Disinfection
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The document discusses various methods for disinfection and sterilization. It describes disinfectants as chemical solutions that eliminate pathogens from inanimate objects. The ideal disinfectant is broadly active against pathogens while being harmless, penetrating, and stable. Disinfectant performance depends on concentration, time of exposure, temperature, and the type of microbe and substrate. Sterilization completely eliminates microorganisms including spores using heat, radiation or chemicals. Common sterilization methods and disinfectants like phenol, glutaraldehyde and oxidizing agents are also outlined.
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Dimensions of health
This document discusses the dimensions of health, including physical, mental, social, spiritual, emotional, and vocational dimensions. It provides definitions of health from the WHO and Webster. It outlines different concepts of health such as the biomedical, ecological, psychosocial, and holistic concepts. It describes each of the dimensions of health in detail, including characteristics, evaluation, and how they relate and impact each other. For example, it discusses how physical illness can lead to mental illness and vice versa. The document also mentions other dimensions such as cultural, socio-economic, environmental, educational, and nutritional dimensions.
Bacterial Cell
The document summarizes key components and structures of bacterial cells. It describes the cytoplasm as the site of cell functions and containing structures like ribosomes and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and contains peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides. The nucleoid region contains bacterial DNA that is not enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus. Other structures discussed include flagella, pili, inclusion bodies, and endospores.
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
This document provides an overview of various methods of contraception, including hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, barrier methods, natural methods, and sterilization. For hormonal methods, it discusses oral contraceptive pills, the contraceptive patch, progestin-only pills, and injectable contraception. For intrauterine devices, it describes copper and hormonal IUDs. Barrier methods discussed include diaphragms and condoms. Natural methods outlined are fertility awareness and lactational amenorrhea. The document concludes with a brief section on surgical sterilization.
Testing of disinfectants
This document discusses various methods for testing the efficacy of disinfectants, including carrier tests, suspension tests, and practical tests. Carrier tests involve contaminating carriers like threads with bacteria and exposing them to disinfectants. Suspension tests involve exposing a bacterial suspension directly to the disinfectant. Practical tests evaluate disinfectants under real-world conditions. The document also describes factors that can influence disinfection like temperature, pH, and the presence of organic matter or other substances. Specific tests discussed in detail include the AOAC use-dilution test, Kelsey-Sykes capacity test, and surface disinfection tests.
Food Safety (Microbiology, Sanitation and HACCP)
The document provides an overview of food safety topics including sanitation, microorganisms, foodborne illness, and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). It discusses key aspects of sanitation such as definitions, types of microorganisms, factors for bacterial growth, and sanitation practices on farms and in processing plants. It also outlines foodborne pathogens of concern and introduces the seven principles of HACCP for controlling food safety hazards.
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The umbilical cord
The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and measures approximately 50 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter at term. It contains one vein that carries oxygenated blood to the fetus and two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood away. The cord inserts into the placenta near its center in most cases. Abnormalities can include abnormal insertion points, short or long length, knots, torsion, hematoma, or having a single umbilical artery instead of two.
The placenta
The placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues to function as the respiratory, nutritive, excretory, barrier and endocrine organ of pregnancy. It transfers oxygen, nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus. The placenta can develop abnormalities in its shape, size, position or adhesion to the uterine wall which may cause complications like preterm birth or hemorrhage. Placental lesions like infarcts may also occur due to conditions like hypertension.
The foetal membranes
The document discusses the fetal membranes, which include the chorion and amnion. The chorion is the outer membrane that is attached to the placenta and uterine wall. The amnion lines the chorion and encloses the fetus and amniotic fluid. The amniotic fluid provides protection and nutrition for the fetus, and aids in temperature regulation and movement. It is composed primarily of water, carbohydrates, proteins and minerals. The amniotic fluid circulates continuously, with production from the fetal membranes, fetal urine and transudation from maternal and fetal blood.
Physiology of reproduction
The document summarizes the key stages in human reproduction from fertilization through early pregnancy development. It describes how sperm mature and are capacitated in the female reproductive tract. Upon ovulation, sperm meet and fertilize the ovum in the fallopian tubes. The zygote then undergoes cell division and develops into a blastocyst that implants in the uterus. The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst invade the uterine lining and develop into a placenta to exchange nutrients and waste with the mother's blood. Major developmental milestones in early pregnancy include chorion, amnion and decidua formation.
Minor complaints during pregnancy
The document discusses several minor complaints that may occur during pregnancy, including gingivitis, ptyalism, heartburn, constipation, hemorrhoids, varicosities, dyspnea, urinary symptoms, leucorrhea, leg cramps, paraethesia, and backache. For each complaint, the causes and recommended treatments are provided.
Diagnosis of pregnancy
This document discusses the diagnosis of pregnancy over three trimesters. In the first trimester, common symptoms include missed periods, morning sickness, frequent urination, and breast changes. Signs include enlarged, soft breasts and uterus, and a softer, purplish cervix. Pregnancy tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin in urine or blood. Ultrasounds can visualize the gestational sac after 4-5 weeks. In the second trimester, symptoms decrease while the abdomen enlarges and fetal movement is felt. Signs include skin changes and palpable fetal parts. The third trimester confirms pregnancy through palpation of fetal parts and auscultation of the fetal heart.
Antenatal care
Antenatal care involves regular checkups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and baby. Checkups include exams, tests, and education on nutrition, exercise, hygiene, warning signs and avoiding risks. The goals are to prevent or treat complications, detect issues, and ensure healthy development. Women receive more frequent exams as their due date approaches, and are instructed on a nutritious diet, moderate exercise, adequate rest, hygienic practices, and when to seek medical help if problems arise.
Postpartum mood disorders
The document discusses postpartum mood disorders, including prevalence, risk factors, screening tools, diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that postpartum mood disorders range from mild and temporary postpartum blues to more severe postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. Screening tools like the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale can help identify at-risk women. Treatment involves psychosocial therapies and may include antidepressant medication depending on severity. A multidisciplinary approach is important to address biological, psychological and social factors.
Normal and abnormal puerperium
Uterine fibroids are benign smooth muscle tumors that develop in the uterus. They are the most common solid pelvic tumors, affecting 20-25% of women during their reproductive years. Fibroids can vary in size and location, and may cause heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure or pain. Treatment options include observation, medical therapy to reduce estrogen levels, or surgical removal of fibroids.
Version
Version refers to changing the fetal lie or position in the uterus. There are three main types: external cephalic version, internal podalic version, and bipolar podalic version. External cephalic version involves manipulating the fetus externally to convert a breech presentation to head-first. Internal podalic version is performed under anesthesia when the cervix is fully dilated to grasp the fetus's feet and convert a transverse lie to breech. Bipolar podalic version uses both internal and external manipulation through a partially dilated cervix for special circumstances. Complications can include fetal distress, premature separation of the placenta, and maternal hemorrhage.
Vacuum extraction (ventouse)
Vacuum extraction is a method to assist in childbirth using suction from a cup placed on the baby's head to help with traction during contractions. There are different types of cups including metal, soft, and bird's cups. Vacuum extraction is indicated when forceps cannot be used and has advantages over forceps like less need for anesthesia and less compression force applied. Complications can include maternal lacerations and cervical injuries or fetal issues like cephalhematomas and scalp lacerations.
Symphysiotomy
Symphysiotomy is a surgical procedure that divides the symphysis pubis bone to widen the pelvis during childbirth. It is indicated when cephalopelvic disproportion makes vaginal delivery difficult or dangerous but cesarean section is not available or advised. The procedure involves making a small incision above the pubic bone and gradually separating the joint using a scalpel. Complications can include bleeding, injury to nearby organs, infection, and long-term issues like incontinence or an unstable pelvis.
Forceps delivery
This document discusses obstetric forceps, which are metal instruments used to extract a baby's head during delivery. It describes different types of forceps and their proper application techniques. Forceps are indicated for prolonged second stage of labor, maternal distress, or fetal distress. Correct application involves inserting one blade along each side of the baby's head. Potential complications include laceration, hemorrhage, nerve injury, or problems for the baby such as skull fractures. Failure to deliver with forceps may require removal and assessment to determine if cesarean section is needed.
Episiotomy
This document discusses episiotomy, which is an incision made in the perineum during childbirth to widen the vaginal opening. It can help prevent tearing and complications. The two main types are median and mediolateral episiotomies. Median episiotomies involve a midline incision while mediolateral incisions extend laterally towards the ischial tuberosity. Episiotomies are usually performed when the vaginal opening is distended during crowning to prevent stretching injuries. They are sutured closed after delivery.
Caesarean section
The document discusses Caesarean section, including indications, types, procedure, complications, and mode of delivery in subsequent pregnancies. A Caesarean section is a surgical procedure to deliver one or more babies through incisions in the abdomen and uterus. The rate of Caesarean sections has increased from 5% in 1970 to 25% in 1990 due to factors such as abandoning difficult procedures in favor of C-sections and increased use for breech births. Complications can include hemorrhage, infections, and injuries to the mother or baby.
Normal labour
Normal labour involves the spontaneous expulsion of a single, mature fetus through the birth canal within 3-18 hours without complications. It occurs when hormonal and mechanical factors cause the cervix to efface and dilate in stages from 3cm to full 10cm dilation. Labour proceeds through four stages: 1) cervical dilation, 2) expulsion of the fetus, 3) expulsion of the placenta, and 4) recovery. The fetus descends through the birth canal with increased flexion to facilitate delivery of the head.
Anatomy of the foetal skull
The fetal skull consists of three parts: the vault, face, and base. The vault is made up of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones which are separated by sutures. The face extends from the chin to the nose. Fontanelles are soft spots located where sutures meet which are important for assessing fetal position and flexion. The skull has various longitudinal and transverse diameters used to determine which will engage and pass through the birth canal during delivery.
Anatomy of the female pelvis
The female pelvis is divided into the false pelvis and true pelvis. The true pelvis is further divided into the pelvic inlet, cavity, and outlet. The document describes the boundaries and diameters of each region including the anatomical transverse diameter of 13cm at the inlet. It also discusses the pelvic planes and axes, and the Caldwell-Moloy classification of pelvic types including the gynaecoid, anthropoid, android, and platypelloid pelvis.
Active management of normal labour
This document outlines the active management of normal labour in 4 stages: antenatal preparation, first stage (history, exam, procedures), second stage (delivery of baby), third stage (delivery of placenta), and fourth stage (postpartum care of mother and baby). The goal is a healthy delivery with minimal effects. Key procedures include monitoring contractions/fetal heart with a partogram, positioning, nutrition, analgesia, perineal support, and immediate newborn care.
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy can cause complications like abortion and preterm labour. Clinical features include weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, and fast heart rate. It is treated with antithyroid drugs like propylthiouracil or carbimazole. Epilepsy in pregnancy commonly presents as grand mal seizures, which are treated with phenobarbitone or phenytoin along with folic acid. Rhesus isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive blood from her baby. It can be prevented by giving the mother anti-D immunoglobulin after delivery or pregnancy events involving blood transfer from baby to mother. Affected babies may require monitoring, phot
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Disinfection
- 8. Glutaraldehyde Glutaraldehyde is capable of effectiving sterilization—at room temperature, even against endospores , and even in the presence of organics, but achieving sterilization requries many hours of exposure … and it is nasty stuff to work with! www.freelivedoctor.com
- 10. Physical Antimicrobials www.freelivedoctor.com Agent Mechanisms of Action Comments Moist Heat, boiling Denatures proteins Kills vegetative bacterial cells and viruses Endospores survive Moist Heat, Autoclaving Denatures proteins 121°C at 15 p.s.i. for 30 min k ills everything Moist Heat, Pasteurization Denatures proteins Kills pathogens in food products Dry Heat, Flaming Incineration of contaminants Used for inoculating loop Dry Heat, Hot air oven Oxidation & Denatures proteins 170°C for 2 hours ; Used for glassware & instrument sterilization Filtration Separation of bacteria from liquid (HEPA: from air) Used for heat sensitive liquids Cold, Lyophilization (also desiccation) Desiccation and low temperature Used for food & drug preservation; Does not necessarily kill so used for Long-term storage of bacterial cultures Cold, Refrigeration Decreased chemical reaction rate Bacteriostatic Osmotic Pressure, Addition of salt or sugar Plasmolysis of contaminants Used in food preservation (less effective against fungi) Radiation, UV DNA damage (thymine dimers) Limited penetration Radiation, X-rays DNA damage Used for sterilizing medical supplies Strong vis. Light Line-drying laundry
- 15. Disk Diffusion Method www.freelivedoctor.com Hypochlorous acid Phenol Lysol Nisin Escherichia coli
- 16. Hands Spread Disease www.freelivedoctor.com
- 17. Link to Next Presentation www.freelivedoctor.com
- 18. Acknowledgements http://www.sw.vccs.edu/rth/RTH_132/decont.ppt http://www.nt.gov.au/powerwater/html/pdf/tennant_creek_chlorination.ppt http://www.bugcruncher.com/ws/docs/lekcii/D&S_INQUAL_eng.ppt (nice overview of specific antimicrobials) http://www.delmarhealthcare.com/olcs/white/ppts/chapter%2021.ppt (nice overview of microbilogy in nursing) http://www.countyofkings.com/health/ehs/forms/FDHNDLR.ppt http://bioeng.ttu.edu.tw/~chunyi/microbes/Chapter7.ppt http://microbiology.okstate.edu/courses/micro2124/babus/Chpt7_files/chapter7.ppt www.freelivedoctor.com
- 19. Chemical Antimicrobials * Type of Disinfectant: H = High level; I = Intermediate level; L = Low level www.freelivedoctor.com