The document summarizes information about the papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus), a serious pest of tropical and subtropical crops. It describes the bug's origin in Mexico/Central America, wide host range of over 60 plant species, and damaging symptoms like leaf chlorosis and crinkling. The papaya mealybug's rapid spread is due to lack of natural enemies, high reproduction rate, and passive dispersal via wind, water, vehicles and humans. Management strategies discussed include conservation of natural enemies like the parasitic wasp Acerophagus papayae and the predatory ladybird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri.

2. CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL
CONTROL ON PAPAYA
MEALY BUG
Tejaswini.uppuluri
UG13AGR1758

3. CONTENTS
Introduction
 Origin
 Morphology
 Host plants
 Damage symptoms
 Biology mode of dispersal
 Faster spread of mealy bugs
 Management strategies
 Biological control

4. INTRODUCTION
Common name: papaya mealybug,
Scientific name: Paracoccus marginatus
Order: Hemiptera
Class : Pseudococcidae
 The Papaya mealy bug is a small polyphagous sucking insect
with pest status that attacks several genera of host plants, including
economically important tropical fruits, vegetables and ornamentals.
 Infestation of the mealybug appears as clusters of cotton-like
masses on the above-ground portion of plants with long waxy
filaments.
 Immature and adult stages of P. marginatus suck the sap of the
plant and weaken it. The leaves become crinkled, yellowish and
wither. The honey dew excreted by the bug and the associated black
sooty mould formation impairs photosynthetic efficiency of the
affected plants.

5. Clusters of
cotton–like
masses of P.
marginatus on
papaya leaf

6. The papaya mealybug is believed to be native of Mexico and/or
Central America where it never acquired the status of a serious pest,
probably due to the presence of an endemic natural enemy complex.
The specimens of the pest were collected first in 1955 in Mexico.
ORIGIN
Papaya mealybug has a wide host range of over 60 species of
plants

7. Adult male
Adult female
Papaya mealy bug

8. Table: List of recorded hosts of papaya mealybug, P. marginatus
Host category Botanical
name
Common
name
Family
Cultivated,
agricultural and
horticultural
crops
Cajanus cajan Red gram Leguminaceae
Carica papaya Papaya Caricaceae
Ceiba pentandra Silk cotton Malvaceae
Gossypium
hirsutum
Cotton Malvaceae
Jatropa curcus Jatropha Euphorbiaceae
Manihot
esculanta
Tapioca Euphorbiaceae
Morus alba Mulberry Moraceae
Psidium guajava Guava Myrtaceae
Lycopercicum
esculantum
Tomato Solanceae

9. Table: List of recorded hosts of papaya mealybug, P. marginatus
Host plants Botanical name Common name Family
Solanum
melangena
Brinjal Solanceae
Tectona grandis Teak Verbanaceae
Weed hosts Abutilon indicum Country mallow Malvaceae
Achyranthus aspera Latira Amaranthaceae
Commelina
bengalensis
Spider wort Commelinaceae
Convolvus arvensis Chandvel Commelinaceae
Euphorbia hirta Garden sprug Euphorbiaceae
Oscimum sanctum Tulasi Lamiaceae
Parthenium
hysterophos
Congress grass Asteraceae
Tridax procumbens Ghamra Aizoaceae

10. Tulasi
Parthenium
hysterophorus
Silk cotton
Tapioca

11. Papaya
Cotton
Guava
Teak

12. Brinjal
Pigeonpea
Jatropha
Hibiscus

13. DAMAGE SYMPTOMS
Papaya mealybug infestation appears on above ground parts on
leaves, stem and fruits as clusters of cotton-like masses.
Symptoms of papaya mealybug infestation:
1. Dried plant
2. Chlorosis in mulberry leaves
3. Leaf deformation in mulberry
4. Waxy coating on papaya fruit
5. Crinkled leaf of papaya
6. Infestation on brinjnal fruit
7. Malformed jatropha fruits

14. Damaging symptoms on papaya, mulberry, brinjal and jatropa

15. Damaging symptoms:-
• The insect sucks the sap by inserting its stylets into the
epidermis of the leaf, fruit and stem.
• While feeding, it injects a toxic substance into the
leaves, resulting in chlorosis, plant stunting, leaf
deformation or crinkling, early leaf and fruit drop, and
death of plants.
• The honeydew excreted by the bug results in the
formation of black sooty mold which interferes in the
photosynthesis process and causes further damage to the
crops.
• Heavy infestations are capable of rendering fruit inedible
due to the buildup of thick white waxy coating.

16. Damaging symptoms caused by papaya mealy bug

17. Life cycle of papaya mealy bug

18. MODE OF DISPERSAL
• Healthy plants can be infested from mealybug infested plants as
juvenile mealybugs can crawl from an infested plant to another plant.
• Small ‘crawlers’ get readily dispersed by wind, rain, irrigation water,
birds, ants, clothing, and vehicle, etc.
• The wax, which sticks to each ovisac and nymphs, also facilitates
passive dispersal by equipment, animals or human beings.
• The female mealybug is not active and unable to fly. In fact, human
beings greatly facilitate in the transport of these mealybugs.
• Long-distance movement is aided through transport of infested
planting material and fresh fruits and vegetables from one end of a
farm to the other or even across the country.
• Ants, attracted by the honeydew, have been seen carrying mealy bugs
from plant to plant.

19. Reasons faster spread of Mealybug
A white wax and flour-like substance around the body
of the pest is the reason for not able to control this pest
easily.
 This pest spread rapidly due to lack of natural
enemies of these pests and it is a foreign originated
insect.
 Also, Reproduction of this mealybug is 15 times a
year. It is also more capable of laying. An insect lays
between 500 and 600 eggs a year.
The population is growing at a higher level, thus
causing great damage.

20. The parasitoids are
Anagyrus loecki
Pseudleptomastix mexicana
Acerophagus papayae
Biological control

21. Management
Release Acerophagus papayae @ 100 parasitoids /
field. (1 ACRE)

23. Anagyrus loecki

24. Biological control
Conservation of these natural enemies in nature plays important
role in reducing the mealy bug population.
Natural enemies of the papaya mealy bug include the
commercially available mealy bug destroyer
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, ladybird beetles.
 Scymnus sp. and certain hymenopteran and dipteran
parasitoids.
 Lepidopteran predator, Spalgis epius (Lycaenidae) is a well
known representative of carnivorous butterfly feeding on various
species of pseudococcids and coccids. S. epius, being the
dominant predator, feeds efficiently on the ovisacs, nymphs and
adult of papaya mealybug.

25. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri larva
(Left) and adult (Right)

26. Natural enemies of papaya mealybug:
a. Scymnus sp. b. Dipteran parasitoid parasitizing papaya
mealybug c. Mealybug mummy containing parasitoid
a
b c

27. Spalgis epius: a. Pre pupa b. Pupa c. Adult butterfly
a b
c

28. References
Papaya mealy bug and management strategies.
- R.K. Tanwar, P. Jeyakumar and S. Vennila