Christina Arredondo
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The document summarizes a health needs assessment conducted in rural communities in Chiapas, Mexico. It provides demographic data showing that most residents are young, have low levels of education, work in farming or as homemakers, and have low incomes. It also reports on residents' self-reported health issues and living conditions. The study aimed to identify health, economic, and social needs to help guide a new healthcare project in the region. Local promoters were trained to administer surveys to gather data on residents' demographics, symptoms, nutrition, living standards, and physical measurements.
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![Name: Christina Arredondo Organization: University of Washington School of Medicine Email: arredonc@u.washington.edu Phone: 510-967-6041 Demographic and Basic Health Needs Assessment in Selected Communities of Siltepec County, Chiapas, Mexico C.J. Arredondo, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 2008 Thomas Francis Jr. Global Health Fellow ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Preliminary analysis of our current data show distinct trends which are essential in helping define the needs of the communities the new PIH health and human rights projects will serve. While we expected to see greater frequency of symptoms associated with diarrheal infections, epilepsy, and tuberculosis, the trends do no support that expectation. What was striking, however, were the frequency of respondents expressing nutritional instability, those that have household environments that put that at risk for fungal and bacterial infections, and occupations that put them at economic risk if there is any natural disaster or drought. These are just a few of the trends seen from the preliminary data received. The next step in our research would be to recover and analyze the remainder of the data, address the current study limitations for future studies, and use the information to guide the outreach services of the project. Located in the southernmost point of Mexico, the state of Chiapas is rich in resources yet suffers from some of the worst poverty and health in the country. Social conflict and political conflict is a consequent disruption of daily life and has contributed to producing some of the highest levels of malnutrition and disease, and one of the lowest life expectancies in Mexico. Partners in Health, in collaboration with local NGO, Equipo de Apoyo en Salúd y Educación Comunitaria (EAPSEC), is beginning a health and human rights project in the Sierra Madre communities in the Siltepec county of Chiapas where, because of their geographical isolation, many are thought to enjoy a lower standard of life and higher incidence of morbidity than communities in other parts of Chiapas. In order to identify the possible social, economic, and health needs of these mountainous communities, a household survey was developed that focused on 6 areas of measurement: basic demographic data, symptoms prevalence for diseases of concern for the area, nutritional stability, economic stability, household environment observations, and basic physiological measurements of glucose, blood pressure, and BMI. All diseases that were detected or suspected during the course of the study were referred to the PIH physician on location. Survey results will aid in the establishment of a PIH clinic in the region, providing residents with improved free, high-quality care. INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY 1. INEGI: Resultados Definitivos, Chiapas XII Censo General de Población y Vivienda 2000 . (http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/chiapas/municipios/07080a.htm) . CONCLUSIONS Results REFERENCES Table 1. Selected basic demographic information on community members and survey respondents, including; age distribution, occupation, annual income, and additional income sources. Chart 3. Percentage of survey respondents who report having cough that also exhibit other symptoms of TB (night sweats, weight loss). Only .5% of survey respondents had a previous diagnosis of TB. Chart 1. Percentage of households with different types of floor. Comparison of survey data to entire Siltepec county data from the 2000 Census data ( INEGI: Resultados Definitivos, Chiapas XII Censo General de Población y Vivienda 2000) . Chart 2. Percentage of survey respondents indicating food instability or unavailability. Questions taken from previous PIH assessments. Figure 2. Community health promoters meet in Galeana, Siltepec. Most promoters participating in the project are male although all attempts are made to have one of each gender representing each community. Figure 1. Sitting on a cliff overlooking one of the small communities in Siltepec. Figure 3. Reviewing the survey line by line with Rene, the community health promoter in Nueva Argentina, Siltepec. Often the only place to work was in the community worship space. Wherever we went, children were sure to follow. Figure 4. Teaching measurement skills to promoters, Domitila and Jeremias, in Capitan, Siltepec. All instruments used were left for promoters to use with their community. This included: adult and infant scales, sphygmomanometer, stethoscopes, glucometers and strips, and measuring tapes to measure heights. Figure 5. Mapping communities in order begin the selection of households for the study. All households were mapped and assigned a number. Then 28% were selected randomly from each participating community. Figure 6. Promoter training included learning how to correctly take physical measurements and what those measurements indicate for their patients. Skills they can use in their role as community health promoters. Discuss purpose of study and eligibility. Review confidentiality standards. Line by line review of survey. See figure 3. Physiological measurement training. See figure 4 and 6. Household observation training. Training on how to collating surveys and storage. PRACTICE!! Acknowledgements: Dr. Wendy Johnson, University of Washington School of Medicine; Thomas Francis, Jr. Global Health Fellowship selection committee, support staff, and sponsers; Dr. Daniel Palazuelos, Brigham and Woman’s Hospital; Dr. Rodrigo Zepeda. Age distribution of ALL household members Occupation of survey respondants % Receiving money from US or other parts of Mexico Annual income from all sources (pesos) Total Respondents 538 Homemaker 48.1% Total 15.8% 0-5000 53.2% Mean 21.9 Farmer 52.3% Mexico 16.7% 5001-10,000 15.6% Std. Dev. 18.0 Construction .5% US 79.1% 10,0001-20,000 18.2% Minimum 3 m Student 3.7% Both 4.2% 20,0001-30,000 5.8% Maximum 88 Total Respondents 201 30,001-50,000 4.5% Range 88.9 >50,0001 1.9%](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/christinaachiapasposter-090414172852-phpapp01/85/Christina-Arredondo-1-320.jpg)
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UNION COUNTY, GEORGIA 2
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Kimberly Crawford
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Name of County and State
Union County, Georgia.
County population with racial and gender breakdowns
As of July 1, 2015 estimates, the County population was 22, 267 individuals. Of this, 51.7% were Females, while as the males were 48.3%. The white people were 96.5%, the African Americans were 1.0%, the American Indian and Alaska Natives were 0.5%, Asians were 0.7%, Hispanics were 3.2%, and people with two or more races present accounted for 1.3%.
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Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdf
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
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This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidadeProf. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
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O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
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Non-respiratory Functions of the Lungs.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnataka
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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