Genre refers to major types of literature and communicative events that have recognized structures and purposes. There are three main approaches to analyzing genre: the ESP school focuses on academic genres, the Sydney school emphasizes communicative purpose and staging, and rhetorical genre studies views genres as social actions. While the approaches have differences, they also share similarities in recognizing the social dimensions and purposes of genres. Applying genre theory to pedagogy can help students develop competence in valued genres of their disciplines and communities.
Discourse and Genre (the relationship between discourse and genre) Aticka Dewi
We provide some questions to make the discussion clearer
1. What is discourse?
Discourse is the use of language in text and context
2. What is genre?
Genre in linguistics refers to the type and structure of language typically used for a particular purpose in a particular context.
3. What is relationship between discourse and genre?
Discourse analysis is genre analysis. When we analyze discourses, of course we will specify them into more specific types from the characteristics of each discourse. For exampleThe specific type of discourses is called as genre.
4. Why should we use genre to analyze discourse?
Discourse is language in use. It is huge and almost unlimited. So, when we want to analyze discourses, we need a limitation to limit the unlimited things. Here, we use an analogy for this statement. (slide 11,12)
Genre provides limit in discourse.
That is why genre is used to help us divining and analyzing the discourses.
5. How do we analyze discourse through genre?
Example: text “Forklift fatty Improving”.
----------
The text is taken from the newspaper report. As we see in the language features and structures, we can divine it into recount text. It is non fiction, because it is based on real event. And it is written. So, we can say that this discourse has written non-fiction recount genre.
But, we cannot make sure that a type of discourse always has the same characteristics, because discourse is neither absolutely homogenous nor absolutely heterogeneous. Discourse is sometimes heterogeneous. Here, we provide two videos which have the same genre, but quite different in terms of language features and structures.
---------VIDEO
From the videos, we can feel that the first and the second videos are quite different. The structure in the first video is introduction (addressing, personal value), content (some important issues, e.g: financial issues, goals of America, ), closing (hope for American future, blessing). The language features used in the first video is more formal, present tense. The atmosphere created is formal.
From the second video, the structure is introduction (personal value without addressing), content (some goals), closing (. The language features used in the video is mixing, unclear and needs more understanding. The atmosphere created is a bit humorous.
Although they have different characteristics, they have the same genre in term of purpose, that is political genre.
From those videos, we can conclude that we cannot stick to an idea that a genre of discourse always has the same characteristics. AGAIN, discourse is neither absolutely homogenous nor absolutely heterogeneous.
Discourse and Genre (the relationship between discourse and genre) Aticka Dewi
We provide some questions to make the discussion clearer
1. What is discourse?
Discourse is the use of language in text and context
2. What is genre?
Genre in linguistics refers to the type and structure of language typically used for a particular purpose in a particular context.
3. What is relationship between discourse and genre?
Discourse analysis is genre analysis. When we analyze discourses, of course we will specify them into more specific types from the characteristics of each discourse. For exampleThe specific type of discourses is called as genre.
4. Why should we use genre to analyze discourse?
Discourse is language in use. It is huge and almost unlimited. So, when we want to analyze discourses, we need a limitation to limit the unlimited things. Here, we use an analogy for this statement. (slide 11,12)
Genre provides limit in discourse.
That is why genre is used to help us divining and analyzing the discourses.
5. How do we analyze discourse through genre?
Example: text “Forklift fatty Improving”.
----------
The text is taken from the newspaper report. As we see in the language features and structures, we can divine it into recount text. It is non fiction, because it is based on real event. And it is written. So, we can say that this discourse has written non-fiction recount genre.
But, we cannot make sure that a type of discourse always has the same characteristics, because discourse is neither absolutely homogenous nor absolutely heterogeneous. Discourse is sometimes heterogeneous. Here, we provide two videos which have the same genre, but quite different in terms of language features and structures.
---------VIDEO
From the videos, we can feel that the first and the second videos are quite different. The structure in the first video is introduction (addressing, personal value), content (some important issues, e.g: financial issues, goals of America, ), closing (hope for American future, blessing). The language features used in the first video is more formal, present tense. The atmosphere created is formal.
From the second video, the structure is introduction (personal value without addressing), content (some goals), closing (. The language features used in the video is mixing, unclear and needs more understanding. The atmosphere created is a bit humorous.
Although they have different characteristics, they have the same genre in term of purpose, that is political genre.
From those videos, we can conclude that we cannot stick to an idea that a genre of discourse always has the same characteristics. AGAIN, discourse is neither absolutely homogenous nor absolutely heterogeneous.
Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a ProcessCRISALDO CORDURA
This is are 3 presenter presentation on the discussion of "Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a Process"
Credit to
https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/8/8_2020_03_30!04_57_35_PM.pptx
and
The book from the school
This ppt provides summarized ideas of the relation between discourse analysis and language teaching. This ppt was used of the course "Discourse Analysis" at UCSC.
Different Levels of Stylistics Analysis 1.Phonological level 2.Graphologic...RajpootBhatti5
Levels of stylistics analysis
1.Phonological level
2.Graphological level
3.Grammatical level
Language of newspaper headlines
4.Pragmatics level
5.Conversation or discourse analysis
Presented
by
Ata ul ghafer & shoiba sabir
Department of Applied linguistics
GCUF
Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a ProcessCRISALDO CORDURA
This is are 3 presenter presentation on the discussion of "Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a Process"
Credit to
https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/8/8_2020_03_30!04_57_35_PM.pptx
and
The book from the school
This ppt provides summarized ideas of the relation between discourse analysis and language teaching. This ppt was used of the course "Discourse Analysis" at UCSC.
Different Levels of Stylistics Analysis 1.Phonological level 2.Graphologic...RajpootBhatti5
Levels of stylistics analysis
1.Phonological level
2.Graphological level
3.Grammatical level
Language of newspaper headlines
4.Pragmatics level
5.Conversation or discourse analysis
Presented
by
Ata ul ghafer & shoiba sabir
Department of Applied linguistics
GCUF
This study was an assessment of authorial stance using engagement framework by Tanzanian EFL academic writers so as to reveal the linguistic resources that enable authors to present a stance toward the research they are reviewing and presenting. Specifically, the study sought to i) explore pattern of expanding and contracting in presenting authorial stance in the selected dissertations and theses, ii) assess the authors’ linguistic resources for expanding moves, and iii) assess the linguistic resources for contracting moves by the authors. The study adapted Martin and White (2005) engagement system framework focusing on heterogloss. The study was conducted at the Open University of Tanzania. We analyzed the engagement of 20 EFL post-graduate theses and 20 Dissertations at Master’s and Doctoral levels by the EFL candidates/authors and used document analysis as a sole tool of data gathering. In conducting analyses of these texts, each was first broken down into non-embedded clauses and analyzed based on the engagement system belonging to heterogloss categories then their respective sub-categories. Findings revealed that the dissertation/theses writers varied in their mode of registering their stances towards the subject matter and thence proven heteroglossic rather than monoglossic. In that way they were able to establish their authorial territory and claim their visibility or presence instead of being compilers or reporters of findings by others. It was further noted that author stance was more noticed in literature review and introduction chapters.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Genre means “ kind “ or “ form” and it refers
to major types of literature: poetry, drama &
epic.
Genre refers to different communicative events
which are associated with particular setting and
which have recognized structures and
communicative functions.
Generally
In the field of Applied Linguistics
3. Genres are specific
communicative event.
Communicative
purposes is the
distinctive feature of
genres. / eg. lectures
Genre Register
Register is a type of lg.
associated with a particular
field of activity or
profession.
This lg. may be used for
various purposes. /eg.
Instruction manuals
7. Some gens are quite formulaic (like
marriage vows). For example by the use of
parallel grammatical structure and the use
of material process verbs.
Conventional
lexigogrammatical
features
10. These notions can
be classified
under the umbrella
of genre relations
Genre set
Genre system
Genre chain
Disciplinary genre
11. Types of genre relations
Genre set
Genre system
Genre chain
Disciplinary
genre
A range of genres which a professional group
uses in the course of their daily routine.
(Devitt, 1991)
A full set of genres (spoken or written) which
are involved in a complete interaction.
(Bazerman, 1994)
A chronologically related sequences of
genres in a given interaction. (Raisanen, 2002)
All those genres associated with a profession
or discipline. (Bhatia, 2004)
12. How there are references
in one text to other texts.
Intertextuality has various forms:
From Fairclough viewpoint (1992)
From Devitt viewpoint (1991)
14. Various forms of intertextuality
Devitt (1991)
Referential Functional Generic
When one text
refers directly
to another one.
When a text
is part of a
larger system
of texts, dealing
with a particular issue.
When a text
draws on similar
texts created
in a similar
situation.
15. Intercultu
ral
nature of
genres
Genres are likely to be subject to
intercultural variation.
Various writers prefer to see the
differences among cultures in terms
of “ the differences or preferences in the pragmatic
and strategic choices that writers make in response to
external demands and cultural histories.
A number of differences were noted both at the level
of assessment by members of the two communities of
practice & at the level of rhetorical structure.
16. Approaches to Genre Pedagogy
The ESP School The Sydney School
The New Rhetoric School
(Rhetorical Genre Studies)
17. Started by:
Swales (1990)
Bhatia (1993)
Investigating
academic
genres
(primarily research
articles)
More interested
in business and legal
genre.
Communicative purposes are expressed in stages or
sequenced manner, a text being built up systematically
through a series of what are called moves and steps.
18. The best-known model of generic staging is Swales’s
CARS Model
Create a Research Space
Move 1.
Establishing a territory
Move 2.
Establishing a niche
Move 3.
Occupying the niche
Step 1 Step 1 Step 1
Step 2 or or
Step 3 or
Step 2
Claiming centrality
Making topic generalization
Reviewing items of
previous research
Counterclaiming
Indicating a gap
Question Raising
or
Counting a tradition
Outlining Purposes
Announcing present research
Announcing principal findings
Indicating research
article structure
Step 3
19. Another example of schematic structure: Bhatia (1993)
offers the following model of seven typical moves for
the genre of sales letters:
1- Establishing credentials. offering the product/ service
2- Introducing the offer. essential detailing of the offer
3- Offering incentives. Indicating value of the offer
4- referring to enclosed documents.
5- inviting further communication.
6- using pressure tactics.
7- ending politely.
20. Bhatia (2004) contrasts what he refers to as the relatively
simplicity as the “ideal world” with the greater complexity of
the “real world”.
The “real world” incorporates three main insights:
1- The genres occur in relation to other genres & shouldn’t be
considered in isolation,
2- The genres are dynamic & have propensity to develop.
3- There are disciplinary differences in genres .
21. 1- Placing the given genre-text in a situational context.
2- Surveying the existing literature.
3- Refining the situational / contextual analysis.
4- Selecting a corpus.
5- Selecting the institutional context.
6- Levels of linguistic analysis.
7- Consulting with specialist informants.
The seven stages Bhatia (1993) recommends
for Genre Analysis
22. Application of ESP genre theory has focused on tertiary-level
context, helping students to prepare for both undergraduate
and postgraduate study.
One of the most applications of the results of ESP genre has
been Swales CARS model & adaptations to various contexts.
Swales already suggested “consciousness raising” rather than
“over teaching”.
Application to Pedagogy
23. Through these six main resources and strategies,
writers move toward expert genre knowledge (Tardy,
2009)
1) Prior experience & repeated practice.
2) Textual interactions.
3)Oral interactions.
4) Mentoring & disciplinary participation.
5) Shifting roles within a genre network.
6) Resource availability.
24. This approach to genre was
developed among followers of the
SFL Halliday, under the leadership
of Martin (Martin defines genre as
a staged goal-oriented, purposeful
activity.
Sydney School, like ESP School, share the notion of
staging. In SFL, this notion was referred to as
schematic structure OR structural formula
Sydney school emphasizes communicative purpose & staging
as the distinctive features of the letter.
25. Distinction
between
genre
&
text type
Paltridge
(2002)
Genre: Can be recognized according to external
criteria and are named by their users.
Ex Laboratory reports, research articles, lectures.
Text types OR Elemental Genres: Rhetorical
modes that follow systematic internal discourse
patterns.
Ex problem – solution, exposition – argument.
Text types combine together to create what
are called “ macro-genres”
26. To show how schematic structure & form-function correlations
interact, Coffin (2006) did an interesting work: He shows how
the school genre of historical account typically develops
according to three stages:
Background
Account
sequence
Deduction
Here, the writer chronicles events as they unfolded in the past time.
Events play an agentive role in producing subsequent events. In
the grammar, this is realized as nominalizations in initial clause
(thematic) position.
27. In contrast to ESP, with its pedagogic focus on tertiary- level
contexts, Sydney School genre theory has been developed within
the context of Australia, where it has been used as a tool for
developing a fully fledged pedagogy. (Martin & Rose, 2012)
Sydney School linguistics have applied their genre model to
the teaching of reading. The description of generic stages or
phases, is used to inform the preparation before reading; the
teacher is able to paraphrase the text which is about to read.
Application to Pedagogy
28. As RGS Scholars as A.M. Johns
(2002) say, this approach has a
much more social way of looking
at genre. RGS claims some negative
aspects towards linguistic approaches:
Linguistic approaches don’t pay attention to this
fact that genres are all the time evolving.
They fail to account the multiple purposes of genres.
They neglect the potential for creativity within genres.
They fail to take account of genres’ intertextual nature.
They fail to take account of genres’ hybrid nature.
ESP School
& Sydney
School are
both
linguistic
approaches
29. Hyon (1996) RGS focuses more on situational context,
social purposes & actions resulting from these purposes
rather than linguistic forms.
Miller (1984) He claims that a definition of genre should
be focused on the action it is used to accomplish rather
than its substance or form.
For RGS, genre focuses on action & it must
be related to cognition. According to RGS,
genre is linked to procedural knowledge &
background knowledge.
31. Similarities
of these
three
schools
They insist on the limitation of
traditional conceptions of genres
which focused only on recurring
textual feature.
They stressed the need to recognize
the social dimensions of genres.
They emphasized the addressee, the
context & the occasion.
32. RGS has primarily focused on genres in academic & professional
contexts. RGS is combined with a familiarisation on the part of
learners with the target context & related genres.
Some overt pedagogical issues : META-GENRE AWARENESS ( an
awareness which stresses the interaction between genre &
context)
Application to Pedagogy
33. Critiques;
Paltridge (2001) discussed the limitations of the genre approach
in general:
The difficulty in assgining texts into specific genre categories.
The difficulty for teachers who are working in communities
where the target lg. is not widespread use.
The question of creativity.
The difficulty of the teachers of finding suitable texts & lack of
familiarity with the particular features of the target genre.
34. 1) For Paltridge, genre-based teaching , develops the acquisition of
generic competence, that is the ability to respond to new genres.
2) For Paltridge, genre-based pedagogy provides access to genres
which have high cultural capital, that is genres which are highly valued
by society.
3) For Paltridge, genre-based pedagogy allows for the inclusion of the
best aspects of other syllabus types.
Application to Pedagogy : General Principles