Americans (Blacks) are 1.33 times more likely to be infected than whites. A significant finding is that the income level didn't change race's effect on HIV infections. Race has a significant effect on HIV infections or is an important predictor of incidence of HIV infections independent of the income. In other words, irrespective of the income level being black and poor increases the changes of being infected with HIV/AIDS.
HIV/AIDS affects persons from Sub-Saharan Africa and men who have sex with men (MSM) in a disproportionate way. This article analyzes the evidence and the plausibility of anogenital anatomical factors which may contribute to the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the key populations for sexual transmission. The etiology of the pandemic is discussed. Direct and indirect evidence for narrow anogenital anatomy is presented. Two semi-theoretical arguments for anatomical factors are put forward. Anogenital anatomy is analyzed in view of Hill's criteria for causation. I describe how randomized controlled trials and other confirmatory studies could be designed and discuss the consequences of the hypothesis. While many contributing factors for the HIV/AIDS pandemic are well established, direct and indirect empirical evidence, as well as semi-theoretical arguments, militates for an additional role of macroscopic anogenital anatomy in HIV key populations. This factor fulfills Hill's criteria.
Overview of public health issues in the Metro Atlanta area, presented by the Atlanta Regional Commission's Research and Analytics Group and Neighborhood Nexus. Topics include COVID-19, homicide, opioids, maternal health and County Health Rankings status.
As participants in the racial justice movement, my team and I feel compelled to democratize and build upon the work that we have done over time for philanthropy engagements.
NYC felt like a good place to start. It's my home, an epicenter of covid-19, and certainly no stranger to systemic racism.
Attached analysis, the first of many I hope, is not designed to be comprehensive, nor is it new information. It’s a snapshot; a reminder; an imperfect effort to play a part, however small, in advancing the anti-racism movement. It's built upon publicly available information and it belongs to the public. Feel free to use any of the data in your work. Meanwhile I welcome your thoughts, direction, content, ideas, resources, collaboration, all of the above. #justice #antiracism
The Effect Race and Income on HIV AIDS infection in African-Americans - Sunil...Sunil Nair
Race and Income has a significant influence on susceptibility to HIV/AIDS infections; Afro-Americans (Blacks) are 1.33 times more likely to be infected than whites. A significant finding is that the income level didn't change race's effect on HIV infections. Race has a significant effect on HIV infections or is an important predictor of incidence of HIV infections independent of the income. In other words, irrespective of the income level being black and poor increases the changes of being infected with HIV/AIDS.
Global Medical Cures™ | HIV Among Women
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Report: LGBTQ+ Community and Clinical TrialsCOUCH Health
We’re all aware that clinical trials have been discussed more widely since the COVID-19 pandemic. While that’s a great thing for raising awareness of clinical trials in general, it’s also highlighted some pretty big issues in clinical research. For example, the world can see how the BAME community has been disproportionately affected by the coronavirus, which has also underlined how unrepresentative clinical trials are of them. And over the last few weeks, we’ve been looking at other populations who are also being left behind.
With June being PRIDE month, conversations were taking place around the world with regards to COVID-19, clinical trials and the LGBTQ+ community, and we were there to listen and collect important insights.
GHME 2013 Conference
Session: Global and national Burden of Disease II
Date: June 17 2013
Presenter: Kyle Heuton
Institute:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), University of Washington
Violence contre les Femmes et Filles en Haiti dfid report 2013Stanley Lucas
There are various cultural, political and economic drivers of violence against women and girls in Haiti. They include the following. Gender stereotypes and discrimination against women: Researchers stress that the incidence of violence in the post-earthquake period should be understood in the context of the longer-term social exclusion, and cultural and legal discrimination against women. Women’s economic dependency: There is some evidence that women who are economically dependent on men are more vulnerable to sexual exploitation. Poverty, displacement and poor conditions in internally displaced persons’ (IDP) camps: Studies indicate significant correlations between limited access to adequate food, water and sanitation, and women and girls’ vulnerability to sexual violence in IDP camps. Legacy of state-led violence: Politically motivated violence has been used by some regimes in Haiti. Culture of impunity and weak capacity in the state justice system: An acute lack of resources and capacity in the Haitian justice system makes it difficult for the state to prosecute and punish perpetrators, and deters victims from seeking redress.
HIV/AIDS: Hispanic/Latino Disparities and Policy Recommendations
Daniel Santibanez, MPH, Department of Public Health, University of North Florida
Donna T. Jones, MS, RD, LD/N, Medical Nutrition Therapy of Florida, Inc.
July 22, 2005 - UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminar
This is part 6 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of Duval County Health Department.
2013 Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Annual ConferenceKellieWatkins1
Abstract for A Spatial-Temporal Relationship between New Diagnoses of HIV and Social Determinants of Health by Census Tract in Houston/Harris County: 2000 and 2010
Soc Sci Med. 2004 May;58(9):1751-6.
HIV and Islam: is HIV prevalence lower among Muslims?
Gray PB
Department of Anthropology, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. gray@fas.harvard.edu
Abstract
Religious constraints on sexuality may have consequences for the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Recognising that several Islamic tenets may have the effect, if followed, of reducing the sexual transmission of HIV, this paper tests the hypothesis that Muslims have lower HIV prevalence than non-Muslims. Among 38 sub-Saharan African countries, the percentage of Muslims within countries negatively predicted HIV prevalence. A survey of published journal articles containing data on HIV prevalence and religious affiliation showed that six of seven such studies indicated a negative relationship between HIV prevalence and being Muslim. Additional studies on the relationship of risk factors to HIV prevalence gave mixed evidence with respect to following Islamic sexual codes (e.g., vs. extramarital affairs) and other factors, but that benefits arising from circumcision may help account for lower HIV prevalence among Muslims.
PMID: 14990375
UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminars: Brief Review
Dr. Judith Rodriguez, RD and Daniel Santibanez, MPH, RD, Department of Public Health, University of North Florida
September 23, 2005 - UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminars
This is part 8 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of the Duval County Health Department.
Global Medical Cures™ | HIV Among Women
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Report: LGBTQ+ Community and Clinical TrialsCOUCH Health
We’re all aware that clinical trials have been discussed more widely since the COVID-19 pandemic. While that’s a great thing for raising awareness of clinical trials in general, it’s also highlighted some pretty big issues in clinical research. For example, the world can see how the BAME community has been disproportionately affected by the coronavirus, which has also underlined how unrepresentative clinical trials are of them. And over the last few weeks, we’ve been looking at other populations who are also being left behind.
With June being PRIDE month, conversations were taking place around the world with regards to COVID-19, clinical trials and the LGBTQ+ community, and we were there to listen and collect important insights.
GHME 2013 Conference
Session: Global and national Burden of Disease II
Date: June 17 2013
Presenter: Kyle Heuton
Institute:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), University of Washington
Violence contre les Femmes et Filles en Haiti dfid report 2013Stanley Lucas
There are various cultural, political and economic drivers of violence against women and girls in Haiti. They include the following. Gender stereotypes and discrimination against women: Researchers stress that the incidence of violence in the post-earthquake period should be understood in the context of the longer-term social exclusion, and cultural and legal discrimination against women. Women’s economic dependency: There is some evidence that women who are economically dependent on men are more vulnerable to sexual exploitation. Poverty, displacement and poor conditions in internally displaced persons’ (IDP) camps: Studies indicate significant correlations between limited access to adequate food, water and sanitation, and women and girls’ vulnerability to sexual violence in IDP camps. Legacy of state-led violence: Politically motivated violence has been used by some regimes in Haiti. Culture of impunity and weak capacity in the state justice system: An acute lack of resources and capacity in the Haitian justice system makes it difficult for the state to prosecute and punish perpetrators, and deters victims from seeking redress.
HIV/AIDS: Hispanic/Latino Disparities and Policy Recommendations
Daniel Santibanez, MPH, Department of Public Health, University of North Florida
Donna T. Jones, MS, RD, LD/N, Medical Nutrition Therapy of Florida, Inc.
July 22, 2005 - UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminar
This is part 6 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of Duval County Health Department.
2013 Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Annual ConferenceKellieWatkins1
Abstract for A Spatial-Temporal Relationship between New Diagnoses of HIV and Social Determinants of Health by Census Tract in Houston/Harris County: 2000 and 2010
Soc Sci Med. 2004 May;58(9):1751-6.
HIV and Islam: is HIV prevalence lower among Muslims?
Gray PB
Department of Anthropology, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. gray@fas.harvard.edu
Abstract
Religious constraints on sexuality may have consequences for the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Recognising that several Islamic tenets may have the effect, if followed, of reducing the sexual transmission of HIV, this paper tests the hypothesis that Muslims have lower HIV prevalence than non-Muslims. Among 38 sub-Saharan African countries, the percentage of Muslims within countries negatively predicted HIV prevalence. A survey of published journal articles containing data on HIV prevalence and religious affiliation showed that six of seven such studies indicated a negative relationship between HIV prevalence and being Muslim. Additional studies on the relationship of risk factors to HIV prevalence gave mixed evidence with respect to following Islamic sexual codes (e.g., vs. extramarital affairs) and other factors, but that benefits arising from circumcision may help account for lower HIV prevalence among Muslims.
PMID: 14990375
UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminars: Brief Review
Dr. Judith Rodriguez, RD and Daniel Santibanez, MPH, RD, Department of Public Health, University of North Florida
September 23, 2005 - UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminars
This is part 8 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of the Duval County Health Department.
This is a good opportunity for making huge profit in share market. Trifid Research is a good advisory firm in the Indian financial market. It can provide the best stock tips, commodity tips, and currency tips and provide 2 days free trial in all segments.
In this presentation, Vikrant introduces IoT and associated trends. Vikarant's interest area lies in fibertronics an innovative idea that he has is developing a Tee-Short that changes colour depending on the health of the person. He sees great uses for this product in healthcare, defense etc.
Videojuegos aplicados a cultura. juegos y simulaciones educativas
Oregon Trail, Civilization
videojuegos y teatro clásico
Videojuegos y danza
Realidad virtual, realidad aumentada
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO AND PREVENT THE SPREAD OF HIVAIDS IN T.docxssuser454af01
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO AND PREVENT THE SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS IN THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA
Disparities in the Global North and Global South are reflected in the socio-economic and political positions of these two respective regions in the world. This gap is also best exemplified by the disparities in healthcare systems, education, and prevalence of diseases between these two regions. The Global North, which is comprised of advanced countries like the United States has a robust healthcare system and an educated mass. This in turn plays a significant role in reducing the rate of infectious diseases. Contrary, the Global South, comprised of many poor and conflicting countries has problems of high rate of diseases such as HIV/AIDS. What are the primary factors that contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS? What preventative measures work best in halting the rapid spread of this virus? This paper will briefly analyze these questions and more with an emphasis on HIV/AIDS in the Global North and Global South.
This paper assumes that the Global North and the Global South are considerably different in their social, cultural, political, and economic make-up. However, since this paper is a brief analysis, which aims to compare this disparity and its effects on health, it will proceed by using the United States (Global North) and South Africa (Global South) as representative samples for these regions respectively. The United States, with a population of approximately 320 million is regarded as the vanguard of the developed world, if not the world in general. A hub of diversity and immigrants from all over the world, America is perceived as a rich country of opportunities. South Africa, on the other hand, is a relatively small country with a population of roughly 53 million. It is considered to be the political and economic leader and one of the success stories of sub-Saharan Africa. Nonetheless, its wealth and socio-political maturity is by no means comparable to that of the United States.
The World Health Organization defines HIV as a virus that targets and weakens an individual’s immune system (immunodeficiency) thus making the infected individual susceptible to other infections. (WHO Cite) HIV becomes AIDS only when an infected individual contracts other infections. In advanced countries such as the U.S, Canada, and their likes, HIV infected individuals are able to live longer due to readily available retroviral drugs. On the other hand, underdeveloped or developing countries suffer high rates of mortality due to lack of medication in rural areas and at times urban areas alike. From this reality, it can be highlighted that economically advanced countries are better equipped to diagnose, treat, and perhaps prevent and deter infectious diseases compared to their economically dependent counterparts.
Data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that nearly 1.2 Americans are carriers of the HIV virus. (CDC CITE2)) However, the ...
Running Head: COMMUNITY ANALYSIS 1
Community Analysis
The most prevalent risk factors among racial and ethnic minorities are unprotected vaginal or anal sex, inadequate sex education, improving access to prevention and care services and drug use. Jackson, MS has a population of 173,212, with median household income of $32,250. Poverty is one of the major contributing factors to the risky behaviors and the rise of HIV infections within racial/ethnic minority youths. The residents with incomes below the poverty level in Jackson, MS by 2015 was 39.9%, and those with income below 50% of the poverty level was 19.2%, the breakdown is between ages 13 to 19 years of poor residents in Jackson, MS and the percentage is below half of poverty level of 20%. The most common race or ethnicity living below the poverty line in Jackson, MS is Black or African American, followed by White and Hispanic or Latino. The state of homelessness is on the rise and many of these shelters in Jackson, MS now have waiting lists with majority of its occupants are racial/ethnic minority. Even with the waiting lists, those that need to be sheltered will have to call ahead to confirm (City Data, 2015).
Mississippi is one of the most rustic states in the United States and its population is perhaps the poorest. According to the 2010 Census, Mississippi has a population of 2,967,297 people, with a racial distribution of 59% white, 37% black, 3% Hispanic, and 2% other. Mississippi ranks second in the nation (after the District of Columbia) for the highest proportion of African Americans. Through U.S. Census Bureau 2011 American Community Surveys, Mississippi levels the first in the country for the number of people living in poverty (22.6% of the total population) and the lowest middle household revenue ($36,919) (United State Census Bureau, 2011). According to the 2011 National HIV Surveillance Report, Mississippi had the 4th highest rate of HIV infection in the United States. The state’s capital city, Jackson, had the third highest rate of HIV diagnoses within aged 13 to 19 years and the eighth highest AIDS diagnosis by metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in 2011. For the past twenty years, numbers of peoples living with HIV in Mississippi has risen yearly. By the end of December 31, 2013, there was approximately 10,473 Mississippians living with HIV (National HIV Surveillance Report, 2013).
Secondary data
Jackson, MS the state’s capital city and with the most new HIV disease cases are identified in the West Central Public Health District V, which includes the metropolitan Jackson Hinds area, where 47% of all persons with HIV disease in Mississippi reside presently (Mississippi State Department of Health, 2015). According to data for states and metropolitan areas, it’s shown that racial and ethnic minority youths aged between 13 to 19 years rank 4th in the diagnose of HIV at 44.7%. The education b ...
Factors Influencing Gender Disparities in the Prevalence of HIV AIDS in Fako ...ijtsrd
There is a prevalence of HIV AIDS in the society among men and women and there is gender disparity in the prevalence of HIV AIDS. Biological and other factors are pointing to the fact that the women are more vulnerable and therefore have more possibilities of spreading it. This study was done in Fako Division in the South West Region of Cameroon. The general objective of this study was to investigate the factors leading to the gender disparity in the prevalence of HIV AIDS. The research is a descriptive survey. The target population was the HIV AIDS patients that are treated in the Limbe and Buea Regional Hospitals. These hospitals were purposively selected with a purposive sampling of 50 males and female. This research involves the use of both primary and secondary data with the use of questionnaires, check list and review of secondary data on problems leading to a gender difference in the prevalence of HIV AIDS in these areas. Analysis of data was done with the use of windows SPSS. Findings of the study show that there is a high gender difference of about 39.21 in Buea Regional Hospital and a gender difference of 24.4 in Limbe Regional Hospital. Some factors were found responsible for this disparity that include early start of sexual activities for females, low level of education, multiple sexual partners, unemployment for females and others. Recommendations have been made to the government, the women themselves, health professionals, NGOs and other significant stakeholders. Bisong Prisca Mboh "Factors Influencing Gender Disparities in the Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Fako Division Cameroon: Case Study of Limbe and Buea Regional Hospitals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29236.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/29236/factors-influencing-gender-disparities-in-the-prevalence-of-hivaids-in-fako-division-cameroon-case-study-of-limbe-and-buea-regional-hospitals/bisong-prisca-mboh
This is technical writing Assignment, no emotions go straight to t.docxchristalgrieg
This is technical writing Assignment, no emotions go straight to the point.
Section 1: Introduction
The rise in the numbers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) diagnoses is notable especially for racial and ethnic minority youth and adolescents aged 13 to 19 years (National Institute of Health, 2013). Approximately one half of all new HIV infections in the United States occur among person(s) younger than 25 years. Nearly 4 million new sexually transmitted infection (STI) cases each year occur among youth and adolescents (NIH, 2013). Reconciling data of 2015, 54.2% of high school students reported having sexual intercourse; of students reported sex during the previous months, 39% stated they didn’t use a condom during their last sexual encounter (United States Census Bureau, 2014). The number of sexually active among youth and adolescents, from 2001 to 2014, there’s been a significant increase in the percentage of youth and adolescents who were never taught about HIV/AIDS. Unified national HIV/AIDS surveillance system has enhanced the ability to monitor and characterize racial and ethnic minority youth populations affected by the HIV epidemic and provide information on the entire population of HIV infected persons who have been tested confidentially (NIH, 2014). Approximately 1.2 million people were living with HIV in the United States in 2014, 49% and 51% undiagnosed infections. Almost 50,000 people become newly infected each year, and in 2014, the estimated rate of diagnoses of HIV infection was 13.8 per 100,000 population (National Institute of Health, 2014). Social trust is associated with lowering the of course mortality rates and that associated HIV infection varied within racial and ethnic minority youth and adolescents. The risk factors that will be addressed in this paper are unprotected vaginal or anal sex, improving access to prevention and care services, inadequate sex education and drug use
Unprotected vaginal and anal sex
Participating in unprotected vaginal and anal sex, or sex without latex or polyurethane condoms is a major contributing factor of HIV rate in racial and ethnic minority youth and adolescents. In an infected youth or adolescents, the semen and blood contains high amount of HIV. During unprotected vaginal and anal sex HIV can easily pass from one person to another. Several studies link alcohol and drug use to higher rates of unprotected anal intercourse, higher numbers of sex partners, and inconsistent condom use (NIH, 2014). With these trends among racial and ethnic minority National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (2015) reported 21% minority youth and adolescent are infected with HIV while 79% youth and adolescent don’t know their status (National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 2015).
Improving access to prevention and care services
Access to HIV prevention and treatment is an important step in helping achieve an HIV free generation, especially among racial and ethnic minority youth and adolescent. If someone ...
Friday, February 7, 2014 Nonprofit Commons was happy to feature members of the nonprofit Protect Yourself1 (PY1), Executive Director, Monique Richert (Chayenn in SL), and PY1 Development Consultant, Tom Kujawski (Incarn8 in SL) who presented facts and statistics and PY1 Safe2Live Program in support of the National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day.
IHP 501 Module Five Project Preparation WorksheetPrecious Te.docxpauline234567
IHP 501 Module Five Project Preparation Worksheet
Precious Teasley
Southern New Hampshire University
IHP-501-Q2461 Global Health and Diversity
22TW2
Professor Esther Johnstone
December 6,2022
Complete this worksheet by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information.
Analysis Table
Other Health Challenge #1: Maternal Health
Other Health Challenge #2: Ebola Virus Disease
Other Health Challenge #3: Nutrition
Incidence
The maternal mortality rate in Sierra Leone is one of the highest in the world at 1,360 per 100,000 live births. (Trani et al.,2011).
.
In 2014 and 2015, the rate of new cases of Ebola Virus Disease in the Western Area of Sierra Leone, including Calaba Town, was between 17.32 and 36.10 for every 10,000 persons. More than half of the recorded cases and fatalities occurred in the WA Region, which encompasses two of the country's 14 districts (Richards et al., 2015).
Nearly half a million children under the age of five are stunted, and another 30,000 are malnourished and in danger of dying soon because of poor food and the prevalence of preventable childhood diseases. (Keeley, Little and Zuehlke, 2019).
Prevalence
With 1,360 maternal deaths for every 100,000 births, Sierra Leone has the highest maternal mortality rate in the world. (Trani et al.,2011).
Five new cases of Ebola were reported per hour on October 2, 2014, in Sierra Leone. A doubling of the diseased population was assumed to have occurred every 20 days.
(Richards et al.,2015.
The regional average for obesity is 20.7 per cent for women and 9.2 percent for men. However, the rates in Sierra Leone are lower. However, 7.6 percent of adult women and 8.3 percent of adult males are predicted to have diabetes.
(Maust et al.,2015). .
Presentation
Premature death, defined as dying before 70, affects around 63 percent of Sierra Leoneans (Trani et al.,2011).
From its first detection in February 2014 in Guinea, the Ebola virus illness rapidly expanded to Sierra Leone, with the first case reported on May 25 2014. By October 17, 2014, the epidemic had spread to all districts, infecting a total of 3,097 individuals, including at least 124 healthcare personnel (HCW)
More than half, that is 57 percent , of all deaths in children under five in Sierra Leone can be attributed to malnutrition. Still, the country's health ministry and government officials have begun working to reduce this horrifying statistic by signing the Nutrition for Growth agreement and becoming part of the Scaling Up Nutrition initiative.
Social Determinants
Transportation, housing, and education are all examples of social determinants of health (SDOH) that may affect individual and population health. Differentiating SDOH using Z Codes may enhance the precision of therapy and healthcare access.
The connection between weddings, deaths, and tenure is explored in detail. Attending a funeral increases one's chance of contracting an illness. Changing local patterns of behavio.
Nevada profile 2015 stda re'port for cdc#GOMOJO, INC.
Core practices that are moving from a pilot state to implementation at scale: Many of the
barriers facing HIV programs are common across countries. PEPFAR’s ECTs (described below in
Sections 2.3.2 and 2.3.3) identified common issues affecting countries at various levels of
epidemic control and then developed a compendium of evidence-based solutions, approaches
and case-studies that highlight successful means of addressing common barriers. Additional
evidence-based approaches and case-studies will be incorporated into this living compendium
over time. As highlighted in this PEPFAR Solutions Platform, these practices can be rapidly
adapted and scaled to move countries forward.
Key considerations for all PEPFAR programs include:
• Bringing Interventions to Scale with Fidelity: Getting to HIV epidemic control is dependent on
several factors; not the least of which is the ability to rapidly scale successful interventions with
fidelity and demonstrated impact. However, the logistics of cost- effective programmatic scale
have proven challenging, with several implementation barriers. Implementation science
defines scalability as the capacity to expand or extend an intervention to account for a growth
factor that aims to fill a gap or address unmet need in a defined population group/geographic
area.
• Data and Information Technology: The enabling environment for data and information
technology is rapidly maturing across countries, creating space, opportunity, and needed
political will to harness the Data Revolution for epidemic control. OUs should consider
innovative ways to use data and information technology to improve efficiency and
sustainability in achieving epidemic control, beyond immediate PEPFAR indicator data
collection needs. As highlighted in the Data Revolution Innovation Toolkit, available on the
PEPFAR SharePoint, OUs are encouraged to explore, adapt, and scale these and other data
driven approaches to move country epidemic control forward.
Running Head HIVAIDS1HIVAIDS2Project Proposal Aw.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: HIV/AIDS
1
HIV/AIDS
2
Project Proposal: Awareness on HIV/AIDS in South American States
Dayana Lewandowski
Florida International University
Introduction to the Problem
Introduction to the Problem
Problem to be addressed. The first cases of AIDS in the United States were reported in New Yolk City and Los Angeles in 1981, but since then the epicenter of the country's HIV epidemic has shifted to the District of Columbia and the 16 states that make up the South, from urban centers. Today, the South is the most affected region and carries the greatest burden of HIV illnesses, deaths, and infection than any other region in the U.S, Rosenberg et al. (2015) reports.
Problem subtopic. Southern states alone account for 44 percent of all individuals infected with HIV in the U.S; surprisingly the region has approximately one-third of the overall population in the U.S. Southern states experience internal disparities due to their geographical position. The majority of people living with HIV live in urban areas just like the rest of the nation, Abara et al. (2015).
Possible Causes and Maintaining Forces
Cause. Unique socioeconomic factors in the South are the primary cause of the heavy burden of HIV. Poverty, poorer health facilities, income inequality, have been more prevalent in the Southern states than the rest of the country. These conditions are not unique to HIV and, overall, the populations in the region have long experienced poorer health outcomes. Among the health challenges are higher rates of diabetes, cancer, obesity as well as infant mortality compared to other areas, Hall et al. (2015) highlight.
Cause. Cultural factors and social barriers also contribute to worsening HIV infection in the South of the United States. Issues such as transphobia, homophobia, racism as well as a lack of openness in discussing sexuality in public are more common in the South, and they result in higher levels of stigma, limiting people's willingness to look for HIV testing, prevention, and care services. The challenges also restrict access to sexual health information which is critical to enable individuals to protect themselves from infection, according to Reif et al. (2015). Many people in South America are fearful or ignorant of HIV. Transgender women and men who have sex with men face high levels of discrimination and stigma putting them at risk of homicide and crimes. Since 2008, about 1,200 transgender individuals have been killed in South America. Furthermore, 44-70 percent of transgender women have expressed the need to relocate or were thrown out of their homes (Skarbinski et al., 2015).
Why the problem persists. The South experiences higher HIV diagnosis rates in rural and suburban areas that other regions countrywide. In this case, there are various drawbacks to HIV prevention efforts in this area, Abara et al. (2015) comments.
Why the problem persists. Compared to other regions, many Southerners living with HIV are not awar ...
It is a known factor that HIV AIDS is unevenly evade the several r.pdfanikkothari1
It is a known factor that HIV / AIDS is unevenly evade the several region of the world’s
population. To understand that what those factors are responsible for the uneven distribution of
HIV / AIDS are explained below.
Economic Reason:
There are many countries in the world which are majorly known as Un developed, Developing
and Developed countries. The economic reason behind these major factors are uneven
distribution of natural resources, under education are some of them to list out. Since undeveloped
countries are lacking education as well as poverty; disease such as AIDS are more prevalent in
these regions. In the underdeveloped countries it is seen that as an estimated 70,000 teenaged
girls die each year during pregnancy and even the childbirth and more than one million infants
born to adolescent girls die before their first birthday. This is because of health consequences in
the teenage pregnancies are forced to their death sentence in poorest countries. Studies revealed
that about 2 millions or more of them suffered chronic illness or disabilities, shame and
abandonment in the underdeveloped countries. It is also seen that each year 2.2 to 4 million
adolescents option to unsafe abortions. This can be said that the adolescent pregnancy and
childbearing have distinct and important damaging consequences at global, societal and personal
levels in the world.
Cultural Reason:
In the world the cultural and sexual practices between the religions are different. There are
majorly two groups of population the low prevalence group is largely Muslim and the high
prevalence group is largely non-Muslim. Some of the factors like drug abuse, homosexuality,
extramarital and premarital sex are strongly prohibited in Muslim religion. The major impact of
cultural reason as religion can be clearly seen from the HIV prevalence in South Africa and
Uganda and by the difference that the classification and listing of HIV may change across the
national borders. The studies showed that the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence countries in sub-
Saharan are Swaziland (25.9%), Botswana (24.8%) and Lesotho (23.6%). The conservative
explanation is that the syndrome has increase in the heterosexually into neighbouring and
affluent South Africa (17.8%). It is known that the Botswana is almost bordered to the north by
low prevalence Angola (2%). It is seen reasonably and perhaps surprisingly consistent that the
HIV/AIDS cases are especially in association between the high prevalence in non-Muslim and
lower prevalence in predominantly Muslim countries.
Geographic reasons:
It has been observed that the geography of HIV infection in Africa having the highest incidence
rates of HIV / AIDS reported has varied features at each scale. The transmission of the
HIV/AIDS is oriented preferentially according to axes and poles where the virus spread out
because of local environmental factors which were found favourable conditions to dissemination.
It can be understand that the local combination .
Similar to Community Profile of HIV AIDS within Atlanta Georgia (20)
It is a known factor that HIV AIDS is unevenly evade the several r.pdf
Community Profile of HIV AIDS within Atlanta Georgia
1. 1
Community Portfolio of HIV/AIDS within
Atlanta, Georgia
Spring 2016
Akel, Mary
If any portion of this paper is used for reports or other publications, please use the following
reference: Akel, M. & Parrish, B. (2016). Community Profile of HIV/AIDS within Atlanta,
Georgia. Unpublished paper.
2. 2
Community Profile of Metro Atlanta, Fulton and Dekalb Counties, Georgia
Identification of Relevant Geographic Characteristics
The Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is a densely settled region that encompasses
over five million people across 28 Georgia Counties.1
Atlanta is one of the largest urban centers
in the Southeastern U.S. and a hub of African American culture.2-4
In the early 1900s, it became
home to several elite black colleges, the Civil Rights movement, and prosperous black middle
and upper classes.5
Atlanta’s geographical placement within the nation is notorious for its
religious undertones, socioeconomic trends, and unique cultural norms.6
These Southern
attributes along with the complexity of a racially diverse urban environment play a major role in
creating complex public health issues within the Metro Atlanta area.7
Identification of Relevant Demographic Characteristics
In 2014, the population of inner perimeter Atlanta was approximately 465,002.8
While gender
distribution is equally spread, Atlanta is racially unbalanced with 54% of the population
identified as African American, 38.4% as Caucasian, and 5.2% as Latino.8
Atlanta ranks 19th
among MSAs for percent of the population identified as LGBT and 9th
for number of same-sex
couples per 1,000 households.9
Furthermore, African Americans make up a higher proportion of
the LGBT population in the South compared to any other region of the US.10
These
demographics are both independently related and correlated with disproportionate health
burdens.11, 12
Identification of Relevant Socioeconomic Characteristics
The Metro Atlanta area is comprised of DeKalb and Fulton Counties. Among DeKalb and Fulton
County residents, 32% and 37%, respectively, live at or below 250 percent of the Federal
Poverty Level (FPL); additionally, 23% of DeKalb and 19% of Fulton County individuals are
uninsured.13
The unemployment rate for both counties in 2015 was 5.2%, slightly higher than the
national average of 4.8%, and a 2013 Census Report found 6,664 individuals living on the street
in the Metro Atlanta, DeKalb, and Fulton County areas combined.14, 15
Homeless individuals are
disproportionately more likely to be adult, African American men, a population that is also at
higher risk for poor health indicators and susceptibility to disease.16, 17
3. 3
Comparison of Characteristics to Surrounding Communities, State, and National Statistics
A socio-demographic comparison of Atlanta to both the surrounding state of Georgia and the rest
of the nation highlights significant differences in many areas. A higher proportion of Atlanta’s
population is below the FPL, unemployed, and uninsured compared to statewide and national
figures.8, 14
Furthermore, Georgia ranks 36th
in the nation for health care access, and
approximately 650,000 residents lack basic health resources in the Atlanta MSA alone.18
Racially
Atlanta is more diverse than the national population; over half of the Atlanta MSA identifies as
Black or African American in 2010 compared to just 12.6% nationwide.8
Identified Health Issues in Metro Atlanta
Community Health Status Indicators (CHSI) for 2012 recorded syphilis rates for both Fulton and
DeKalb Counties that were much higher than the national average.19, 20
Similar trends held true
for rates of gonorrhea in both counties, citing 329.8 per 100,000 persons in Fulton County and
266.9 per 100,000 persons in DeKalb County.19, 20
Most startling, however, is the rate of persons
living with diagnosed HIV in these areas. In 2011, Fulton County reported 1365.9 HIV
diagnoses per 100,000 persons and DeKalb County recorded 1203.8 per 100,000 persons
compared to a rate of 105.5 per 100,000 persons nationwide.19, 20
Pre-existing STIs as well as
income level are two factors that influence an individual’s risk of HIV infection.21, 22
Health Indicator #1: Pre-existing STI’s are proven to increase a person’s risk of HIV
infection.21, 23
The prevalence of chlamydia among DeKalb and Fulton County residents
in 2014 was 642.5 per 100,000 persons and 668.0 per 100,000 persons, respectively.24
Health Indicator #2: Income level reflects health care access, and lack of health resources
is a strong predictor of disease.22
The total percentage of Metro Atlanta residents living
below FPL between 2009-2013 was 25.0%. 8
Evaluation of Health Issues and Indicators Based on Detailed Characteristics
In 2013, Atlanta was one of the top five MSAs with the highest rates of HIV diagnoses.25
Both
Fulton and DeKalb Counties had HIV prevalence rates at least three times higher than the
statewide average in 2013.26
Georgia was also ranked 9th
among the 50 states for rates of
chlamydia infection.27
Chlamydia prevalence for DeKalb and Fulton Counties were even higher,
reporting at about 1.25 times the statewide statistic.24
The percentage of people living in poverty
4. 4
in the Atlanta MSA is higher than the 2014 national poverty rate of 14.8%, and African
American, LGBT individuals inhabit a significant proportion of the population relative to other
urban areas. 8, 9, 28
Men who have sex with other men (MSM) are more severely affected by
HIV/AIDS and other STIs compared to any other demographic group in the U.S.29
MSM who
identify with a marginalized racial group or occupy a lower economic status are at even higher
risk for poor health outcomes.30
Literature Supporting the Link Between Health Issues and Indicators
Pre-existing STI’s are proven to increase one’s risk for contracting HIV.23
STIs not only indicate
risky sexual behaviors, but are also proven to biologically alter a person’s risk of infection.21, 31
When left untreated, non-ulcerative STIs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea can significantly
increase risk of HIV infection and are most common among low-income individuals who have
little access to health insurance or clinical care. 21, 22, 32
Identify the Disease Most in Need of Attention in Metro Atlanta
The significant number of HIV risk factors affecting communities in the Atlanta MSA highlights
HIV/AIDS as one of the most urgent public health issues. Figure 1 shows that HIV prevalence
has steadily risen in this area over the last decade.33
Conclusion
Given its racial diversity, prevalent LGBT population, Southern ideology, and socioeconomic
disparities, Metro Atlanta faces complex public health burdens. However, the issue of HIV/AIDS
Figure 1. HIV Prevalence over time in Fulton County, GA
Source: Fulton County Task Force On HIV/Aids33
5. 5
can be met by targeting measurable indicators, namely pre-existing STIs and income level.
Epidemiology Profile of HIV/AIDS in Metro Atlanta, DeKalb and Fulton Counties, Georgia
Background on HIV/AIDS
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) originated when SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus)
was transmitted across species from non-human primates. 34
The virus attacks specialized immune cells in the
human body, destroying them until they are no longer able to fight off further infections; this condition is commonly referred to as Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome, or AIDS.35, 36
HIV is transmitted via mucous membrane contact with body fluids
of infected individuals, occurring most often during unprotected anal or vaginal sex.37, 38
HIV can
be asymptomatic or produce very generalized symptoms; as a result, diagnostic testing is the
only method of screening for the virus. 39, 40
Nearly a third of HIV transmissions occurred in 2012
because individuals were unaware of their status.41
Since 2005, HIV prevalence rates have
steadily declined nationwide; however, it remains one of the largest health burdens for the
African American community.42
While only 12% of the US population identifies as Black, this
demographic contributes to 44% of new HIV/AIDS diagnoses.42
Epidemiological Profile of HIV/AIDS in Metro Atlanta
Over half of those living with HIV in Atlanta identify as African American.43
The HIV rate
among African American males in Atlanta is 4.1 times greater than that of White males.44
This
disparity is even more pronounced among females with African American women experiencing
14.3 times the rate of HIV infection relative to White females.44
LGBT populations are also
disproportionately affected by high rates of infection.29
At the end of 2012, DeKalb and Fulton
Counties reported that 83.7% and 78.5% of HIV cases, respectively, among males were
attributed to MSM contact.45
A further examination of Atlanta by zip code shows that those areas
with highest HIV rates also have the highest percentages of people living in poverty.43
Description of HIV/AIDS Using Epidemiological Data
Incidence: The HIV incidence rate, defined as number of new diagnoses within a specific
period of time, in the Atlanta MSA was 42.5 per 100,000 persons for 2013.46
Prevalence: The rate of persons in 2012 living with HIV in the Atlanta MSA was 584.4
per 100,000.46
Morbidity: Comorbidities highly associated with HIV infection include susceptibility to
6. 6
other STIs such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis.21, 23
In 2013, Metro Atlanta had a
chlamydia prevalence of 301/100,000 population, a gonorrhea rate of 99.9/100,000
population, and a syphilis rate of 14.5/100,000 population.47-49
Mortality: The number of males in Metro Atlanta who died in 2012 while living with a
diagnosed HIV infection was 14.2 per 100,000 persons.46
Among females, the number
was 4.8 per 100,000 persons.46
Comparison of Local Epidemiological Data to National, State, and Local Data
The national prevalence of HIV diagnosis in 2012 was estimated at 467 infections per 100,000
persons.41
Data from 2011 indicates that DeKalb and Fulton Counties individually had estimated
HIV prevalence rates of 1203.8 per 100,000 persons and 1365.9 per 100,000 persons,
respectively.19, 20
In 2014, approximately 27.4 new HIV diagnoses occurred per 100,000 in the
U.S. as a whole compared to 42.5 per 100,000 new diagnoses in the Atlanta MSA.46, 50
Additionally, the mortality rate for males in Atlanta living with diagnosed HIV was 1.5 times
that of the national statistic in 2013.46, 50
Visual Depiction of HIV/AIDS
The figure below illustrates the distribution of HIV diagnoses in the Atlanta MSA by race.43
HIV/AIDS disproportionately affects African Americans in Metro Atlanta and statewide.43
/
Impact of HIV/AIDS on Metro Atlanta
High rates of HIV infections can stunt economic growth by slowing or even reversing the labor
Source: Georgia Department of Public Health 43
Figure 2. Distribution of HIV Diagnoses by Race in Metro Atlanta, 2011
7. 7
supply as well as dwindling long-term investments as a result of increased HIV/AIDS health
expenditures.51
The greatest burden of HIV/AIDS may also selectively affect low-income
populations, further halting economic growth and deepening poverty in these areas.51
High rates
of HIV coupled with a deficiency of widely available HIV screening programs and services has
led to increased mortality rates. Estimated survival times after a single AIDS-defining episode
can range from 3-51 months.52
However, it takes at least 8 to 10 years to develop AIDS after an
initial HIV infection.52
Atlanta in particular has a high percentage of late HIV diagnoses; in 2012,
29.4% of patients developed AIDS within the first 12 months of initial HIV diagnoses.44
Evidence Supporting Long Term Attention to HIV/AIDS
Currently, Atlanta is attempting to widen the availability of HIV screening. In 2013 Grady
Hospital became the first major health facility to offer routine testing to all ER patients
regardless of the reason for their visit.53
Additionally, the CDC allocated over 18 million dollars
to the Fulton County health department, colleges, and community organizations for HIV/AIDS
prevention and research.53
However, in order to address the issue of disproportionate health
burdens, both individual health behaviors and social determinants of health should be targeted.54
Previous public health strategies in this community described a period of two to three years to
see measurable behavior change.55
Possible Approaches to Address HIV/AIDS
From a behavioral standpoint, improved sexual education and awareness of HIV transmission
directly address common HIV risk behaviors. However the larger issues of poverty, lack of
widely available HIV screening and other health services, stigma, homophobia, and racial
discrimination are also important targets for decreasing HIV incidence among African
Americans in Metro Atlanta.54, 56
By using social cognitive theory, both personal factors and
environmental influences can be addressed to create measurable progress, particularly by
decreasing unprotected sex, increasing HIV screening, and increasing self-efficacy.
Conclusion
Given the subtle biological pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS, high prevalence rates within Metro
Atlanta compared to national statistics, and disproportionate health burden on the African
American MSM community, HIV/AIDS in Atlanta is best addressed by targeting both individual
8. 8
behaviors and institutionalized social determinants of health.
Landscape Scan of HIV/AIDS in Metro Atlanta, Fulton and DeKalb Counties, Georgia
Community Awareness of HIV/AIDS
The ongoing HIV epidemic in the Southeastern U.S., particularly in Atlanta, has attracted
monthly coverage from news outlets like The Washington Post and National Public Radio as
well as a responsive influx of organizations working to address HIV/AIDS related issues.57-59
In
Atlanta alone, approximately fifteen separate organizations are working to increase access to
HIV related resources and address barriers to health services. Most of these organizations, such
as AID Atlanta, MISTER (Men’s Information Services: Testing Empowerment Resources),
NAESM (National AIDS Education & Services for Minorities), and SisterLove, Inc., attempt to
provide basic HIV/AIDS and STI testing, primary care services, mental and emotional
counseling, and other instructional resources.60-63
Some programs directly target specific
populations such as gay and bisexual men, women of African descent, or underserved and
marginalized communities as a whole.61, 63-64
These organizations work not only to provide health
resources, but also ensure that infected individuals facilitate independent and productive lives by
providing occupational support like temporary housing, long-term housing placement, and job
placement. 65-67
Of the HIV/AIDS related non-profit enterprises in Metro Atlanta, about 25%
focus specifically on providing transitional and long-term housing services for those affected.62,
65-67
In addition to community-based HIV/AID efforts, social awareness activities and
government funded programs have also bolstered the movement. In 2014, the Fulton County
Board of Commissioners created a special task force that addressed individuals’ access to
treatment, transportation, housing, prevention, and other issues as they relate to HIV/AIDS.68
Atlanta also hosts an annual AIDS Walk and 5K Run as well as the CDC National HIV
Prevention Conference and other health awareness events.69-71
Stakeholders Addressing HIV/AIDS in Metro Atlanta
Current stakeholders addressing the HIV epidemic in Atlanta include community-based profit
and non-profit organizations, local government committees and programs, and financial support
from both the CDC and the federal government.
Stakeholder Profile 1: AID Atlanta is a non-profit, community based organization (CBO)
9. 9
that was established in 1982 in response to rapidly rising HIV incidence rates among gay
and bisexual men in the Metro Atlanta area.60
In the last three decades, its target population
has expanded to include all those living with the infection, at risk for developing an
infection, or unaware of their HIV status.60, 72
The organization offers these individuals
medical services such as primary care and testing for both HIV and other STI’s, medication
assistance, behavioral and clinical prevention options, and housing services.73
Stakeholder Profile 2: The Fulton County Health Department has been working to address
increased HIV prevalence since 2012 when the CDC provided additional funding for
HIV/AIDS prevention and research.53, 74
In conjunction with this increased financial
support, Fulton County’s Department of Health and Wellness paired up with the Fulton
Communicable Disease Prevention Branch and developed a High Impact HIV Prevention
Program (HIPP), which outlined four main directives: 1) HIV testing in both healthcare and
non-healthcare settings, 2) HIV prevention interventions, 3) condom distribution, and 4)
policy initiatives.74
in 2014, the newly created Fulton County Task Force on HIV/AIDS
submitted a Strategy to End AIDS in Fulton County. The objectives outlines in this
Strategy closely mirrored those of the HIPP and the 2020 National HIV/AIDS Strategy
(NHAS). 33
Stakeholder Profile 3: Someone Cares Inc. of Atlanta (S1C) is a 501(c)3 non-profit
organization addressing the multi-faceting nature of HIV/AIDs by taking a holistic
approach.64
S1C not only runs an Early Detection Intervention Clinic that provides
screening procedures and PrEP treatment, but also educates and empowers at risk
populations, spearheads an anti-stigma campaign among African American MSM,
implements behavioral intervention programs, offers mental health services, and represents
a strong network of HIV/AIDS related community support.75
State and Local Initiatives to Address HIV/AIDS
Along with community stakeholders, state and local initiatives have been created to address
HIV/AIDS and related issues. The Fulton County Health Department is targeting HIV screening
availability, condom distribution, and legislative policies that align with HIV prevention
efforts.74
CBOs are working to decrease stigma, increase social support, and provide access to
resources, especially within marginalized populations.60, 75
10. 10
Initiative 1: Fulton County’s HIPP has increased condom distribution among at risk
populations in Fulton and DeKalb counties by 10% annually since 2013.74
In order to
increase the number of clinical and non-clinical sites offering condom distributions, Fulton
County made free condoms available, actively recruited enterprises that serve HIV-positive
persons and high risk negative persons, and developed campaigns to promote regular and
correct condom use.74
Initiative 2: On a state level, the Georgia Campaign for Adolescent Power & Potential
(GCAPP) is Working to Institutionalize Sex Education, or WISE.76
Aside from advocacy,
the WISE initiative helps school districts select sexual health curriculum, train teachers,
educate parents, and provides technical assistance with implementation of comprehensive
sexual education in elementary, middle, and high schools.76
Barriers to Addressing HIV/AIDS
Addressing the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Atlanta involves overcoming both physical barriers like
lack of widespread screening as well as underlying, social determinants such as racism,
discrimination, stigma, health inequity, poverty, cultural values, and disparities in education and
access to resources.77-79
These structural inequalities make certain at risk populations more likely
to engage in behaviors that lead to HIV infection and then less likely to receive diagnosis and
treatment of the disease.80
Evidence of Stakeholder Involvement in Addressing the Barriers
In 2015, the Fulton County Task Force on HIV/AIDS published a progress report for their
Strategy to End AIDS in Fulton County.81
In order to assess disease burden in the community,
identify barriers to HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention, and characterize the culture and
population that are most directly affected by the disease, the Task Force collected a variety of
data including surveys from communities within Metro Atlanta and records from ongoing
disease surveillance.81
AID Atlanta also actively participates in community engagement by
promoting participation in focus groups and research studies, both clinical and behavioral.82
Conclusion
While awareness about the HIV epidemic in Atlanta is increased and a number of community-
supported and government-funded programs are addressing the issue, the many cultural,
11. 11
structural, and clinical barriers to HIV emphasize the need for both smaller local and state
initiatives as well as larger, collaborative interventions that specifically target those populations
at high risk for the infection.
Cultural Analysis of HIV/AIDS in Metro Atlanta, DeKalb and Fulton Counties, GA
Data Collection Process Used to Identify Cultural Issues in Metro Atlanta
Data collection began with a simple Internet search to identify common cultural themes in the
Atlanta area, including religious attitudes, political ideology, and racial composition. From there,
Fulton and DeKalb County Health Department Websites and literature databases were utilized to
identify more specific resources, collect reliable data, and find cited literature on cultural issues
both within Metro Atlanta as well as in the Southeastern U.S. as a whole. The Pew Research
Center, CDC website, U.S. Census Bureau publications, local area news articles, and HIV/AIDS
CBO websites provided the bulk of cultural knowledge.
General Cultural Issues in Metro Atlanta
Due to its metropolitan nature and ethnically diverse population, Atlanta is a cultural melting pot.
However, this city is geographically located within the Deep South, a region of the U.S. with
unique cultural constructs, including political conservatism, rural poverty, racial discrimination,
and devout religious faith.83-85
The Southern U.S. houses over half of all members of Evangelical
Protestant Churches in the U.S.83
Despite its diversity, 76% of Atlanta residents identify as
Christian and 33% of those individuals align themselves specifically with Evangelical
Protestantism.86
A trend of social conservatism accompanies this religious presence and recent
polling indicates that within the metropolitan area 33% of individuals believe homosexuality
should be discouraged and 44% strongly oppose gay marriage.87
Additionally, census
information reveals that while over half of the nation’s black population lived in the Southern
U.S. in 2010, racial discrimination on both a personal and an institutional level are more
prominent in the Southern states than anywhere else in the country. 88-90
Cultural Issues Tied to HIV/AIDS
A historic background of two prominent cultural issues will allow us to explore HIV in Atlanta
on a deeper level.
12. 12
Historic Background of Ethnic Wealth Disparity: Wealth inequality in the U.S. peaked
during the Great Depression of 1989.91
Despite a sharp subsequent decline, the ethnic
wealth gap has steadily risen again over the past two decades, with the median wealth of
white households reaching 13 times that of African American households and 10 times
that of Latino households in 2013.91, 92
Income inequity reflects a similar trend; household
income among families of color fell by 9% from 2010 to 2013 compared to a 1%
decrease in income for non-Hispanic, White households. 93
Historic Background of Religious Faith: Georgia was one of the original thirteen colonies
to rebel again British rule in the Revolutionary War and quickly became known as a
“melting pot” due to it’s religious diversity.94
By the 1900s, the largest religious groups in
Atlanta were the Baptists and the Methodists, and Evangelicalism began to dominate the
religious stage.95, 96
The spectrum of religious diversity is much wider in present day
Atlanta due to an ethnically diverse population and changing views around religion in the
last decade; however, Evangelical Christians still make up a large proportion of the
surrounding population of Georgia, including less urban areas surrounding the city.97, 98
Primary Barriers to Addressing the Cultural Issues
HIV-related stigma is one of the largest barriers to treatment among both HIV-infected
individuals and the community at large.99
Stigma often stems from prejudice about
homosexuality and other socially unaccepted behaviors, such as having multiple sexual partners
and injection drug use.100, 101
Homosexuality is often even more of an issue in communities of
color where being gay is a sign of weakness and opposes traditional gender roles in both African
American and Latino populations. 102, 103
Institutionalized racism and the undervaluing of
communities of color also leads to a cycle of poverty among these populations, ever widening
the gap of ethnic wealth inequality.104, 105
Specific Example of Community Program to Address Cultural Issues
Someone Cares Inc. of Atlanta supports an ongoing Anti-Stigma Social Marketing and Outreach
Campaign tailored specifically for the African American MSM community. 106
Aside from
HIV/AIDS specific initiatives, state and regional organizations such as Georgia Equality, the
Southern Poverty Law Center, and Georgia NAACP are working to address cultural issues such
13. 13
as racial discrimination, homophobia, human rights, and ethnic disparities in income level. 107-109
Ability of Specific Members of Metro Atlanta to Address the Cultural Issues
Specific members of the Atlanta community spend their time addressing these cultural issues.
Elected Leader: The leader of cultural change in Atlanta is Dr. Carlos Del Rio, a
professor at Emory University’s School of Medicine. 108
Dr. Carlos leads both clinical
and public health efforts to address the spread of HIV/AIDS and the cultural issues that
exacerbate it.108
Community Leader: Other than the elected leader, community-based leadership falls to
Clinton E. Dye, Chair of the Fulton County Department of Health and Wellness. 109
Dye
is not only a native of Metro Atlanta, he’s also been an advocate for social change within
the community and dedicated his career to public service in the fields of social work,
mental health, and the Atlanta area Urban League.109
Organization: PFLAG Atlanta advocates for community support and understanding of
LGBT individuals and offers resources for understanding homosexuality in the context of
religious faith.110
Consumer: 23-year-old LaMar Yarborough is an Atlanta resident living with HIV. He’s a
community organizer and has been very vocal about his experience with the diagnoses,
citing the segregation of communities, both by color and by income class, as one reason
HIV awareness and prevention efforts aren’t actively practiced within high risk
populations. 111, 112
Advocate: Advocates of cultural change within Atlanta include NAACP Board Chairman
Horace Bond and Founder of Someone Cares Inc. of Atlanta, Ronnie E. Bass. 113, 114
Ways to Prepare Metro Atlanta to Address Cultural Issues
In order for Atlanta to move forward with addressing cultural issues, collaborative leadership
must take place.115
The piece of collaborative leadership that is most important in addressing the
HIV epidemic in Metro Atlanta is sharing power and influence.115
Local CBOs and governmental
agencies are progressively working to fight HIV/AIDs; however, unifying this network of
people, organizations, and communities is key to managing the AIDS epidemic.115
14. 14
Conclusion
After a thorough investigation, research indicates that religious conviction, racial discrimination,
ethnic income inequity, and social conservatism are influential cultural themes within Metro
Atlanta, many of which also affect the spread and prevention of HIV/AIDS within this
community.
Prevention and Community Health Profile of HIV/AIDS in Metro Atlanta, Georgia
Interventions and Programs
Evidence-Based Interventions Recognized as Efficacious in Addressing Health Indicators
Two health indicators strongly correlated with HIV incidence are pre-existing STIs and income
level.21, 22
Examples of STI interventions include Focus on Youth, Healthy Love, and Project
START, which target behaviors like correct condom use, healthy sexual relationships, and
regular screening among various populations.116
Interventions addressing income disparity are
much more varied since there are so many factors linked to poverty. One example, however, is
Career Academics, which offers courses to low-income high school students in order improve
academic standing and teach career/technical skills.117
A variety of other programs also work to
increase access to preventative screenings and medical services for underserved populations.118,
119
Evidence-Based Interventions Recognized as Efficacious in Addressing HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDs related interventions span a wide range of target populations and address the disease
in multiple ways.120
Some focus on specific behavior changes while others tackle ideological
elements of the disease.120
The CDC is aggressively fighting HIV/AIDS through their High
Impact Prevention (HIP) initiative, which provides resources, materials, and funding for many
existing evidence-based interventions.120
Metro Atlanta Programs Addressing HIV/AIDS
Several evidence-based HIV/AIDS interventions and community-based programs are currently
implemented in the Atlanta MSA.
Evidence-Based Intervention 1: The Healthy Love Workshop (HLW) is an innovative
group-level program that targets behaviors like number of sexual partners, condom use,
and HIV/AIDS testing among Black women.121
HLW is currently implemented by
15. 15
SisterLove, Inc., a CBO addressing women’s AIDS and reproductive justice.121
Evidence-Based Intervention 2: Healthy Relationships (HR) is evidence-based
intervention implemented by AID Atlanta that targets HIV positive men and women.122
The program utilizes small group workshops to strengthen self-efficacy, develop coping
skills for HIV/AIDS related issues, and provide guidance for building and maintaining
healthy relationships with family members, loved ones, and romantic partners.122
Observed Effects of the Intervention on Addressing the Health Indicators and HIV/AIDS
HLW addresses the challenges that Black women face regarding STD transmission and the
HIV/AIDS epidemic.121
Intervention workshops discuss the risk of individual behaviors as well
as risk posed by the communities in which these women live and provide guidance on
overcoming barriers.121
HR addresses the importance of supportive social networks and
relationships and reduces stigma by helping HIV positive individuals cope and communicate
with loved ones about their disease status.123
Barriers to Current Program
HLW was specifically developed for African American women and HR focuses on those
individuals already identified as HIV positive.121, 124
While the populations targeted by HLW and
HR struggle with unmet needs, African American MSM presents one of the most at-risk and
underserved communities in the fight against HIV/AIDS.30
Furthermore, given the large
proportion of individuals unaware of their HIV status, public health programs should prioritize
prevention and awareness.41
Cultural ideologies within Atlanta present another barrier to
HIV/AIDS health; evangelical religious beliefs and social conservatism both directly and
indirectly affect health outcomes.78, 87
Identification of Additional Evidence-Based Intervention
Many Men, Many Voices, or 3MV, is an evidence-based intervention that targets HIV and STD
risk reduction among African American MSM.125
The intervention uses small group support and
educational modules to increase HIV knowledge and discuss the social determinants of
HIV/AIDS, namely racial discrimination, homophobia, and disease related stigma.125
Justification of Evidence-Based Intervention for Target Population: 3MV was
specifically designed for the African American MSM community.126
3MV addresses and
incorporates culturally specific barriers and issues. Furthermore, two trained members of
16. 16
the community lead group sessions.126
Organization Best Suited to Implement the New Intervention: Due to convenient
physical placement in the target community and extensive previous work with HIV/AIDS
related issues, AID Atlanta is the organization best suited to implement this
intervention.127
Previous successes include not only other evidence-based intervention
activities but also ongoing access to primary care resources and social support services.124
Budgeting and Program Plan
Proposed Intervention
The proposed intervention is a group level prevention program called Many Men, Many Voices
(3MV). 127
3MVaddresses both individual risk behaviors and social determinants that influence
health outcomes in the target population, namely cultural and religious norms, the relationship
between HIV and other STIs and STDs, racism and homophobia, and dynamics within sexual
and romantic relationships.127
Organizational Plan for 3MV
The executive director role for 3MV will be the existing executive director of AID Atlanta,
Nicole Roebuck. Roebuck will devote a small portion of her time to oversight of 3MV budgeting
operations, ensuring that all line items are accounted for and distributed according to the terms of
funding. The 3MV program manager will communicate with the executive director about all
financial decisions as well as coordinate with AID Atlanta staff, hire the two other program
employees, prepare intervention materials, maintain data collection, and oversee implementation.
The program coordinator and recruiter will play a dual role as group facilitators and will report to
the program manager.
Identification of SMART Goals and Objectives for 3MV
Objectives of 3MV include increased participant knowledge of HIV risk behaviors and
interaction between HIV and other STDs, enhanced self-efficacy in decreasing HIV risk
behaviors, and development of alternative behavioral options for sexually risky activities.126
Work Plan: Before the program begins, group facilitators will attend a 4-day, CDC
supported HIP training session.128, 129
After the training session, staff will begin recruiting
for the first intervention cycle by promoting the intervention to those utilizing AID
17. 17
Atlanta services as well as traveling off-site to at-risk neighborhoods in order to
physically distribute promotional information in highly trafficked areas. The first
intervention cycle will begin a week after recruitment with Session 1 led by the two
group facilitators. Each of the seven sessions will be held twice weekly (one at each AID
Atlanta location) during the intervention cycle. After the seventh session, there will be a
recruitment week for cycle two. This pattern will continue for a total of 6 cycles over 12
months.
Health Outcomes for the Target Population
Participation in 3MV is proven to reduce HIV/STD risk behaviors and improve protective health
activities in the target population.130, 131
Health Outcome 1: Participation in 3MV will result in reduced HIV transmission between
sexual partners.130
This outcome is achieved by decreasing the overall number of sexual
partners and reducing episodes of unprotected anal intercourse with casual male partners,
both of which are behavior changes achieved by men who completed 3MV compared to a
control group of men who were wait-listed for the intervention but never participated.130
Health Outcome 2: 3MV will increase awareness of HIV status and decrease late HIV
diagnoses.130
Men who participate in the intervention had 81% greater odds of screening
for HIV six months after completion than those who did not partake in the study.130
Process Outcomes for the 3MV
Intervention staff in partnership with AID Atlanta will meet program implementation goals in
order to facilitate achievement of the proposed health outcomes.
Process Outcome 1: Program staff will actively recruit 3MV participants from at-risk
neighborhoods by publishing print advertisement in two local media sources, networking
with other CBOs and businesses within the target neighborhoods to garner support, and
verbally advocating enrollment for individuals visiting AID Atlanta.132
Process Outcome 2: Program staff in conjunction with AID Atlanta will implement the 7-
week program six times over 12 months, providing one week of full-time recruitment in
between each intervention cycle.132
18. 18
Budget
This intervention will operate on a total budget of $100,000 to fund 12 months of 3MV
implementation within AID Atlanta. See Appendix A for a detailed layout of 3MV expenses.
Budget Justification
Narrative justification of each item within the 3MV budget plan is described in Appendix B.
Funding Currently Available in Metro Atlanta
The Community Foundation for Greater Atlanta collaborates with the United Way of Greater
Atlanta and Fashion Cares to support an Atlanta AIDS Fund for program implementation and
prevention research.133
Other funding sources include the Elton John AIDS Foundation and the
Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act.134, 135
Possible Funding Sources for the New Intervention: 3MV is supported by the CDC’s
HIP initiative.125
Since it’s induction, the CDC has helped fund implementation of the
program in various communities.125
The Community Foundation for Greater Atlanta as
well as Emory University also support HIV research and often accept grant proposals for
HIV/AIDS related program support.133, 136
Conclusion
Metro Atlanta is a mix of Southern culture, specifically conservative ideology and religious
adherence, as well as racial diversity, urban density, and LGBT activism. The split personality of
this city creates a complexity that influences health on both individual and community levels.
HIV/AIDS is a looming public health issue within the Atlanta MSA, and local statistics double
or even triple state and national averages. The cultural atmosphere within Atlanta coupled with
socioeconomic disparities, racial discrimination, and other HIV-related stigma contribute to the
multi-faceted nature of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Disease incidence along with two closely
related health indicators, namely pre-existing STI’s and income level, are measurable targets
whose data has painted a picture of the disease burden within Metro Atlanta. While on a national
level HIV/AIDS incidence has slowly declined since 2005, the number of new diagnoses in
Atlanta has continued to rise with the largest burden affecting African American MSM.
Currently about two-dozen CBOs and government agencies are working to fight HIV/AIDS in
19. 19
the Atlanta area through evidence-based interventions, awareness campaigns, and community
organized programs. Given the large number of physical and social barriers to HIV prevention,
however, public health needs still exist in the community, especially for those individuals at high
risk of infection. Many Men, Many Voices (3MV) is a group-level HIV/AIDS prevention
intervention specifically designed for African American MSM. 3MV in partnership with AID
Atlanta, an existing partner within the community, can help meet urgent community health
needs.
APPENDIX A: Budget Template
20. 20
Executive Director: Nicole Roebuck
Type of Budget: 3MV Budget
Sponsor: AID Atlanta
Budget Dates: January 1, 2017 - December 31, 2017
$100,000
BASE
% BASE PROJECT PROJECT FRINGE PROJECT
PERSONNEL TITLE EFFORT SALARY SALARY SALARY BENEFITS TOTAL
Salaried Nicole Roebuck Executive Director 5.0% 75,000 $75,500 $3,775 $895 $4,670
Mary Akel Program Manager 20.0% 60,000 $60,400 $12,080 $2,863 $14,943
Frank Ocean Project Coordinator/Group Facilitator40.0% 32,000 $32,853 $13,141 $3,114 $16,255
James Stinson Recruitor/Group Gacilitator 40.0% 32,000 $32,853 $13,141 $3,114 $16,255
#DIV/0! $0 $0 $0
#DIV/0! $0 $0 $0
#DIV/0! $0 $0 $0
#DIV/0! $0 $0 $0
Total FTE (12 months) 1.05
Wages
$0 $0 $0
$0 $0 $0
$0 $0 $0
Total Salaries/Wages/Fringe Benefits: 42,137 9,986 $52,123
OTHER COSTS
Rent, Bldg. Space *** $17,690
Supplies (Furniture, props, and promotional materials) $3,700
Printing and Postage $2,000
Consultant Fees $0
Subcontracts $0
AID Atlanta
Domestic Travel $983
Local Travel $1,026
Meeting / Conf. Expenses $800
Long Distance Telephone $0
Computer Equipment & Software $0
Equipment Maintenance $3,600
Website & Data System $0
Total Other Costs: $29,799
Total Direct Project Costs $81,922
MODIFIED TOTAL DIRECT COSTS $64,232
Sponsor Reimbursed Indirect Costs @ 26% $16,700
TOTAL FUNDING REQUESTED $98,623
APPENDIX B: Narrative Budget Justification
21. 21
AID Atlanta
Many Men, Many Voices (3MV)
CDC/Community Foundation for Greater Atlanta
January 1, 2017 – December 31, 2017
PERSONNEL:
Nicole Roebuck, Executive Director ($75,000). 137
Nicole Roebuck, the current Executive Director of
AID Atlanta will serve as Executive Director of 3MV. Her role will include oversight of 3MV expense
reports, attendance at quarterly intervention staff meetings, and coordination with other staff members
as needed.
Salary Calculation: $75,000/12 x .05 FTE x 12 months = $3,775
Fringe Calculation: $3,775 x .237 = $895
Total: $4,670
Mary Akel, Program Manager ($60,000). 138
The 3MV program manager will lead staff meetings,
plan program curriculum, make purchases for the intervention, provide guidance other staff during
implementation, and help create recruitment strategies.
Salary Calculation: $60,000/12 x .2 FTE x 12 months = $12,080
Fringe Calculation: $12,080 x .237 = $2,863
Total: $14,943
Frank Ocean, Project Coordinator/Group Facilitator ($32,000). 139
The project coordinator will
play a dual role as one of the two group facilitators. He will assign 25% of his effort to guiding two to
three hour group sessions twice weekly for seven weeks during each of six intervention cycles. The
other 15% effort will be spent maintaining a network with partner organizations and enterprises within
target communities, ensuring intervention resources are available before each group session, and
carrying out program retention efforts.
Salary Calculation: $32,000/12 x .4 FTE x 12 months = $13,141
Fringe Calculation: $13,141 x .237 = $3,114
Total: $16,255
22. 22
James Stinson, Recruiter/Group Facilitator ($32,000). 140
The 3MV recruiter will also serve as the
second group facilitator and 25% of his time will again be spent guiding group sessions. During
recruitment weeks in between each cycle, this staff member will work full-time promoting the
intervention both at both AID Atlanta locations and within target communities.
Salary Calculation: $32,000/12 x .4 FTE x 12 months = $13,141
Fringe Calculation: $13,141 x .237 = $3,114
Total: $16,255
Total Personnel $ 42,137
FRINGE BENEFITS: Fringe benefits at AID Atlanta are estimated based on the agreement
negotiated with DHHS. The fringe benefit rate for salaried employees is 23.7%, so each staff member’s
fringe benefit has been calculated using this rate and their projected salary for the 2017 calendar year.
Fringe Benefit Cost $ 9,986
TRAVEL
Domestic Travel - Training: Domestic travel costs were calculated based on transportation and
lodging expenses for two Group Facilitators to attend a CDC-supported High Impact Prevention
Training for 3MV. The training will happen once annually before the first cycle of program
implementation. Each individual is budgeted $400 dollars for three nights of hotel stay and is eligible
for transportation reimbursement equal to 57 cents per mile for up to 40 miles per day of training.
($400 lodging per individual per training = $800) + ([40 miles x $0.57/mile] x 4 days of training x 2
individuals = $182.40) = 982.40
Total Long Distance Travel Cost $ 983
Local Travel - Staff: Local travel costs are calculated based on a reimbursement of 57 cents per mile
to cover both gas and maintenance for the program recruiter’s personal vehicle. The individual is
eligible for this travel reimbursement during full-time recruitment weeks that occur between each
intervention cycle. Since some promotional assignments will require him to travel between each AID
Atlanta location and to many neighborhoods surrounding the Atlanta MSA, 3MV will cover up to 60
miles per day of full-time recruitment work. (6 weeks of full-time recruitment x 5 days per week x [60
miles x $0.57/mile] = $1,026)
23. 23
Total Local Travel Cost $ 1,026
Total Travel Cost $2,008
SUPPLIES: Supplies for 3MV include promotional materials such as advertisement space used for
recruitment as well as props and furniture needed for intervention group sessions. The 3MV budget has
allowed for the purchase of 25 chairs, 12 chairs at each location plus one extra. These chairs will be
used primarily during intervention group sessions and each one will cost no more than $20 according to
the proposed budget allotment (25 chairs x $20/chair = $500). 3MV will also purchase ongoing
advertisement in Atlanta Daily World, a local newspaper, and David Atlanta, an LGBT magazine. The
allotted budget for a small column ad in both based on the average cost of newspaper ads in the area
will be $250 a month ($250/month x 12 months = $3,000). 141, 142
The budget will also allow for an
extra $200 for props and other materials used for role-play and interactive activities during group
sessions.
Total Supply Cost $ 3,700
CONTRACTUAL: No Contractors will be needed
Total Contractual Cost $ 0.00
OTHER COSTS
Consultant: No consultants will be needed
Total Consultant Cost $ 0.00
Rent: Rent calculations are based on cumulative FTE of intervention staff and average monthly rental
costs for the 2017 calendar year. Monthly rent for this time frame is on average about $1490 and staff
use of rental space is about 1.05 FTE.
Total Rent Cost $ 17,690
Website Costs: The only online presence of 3MV will be on the AID Atlanta Program Page where it
will be listed with a brief description, regularly updated meeting times and locations, and contact
information for the intervention Recruiter. Since AID Atlanta already pays for this online space in order
to advertise it’s other ongoing programs, not additional payment is necessary for 3MV.
24. 24
Total Website Cost $ 0.00
Meeting Expenses/Conference Registration Fees: There will be a quarterly meeting for all
intervention-related staff. During this time, the Executive Director of AID Atlanta will be updated on
intervention progress and any unforeseen program issues will be discussed. These meetings will take
place during a normal workday and lunch will be provided. $200 has been allotted for each meeting to
cover the costs of food, drink, conference room space, and print or technological materials.
Total Meeting/Conference Expense $ 800.00
Long Distance Telephone: There will be no long distance telephone costs.
Total Long Distance Telephone Cost $ 0.00
Printing and Postage: Postage will be used for distribution of promotional materials, retention efforts,
and post-intervention outreach. Postage expenses will come to approximately $50 per month for 12
months ($50/month x 12 months = $600). Printing costs will cover materials necessary for the
intervention group sessions, recruitment and advertisement resources, and retention purposes. Colored
prints cost 30 cents per page on average. Participants will be allotted two handouts during each of the 7
group sessions as well as an attendance reminder sent to their home or work address each week during
the intervention cycle ([25 participants x 2 handouts/session x 7 sessions x $0.30/handout = $105/cycle
x 6 cycles = $630] + [25 participants x 1 attendance reminder/session x 7 sessions x $0.30/reminder =
$52.50/cycle x 6 cycles = $315] = $945). The remaining amount will be used during recruitment weeks
to print promotional materials ($455).
Total Printing and Postage Cost $ 2,000
Equipment Maintenance: Equipment maintenance includes the costs of computers, software, and
networking technology as well as maintenance for these resources. The program manager, coordinator,
and recruiter will all have access to one intervention-related computer as well as partial access to other
technologies currently within the AID Atlanta headquarters. 3MV will cover partial costs of wireless
internet services and maintenance for the technology used. This budget is allotted $300 per month for a
total of 12 months.
Total Equipment Maintenance $ 3,600
25. 25
Total Other Cost $ 29,799
INDIRECT COST (IDC): The IDC is calculated at the organization-negotiated rate of 26% for all
activities and personnel. The modified total direct cost calculation, in this case $64,232, is used to
determine the base to which the applicable percentage is applied.
Total Indirect Cost $ 16,700
26. Akel, Mary 26
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