The document discusses several important diseases that affect turmeric plants, including rhizome root rot caused by Pythium fungi, dry rot caused by Rhizoctonia batalicola, and four foliar diseases: leaf blotch caused by Taphrina maculans, Colletotrichum leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum capsici, cercospora leaf spot, and leaf blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani. These diseases can affect turmeric plants at all stages and reduce rhizome yields considerably.
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
3. Turmeric is mainly infected by
Three rhizome diseases viz., Rhizome root rot,
dry rot and brown rot
AND
Four foliar diseases viz., Leaf blotch,
colletotrichum leaf spot, cercospora leaf spot and
leaf blight.
Rhizome and root rot and foliar diseases of
turmeric are very important because they affect
the yield of rhizomes considerably.
Turmeric diseases
4. LIST OF DISEASES IN TURMERIC
Sr.no Disease Causal agent Stage infected
1. Rhizome root rot Pythium
aphanidermatum,
P. graminicolum
All stages of crop
2. Leaf blotch or taphrina
leafspot
Taphrina maculans 2-3 months after
planting
3. Colletotrichum leaf spot Colletotrichum capsici 2-4 months after
planting
4. Brown rot (nematode
fungal complex)
Pratylenchus sp. &
Fusarium sp.
All stages of crop
5. Leaf spot Cercospora curcumae All stages of crop
6. Leaf blight Rhizoctonia solani All stages of crop
7. Dry rot Rhizoctonia batalicola Rhizome
maturation stage
5. Rhizome and root rot
Pythium aphanidermatum
P. graminicolum
P. myriotylum
Association of Pythium sp. and Fusarium sp.
This is an important disease prevalent in all turmeric growing
areas. Both C.domestica and C.aromatica are affected by rhizome
and root rot disease.
The disease was first reported from South India viz., Krishna
district of Andhra Pradesh, Tiruchirappalli and Coimbatore of
Tamil Nadu.
Crop losses
Losses to the tune of 50 per cent and above have been
reported in some parts of Telangana and farmers resort to
distress harvest to salvage the remaining crop once the disease
starts appearing.
6. Symptoms
• The infected plants show yellowing of leaves starting from
lower leaves which gradually spread to the upper regions of the
plant.
• The margins of the yellowing leaves turn necrotic and start
drying from the margins inwards resulting in partial or complete
blighting of leaves.
• Water soaked dark brown lesions appear on the pseudostems
at the base which enlarge rapidly resulting in drying up.
• The affected pseudostems break away with a pull and the
affected tillers topple off.
• The affected plants show varying degrees of rot.
• The infection spreads from roots to rhizome causing soft rot
(affected rhizome becoming soft to touch).
• Infection is also noticed from tips of rhizomes spreading
inwards.
• The affected rhizomes show varying degrees of brown shades
in contrast to the bright orange yellow colour of healthy
turmeric.
• In advanced stages, the rotten rhizomes emit foul smell.
7. Epidemiology
Turmeric is grown as pure and also as an intercrop along with maize,
redgram and chillies.
The disease is soil borne and seed borne, and occurs at random and
spreads contiguously to adjacent clumps.
Irrigation water from diseased fields also helps in the spread of the
disease.
In artificial inoculation studies, P. graminicolum could induce root rot
in a week and death of two months old plants within 18 days.
The fungus has been found to grow over wide range of pH (3.0 to
9.0) and the best growth is obtained between pH 7.0 and 8.0. Oospores
production is maximum between pH 6.0 and 9.0.
The fungus was also found to be pathogenic to seedlings of sorghum,
maize, barley, oats, arrow root and cotton and could not infect ginger.
Where it is intercropped with maize, the symptom expression would
be sudden immediately after the maize harvest.
8. Management
Selection of healthy seed from disease free gardens.
In endemic areas, rotation of crops using non-host crops.
Removal and burning of the infected clumps from the field.
The survival of the fungus was affected by application of urea (5
kg/ha) to the infested soil. Urea did have depressive effect on the
fungal growth.
The turmeric varieties viz., PCT 13 and PCT 14 were free from
the disease.
Seed dip in metalaxyl 8 + mancozeb 72 (Ridomil MZ) at 2.5 g lit
for 40 minutes and soil drenching (0.1 g/lit) not only controlled
rhizome rot disease but also increased the rhizome yield.
In the field immediately after seeing the initial symptoms of the
disease. drenching the soil in root region with any one of the
following has to be taken up.
Mancozeb (75 WP) - 1500 g/ha
Captan (50 WP) - 1000 g/ha
Copper oxychloride (50 WP) - 1250 g/ha
Bordeaux mixture - 5000 g/ha
9. Dry rot
Causal organism : Rhizoctonia bataticola.
Symptoms
The disease causes root rot and rhizome rot resulting in
typical dry rot of rhizomes from October onwards.
The affected rhizomes appear soft and shrunken to start
with, later dry up and become hard.
Foliar yellowing and drying up of foliage which are the
normal symptoms of maturity of the crop during October -
November would be indistinguishable from the symptoms of
the disease affected clumps.
When infected rhizomes are cut open, the infected zones
typically appear as dull brown and dark.
The disease is becoming increasingly important in Kerala.
10. Leaf blight
Causal organism : Rhizoctonia solani (Syn: Thanatephorus
cucumeris)
It is wide spread and appears every year in North Eastern States of
India.
Symptoms
The disease manifests itself as water soaked spots of varying
size and shape on the lower leaves and these gradually increase
in size during warm and humid climate, as a result of which, a
large leaf portion or the entire leaf may get blighted.
The blighted leaf area is divided into well developed sectors, a
characteristic symptom by which the disease can be diagnosed
easily.
In moist weather, the fungal growth appears on the
undersurface of the leaves on water soaked diseased portions.
The disease ultimately leads to death of the affected plants.
11. Collectotrichum leaf spot
Causal organism : Colletotrichum capsici
Syn: Vermicularia curcumae
V. capsici
C. curcumae
The disease is more destructive and prevalent in majority of
turmeric growing areas of Tamil Nadu viz., Coimbatore, Vellore,
Thiruvannamalai, Salem and Trichy districts.
This was first recorded in Coimbatore district of east while Madras
State in 1917.
Crop losses
When the infection is severe resulting in drying up of the whole
foliage, losses would exceed 50 per cent.
Reduction in the dry rhizome weight by 62.7 per cent was also
reported due to foliar infection.
12. Symptoms
Infection is confined usually to leaf blades and
occasionally extends to leaf sheath also.
Leaf spots elliptic to oblong of various sizes enlarge into
4-5 cm and 3 cm wide occupying the major portion of leaves.
The mature spot appears greyish white at centre with a
brown margin surrounded by a yellowish halo, which is
responsible for the production of toxin.
Endotoxin produced has been found to play a definite role
in symptom expression.
The whitish centre with dark acervuli often becomes
papery and gets turn off. Sometimes spots are found on leaf
sheaths.
The rhizomes are also affected and black stroma appears
on the scales covering the rhizomes.
13.
14. Epidemiology
The disease spreads by air borne conidia. The pathogen persists through
infected rhizomes and other plant debris left in the soil.
Infection is evident when the humid condition prevails continuously.
The disease starts in the younger leaves and spreads to the other leaves.
The younger leaves were more susceptible than older leaves, which was
attributed to loss of carbohydrates and phenol and more of total nitrogen in
younger leaves compared to older leaves.
The time of planting influenced the onset and severity of the disease. The
crop sown between 12th June and 17th July under Coimbatore condition
showed severe disease incidence.
Late planting during July-August also recorded severe disease incidence.
Weather factors in relation to disease incidence showed a positive correlation
of total rainfall to disease incidence at 90 days crop growth phase.
At 120 days, there was positive correlation between relative humidity and
disease incidence.
The fungus could infect Aristolochia bracteata, seedlings of Gossypium
herbaceum, chick pea, pigeon pea, cluster beans, jowar, ginger, papaya, brinjal
fruit, chillies and Whitiana sominifera.
The disease spread is mainly during wet weather.
C. curcumae was found to survive in the field and laboratory for about 9 and
12 months respectively, which could be potential source of primary inoculum.
15. Management
The variety, Sugantham was found to be highly resistant.
Potash application reduced the disease incidence. Higher dose of
potash at 70 and 120 kg/ha reduced the disease, the disease
incidence was 21.8 and 18.6 per cent, respectively compared to 46.3
per cent in control.
Incidence is less if the rhizomes are planted in May - June.
Spraying the crop with Bordeaux mixture (5 kg/ha) during August
and Mancozeb (1 kg/ha) at monthly intervals during September -
December checked the disease.
Edifenphos (1 ml/lit) with 5 rounds of spray at 15 days intervals
starting from 15th June to 15th September reduced the disease
caused by C.curcumae effectively.
Spraying twice at initiation and 15 days later with Carbendazim
(500 g/ha) or copper oxychloride (1250 g/ha) controlled the leaf
spot.
16. Foliar diseases
Next to rhizome rot, foliar diseases are
economically important, since the loss of active
photosynthetic area of the leaves affects the
rhizome yield considerably.
17. Leaf blotch (Taphrina leaf spot)
Causal organism - Taphrina maculans
The disease is widely distributed in the Southern States and the
Gangetic Plains in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
This disease was first reported from Gujarat, Saharanpur (UP) and
Rangpur (East Pakistan) in 1911.
Crop losses
The foliar destruction, it causes, would reduce the yields
considerably especially when the disease starts in its early stages
of crop growth.
18. Symptoms
The disease starts as small scattered oily looking
translucent spots on the lower leaves when the plants are in
3 to 4 leaf stage.
The leaf spots later turn dirty yellow and deepen to the
colour of gold and sometimes to hay shade.
The adjacent individual leaf spots of 1-2 mm in diameter
coalesce forming reddish brown blotches leading to varying
degrees of leaf blight.
Owing to excessive spotting and destruction of
chloroplasts, the functional laminal surface is considerably
reduced resulting in indirect bad effect on the productivity of
the plant.
19.
20. Epidemiology
The pathogen infects most of the leaves leaving 2-3 leaves at
the top.
The disease incidence is influenced by soil borne inoculum and
prevailing weather condition.
The dried leaves having spots and lying in the field may function
as chief source of primary inoculum.
Moist cloudy weather with temperature of 25-30oC during
August - September was found condusive for the disease
initiation.
The primary infection occurs on the lower leaves during October
- November when the temperature of 21 – 23oc and relative
humidity of 80 per cent prevail.
Young leaves, two weeks after unfurling remain susceptible for
about a month and susceptibility gradually decreases with age.
They remain susceptible considerably for a longer period
irrespective of their age provided environmental conditions and
inoculum are at optimum level.
21. The secondary infection is by ascospores discharged from
successively maturing asci which grow into octosporous
microcolonies and infect fresh leaves without any dormancy.
The primary infections are less harmful than the secondary infection
inciting profuse spotting covering a large foliage.
The disease perpetuates from one season to other through viable
ascogenous cells borne on the infected leaf debris in the fields after
harvest as well as through desiccated ascospores and blastospores
ejected from mature asci during the crop season and over-
summaring in the soil and leaf trash.
T. maculans has been reported to infect
C. amada
C. angustifolia
Zingiber cassumunuar
Z. zerumbet and
Hedychium sp.
22. Management
Field sanitation should be practiced.
Crop rotation becomes important to reduce the
inoculum build up.
Aureofungin, antifungal antibiotic at 2.5 g/ml was highly
inhibitory to the growth of T. maculans.
To reduce the spread of the disease, spray at 20 days
interval with any one of the following.
Bordeaux mixture 5000 g/ha
Copper oxychloride (50 WP) 1250 g/ha
Zineb (75 WP) 500 g/ha
Mancozeb (75 WP) 1000 g/ha
23. Storage rots
The storage rot of turmeric is caused by
Sclerotium rolfsii
Aspergillus flavus
A. niger
A. tamari
Cladosporium cladosporiods
Cephalosporium acremonium
Dlreschlera tetramera
Fusarium culmorum
F. nivale
F. oxysporum
Macrophomina phaseolina
Rhizoctonia bataticola
Seed treatment with Emison (1 g/lit) checked the
rot of seed rhizomes and ensured better
germination
24. Brown rot
It is a complex disease caused by the nematode, Pratylenchus sp.
associated with a fungus, Fusarium sp.
This was first reported from Kerala in C. aromatica and was
noticed in freshly harvested rhizomes indicating its natural
occurrence during the crop season.
Symptoms
The disease affected plants were stunted with poor root
development.
The infected rhizomes appear dull coloured, later become deep
grey to dark brown, less turgid, light and wrinkled exhibiting dry
rot symptoms.
The necrotic lesions in the rhizome start from margins and
progress inwards involving a major portion of rhizome.
Infection is initiated in the fields during harvest and later leads to
spoilage in storage.
The fungus is able to penetrate and establish infection through
intact host tissues.
25. Nematode Management
Root knot nematode: Meloidogyne incognita
The earliest record of nematode infestation on turmeric was that of
root gall nematode by Ayyar (1926) in South India.
Symptoms
Affected plants show stunted growth, yellowing, marginal and tip
drying of leaves, reduced tillering and galling and rotting on roots.
High densities of M. incognita cause yellowing and severe stunting
and withering in large patches.
Plants die prematurely leaving a poor crop stand at harvest.
Infested rhizomes tend to lose their bright yellow colour.
Crop loss
An initial inoculum level of 1,00,000 nematodes/plant caused 76.6
per cent reduction in rhizome weight under pot conditions.
Avoidable yield loss under field conditions was 45.3 per cent
26. Management
• Use of resistant turmeric varieties like Kodur, Cheyapasupu,
Armoor, Duggirala, Guntur 1, Guntur 9, Rajampet,
Sugandham and Appalapadu.
• Soil application of Aldicarb 10 G (10 kg/ha) two times at
3rd and 5th months after planting followed by irrigation.
• Aldicarb 10 G (10 kg/ha) and Carbofuran 3 G (33.3 kg/ha)
effectively controlled the root knot nematodes and increased
the yield by 71 and 68 per cent respectively.
27. Burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis
Symptoms
The infested plants show a tendency to ageing and dry faster than
healthy plants.
Infested rhizomes are of yolk yellow colour compared with the
golden yellow colour of healthy rhizomes and have shallow water
soaked brownish areas on the surface.
Roots show rotting and most of the decayed roots are devoid of
cortex and stelar portion.
The scale leaves of rhizomes harbour R. similis.
Crop loss
An initial inoculum level of 10 nematodes/plant can cause a
reduction of 35 per cent of rhizome weight after four months and
46 per cent at the end of the season.
With 1,00,000 nematodes, the extent of reduction in rhizome
weight is 65 and 76 per cent after 4 and 8 months respectively.
28. Management
Under Vellore conditions, CO 1 turmeric grown after banana or
solanaceous vegetables was affected severely by nematodes. So,
planting turmeric after banana or solanaceous vegetables should
be avoided.
Application of Aldicarb 10 G (10 kg/ha) or Carbufuran 3 G (33.3
kg/ha) controls the nematode infestation.
Lesion nematode, Pratylenchus coffeae
Symptoms
It causes discolouration and rotting of rhizomes of C.
aromatica.
In advanced stages of infection, the rhizomes become deep
red to dark brown in colour, less turgid, and wrinkled with
dry rot symptoms.
The fingers are more severely affected than the mother
rhizomes, internally the affected rhizomes show dark
brown necrotic lesions.