Discourse analysis is the study of language beyond the sentence level. It examines how linguistic and non-linguistic features like intonation, gestures, and social context influence meaning and interpretation in different types of spoken interactions like phone calls or classroom discussions as well as written texts. Discourse analysis also studies speech acts, conversation structures, and how meaning is constructed through the organization and connection of words, sentences, and larger textual patterns.

1. Discourse
analysis is
sometimes
defined as the
analysis of
language 'beyond
the sentence'

2. A BRIEF HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
• In 1960s and early 1970s Works in different disciplines such us
linguistics, semiotics, psychology, anthropology and sociology.
• Harris 1952 was interested in the distribution of linguistic
elements in extended texts.
• Dell Hymes 1960s the study of speech in its social setting.
• Austin(1962), Searle (1969) and Grice (1975) were influential in
the study of language as social action.
• Sinclair and Coulthard 81975) developed a model for the
description of teacher-pupil talk.
• Hymes (1972) conversation analysis.
• Goffman (1976:1979) and Sack, Schegloff and Jefferson (1974)
in the study of conversational norms.
• Praga School with its contribution in showing the links between
grammar and discourse.

3. A grammatical form depends on a number of factors: some
linguistic, some purely situational.
Linguistic feature that may affect our interpretation is the
intonation.
In different kind of spoken interaction as phone calls, buying things
in shops, interview for a job, in classroom, they have their own
formula for example opening and closing the encounter, different
role relationships, different purposes and different settings.

4. SPEECH ACTS
AND
DISCOURSE
STRUCTURES
Discourse Analysis has an important
preoccupation about the approach of
communicative language teaching that
emphasizes the functions of speech
acts that pieces of language perform
overlaps.
Discourse
has
beginning,
middle or
end

5. THE SCOPE
OF
DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS
It is important the
coherent in which the
words and or
sentences are linked to
one another.
The principal
objective is the
have a much better
understanding.

6. The Birmingham model is a relatively simple and powerful model which has
connexions with the study of speech acts.
Framing move that is called the function of such utterances. The unions of two of
them are questions and answers and can be called a transaction.
There is other model called exchange that consists of a question, and an answer
and a comment.
These different situations will require different formulae.
SPOKEN DISCOURSE: MODELS AND ANALYSIS

7. It is at first sight to be “free”.
It could become politeness as
conversation is increasing.
The conversation also could has
intonation, gesture, etc in order
to help in the analysis.
The hierarchy can be expresses
as: Transaction, Exchange,
Move and Act
CONVERSATION OUTSIDE THE CLASSROOM

8. It is more structured than the
classroom talk.
It is also important knowing
how turn taking is managed,
ho conversational opening
and closing affected, how
speakers engage in strategic
acts of politeness, face-
preservation, and so on.
TALK AS
A SOCIAL
ACTIVITY

9. • People who are going
to write have time to
think about what to say
and how to say it.
• They aware about
grammar and cohesion
WRITTEN
DISCOURSE

10. TEXT AND
INTERPRETATION
Markers of various kind, and cohesive markers
are very much concerned with the surface of the
text.
Interpretation can be seen as a set of procedures.
Other way to make an interpretation is through
recognizing textual patterns.
Reading a text is like having a dialogue with the
writer.

11. LARGER PATTERNS IN
TEXT
It concerns with larger patterns
which regularly occur in texts.
Readers and writers need to be
aware about signalling devices.
Signalling can be even more
important part in signposting the text,