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1. BILAL KHAN ROLL. NO: 22
AYAZ ALI ROLL. NO: 18
BABAR ALI ROLL. NO: 19
Different Forms of
Discourse

2. DISCOURSE
 Discourse is any written or spoken communication.
Discourse can also be described as the expression
of thought through language. While discourse can
refer to the smallest act of communication, the
analysis can be quite complex. Several scholars in
many different disciplines have theorized about the
different types and functions of discourse.
 The word discourse comes from the Latin
word discursus, which means “running to and fro.”
The definition of discourse thus comes from this
physical act of transferring information “to and fro,”
the way a runner might.


3. TOUGH LANGUAGE DISCOURSE
 Tough language is the language of fiction.
 Being ego-centric, it is subjective, and whether it is
written from the author participant or the author
omniscient point of view, it is concerned with
communicating people’s innermost feelings.
 ”In the late summer of that year we lived in a house
in a village that looked across the river and the
plain to the mountain.”

4.  It is the language of intimacy (casual). The words
are simple and the grammar is simple.
 The writing is not planned, but just happens, in a
stream of consciousness kind of way—you are
there.
 It is the language of the loosened tie and the rolled
up shirt sleeves.

5. SWEET LANGUAGE
 Sweet language is the language of advertisers.
 Walker Gibson calls this language AROMA
(Advertising Rhetoric of Madison Avenue).
 Sweet language is listener-oriented in an attempt to
seduce listeners into buying products they don’t
want or need.
 Poetic touch may be given

6.  It is language full of innovative spellings, creative
grammar, and wild punctuation.
 Sweet writing contains many sentence fragments,
and would rather show that a grammatical rule is
broken than conform to it.
 Sweet language is the language of sensationalism.
It is the language of diversion

7. STUFFY LANGUAGE
 Where
- tough language is I-oriented,
- and sweet language is you-oriented,
- stuffy language is it-oriented.
 It is the language of laboratory experiments , of
research papers and thesis and dissertations and
scholarly books, and academia in general.

8.  Stuffy language is highly grammatical and highly
formal.
 The grammar/wording contains a great deal of
subordination, and the sentences are frequently
long and complex.
 It is an impersonal style to the extent that first-
person pronouns are seldom allowed.
 Stuffy language is also the language of limitations,
restrictions and qualifications because the writer
doesn’t want to make claims beyond the evidence.

9. THE RIOTS:
REPORTED IN THREE DIFFERENT STYLES
STUFFY:
“The police and firemen drove hundreds of rioting
Negroes off the streets today with high pressure
hoses and an armored car.”
(New York Times May 8, 1963)

10. MORE INTERESTING/TOUGH LANGUAGE
“Three times during the day, waves of shouting, rock-
throwing Negroes had poured into the downtown
business district, to be scattered and driven back by
battering streams of water from high-pressure
hoses and swinging clubs of policemen and
highway patrolmen.”
(New York Herald Tribune)

11. POETIC:
“The blaze of bombs, the flash of blades, the eerie
glow of fire, the keening cries of hatred, the wild
dance of terror at night—all this was Birmingham,
Alabama.”
(Time, May 7, 1963)

12. Thank You