This document discusses discourse analysis and conversation analysis. Discourse analysis examines whole texts and how meaning is constructed based on context. Conversation analysis studies how conversations occur and how participants navigate turns, topics, and termination. There are generally four stages to a conversation: getting attention, nominating a topic, developing the topic through turns, and terminating the discussion. Conversations also follow maxims of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner. Discourse and conversation analysis examine language use beyond sentences and consider social and cultural factors.

2. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

4. They sell BABY STUFF
NOT
Sell BABY
EXAMPLE:

5. EXAMPLE:
Aziz on his way to school

6. EXAMPLE:
Sony : Are you coming to the
party tonight?
Happy: I’ve got an exam
tomorrow

7. EXAMPLE:
Trying not to be out of the
office for so long, Marisa
went into nearest place, sat
down and ordered a
sandwich. It was quite
crowded, but the service was
fast, so he left a good tip
when she had to rush back

8. We can say a number of thing about the
scene and event. Although the text
doesn’t have the info. For example:
 Marisa opened a door to get into
the restaurant
 There was table there
 She ate sandwich
 She paid for it
 So on

9. Discourse Analysis
Analysis of the relationship between forms and
functions of language

10.  It concerns with whole texts rather
than sentences or clauses
 The study of different meaning in
different context of use
 The writer/speaker build a network of
ideas or feelings and the
reader/listener interpret them.

11. CONVERSATION ANALYSIS (CA)
to understand how social members
make sense of everyday life. (silent
period)
how conversation can happen at all.

12. Attention
Getting
Topic
Nomination
Topic
Development
Topic
Termination
RULE OF CONVERSATION

13. FIRST
Attention
Getting
To build a conversation, we
have to get the attention of our
listener

14. SECOND
Topic
Nomination
When the listener’s attention got,
the topic of the conversation can
be chosen

15. THIRD
Topic
Development
After the topic selected, the conversation
maintained by using appropriate turn-taking
of each other. It can be
clarification, shifting, avoidance and
interruption.

16. FOURTH
Topic
Termination
The ending of the conversation. If there is
no more development from each person
the conversation can be ended by various
interactional functions (a glance at a
watch, a polite smile or “I have to go now”)

17. THERE ARE FOUR CONVERSATIONAL
MAXIM TO NOMINATE AND MAINTAIN THE
TOPIC
 Quantity: Say only as much as necessary for
understanding the communication
 Quality: Say only what is true
 Relevance: Say only what is relevant with the
topic
 Manner: Be clear to avoid ambiguity

18. “Pragmatic [is] a general cognitive, social, and
cultural perspective on linguistic phenomena
in relation to their usage in forms of
behaviour.”
(Verchueren, 1999:7)
Conversational logic

19. Ardi : That is the telephone
Yulvi : I’m in the bath
Ardi : OK

20. Do you have a time?

21.  Girls have been found to produce more
‘standard’ language than boys
 Men have been reported to interrupt more than
women
 Men use stronger expletives, while women use
more polite form
 Carib Indian, between male and female, must
use entirely different gender markings for
abstract nouns

22.  Communication is not just a matter of words
 Communication is a matter of action
 Communication is a matter of relationship and
power
 Communication creates and re-creates our
social world