Frederick Banting had the idea that led to the discovery of insulin. He performed surgeries on dogs with Charles Best assisting. Before insulin, physicians endorsed fasting and low-calorie diets for diabetes, which provided some relief but death often followed. The first human given insulin was Leonard Thompson in 1922. Later, Frederick Sanger determined insulin's structure, winning a Nobel Prize in 1958. Rosalyn Yalow developed radioimmunoassay, allowing accurate insulin measurement, earning her a 1977 Nobel Prize. Today, recombinant DNA technology produces human insulin.

1. Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
A REVIEW ON
Discovery of insulin
Presented by :
Palash Ghosal
Pritam Kayal
Shibsankar bag
B.PHARM, 2nd year , 3rd semester,
Roll No:- 18601919066, 18601919064, 18601919109
Under the Guidance of Debabrata Ghosh Dastidar, Assistant Professor, GNIPST

2. • Insulin
• Blood Glucose and insulin
• The early Era
• The discovery
• Before insulin era
• Human use of insulin
• Frederick Sanger-Insulin structure
• Rosalyn Yalow and Radioimmunoassay
• Principle of RIA
• Recombinant DNA: HumanInsulin
• Activity of insulin
• Action of insulin
• Reference
CONTENT

3. Insulin and Nobel prize
John Macleod and Frederick Banting
• Physiology and Medicine 1923
Frederick Sanger
• Chemistry 1958
Rosalyn Yalow
• Physiology and Medicine 1977

4. Insulin
• Peptide with 51 aminoacids
• Pancreatic hormone
• Causes cells in the liver,muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose
• Stored in body as ahexamer with Znstabilization
• Active as monomer
• Insulin is responsible for carbohydrate mechanism

5. Blood Glucose and Insulin

6. The Early era {1,2}
The discovery of insulin was one of the most dramatic and important milestones in
medicine - a Nobel Prize-winning moment in science.
Paul Langerhans had discovered the beta cell 1869
Paul Langerhans, a medical student in Berlin, discovers a distinct collection of
cells within the pancreas. These cells would later be called the Islets of
Langerhans.
Paul Langerhans

7. In 1889, two German researchers Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering
discovered that removing a dog’s pancreas would provoke severe symptoms
of diabetes.
First trial in animals 1916
Romanian professor Nicolae Paulescu develops an extract of the
pancreas and shows that it lowers blood sugar in diabetic dogs.
Nicolae Paulescu
Oskar Minkowski

8. The Discovery{3,4}
Frederick Banting had the idea that began the discovery process. He performed the
surgeries on the dogs. The discovery of insulin was the highlight of his career.
Charles Best, a young biochemistry student, assisted Banting.

10. Before Insulin Era{1,3}
During the early part of the 20th century, before insulin became
available, physicians Allen and Joslin endorsed fasting and calorie-
restricted diets for diabetes.
This resulted in some improvement of glucosuria and acidosis,
decreased coma, and delayed death among children with diabetes.
All diabetics were advised to decrease their sugar and dietary
starch intake, and those who were obese were advised to lose
weight.

11. Human use of insulin
• Leonard Thompson (1908 –1935) received the first injection of insulin on January 11, 1922 at the age of 14
• Survived until the age of 27 when he died of pneumonia
• Elizabeth Hughes Gossett (1907-1981)was the first American patient,daughter of the Governor of New York
• She received 42,000 insulin shots till death in 1981 at the age of 74
• Eli Lilly bought the patent for manufacturing insulin

12. Macleod and Banting
• Shares the Nobel Prize in Physiologyand Medicine in 1923
• Banting shares his prize money withCharles Best
• Macleod shares his prize moneywith James Collip
• The controversy still continues overthe discovery of insulin
• Nicholas Paulescu is often cited asthe discoverer of insulin

13. Frederick Sanger-Insulin structure
• Fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB) reacts withthe N terminal amino group
• Partial hydrolysis
• Electrophoresis and chromatography
• N terminus amino acid identified by the yellow color due to FDNB
• Repeating this procedure, the entire structure of insulin could be identified
• Nobel Prize in Chemistry in the year 1958
• Sanger got a second Nobel Prize inChemistry in the year 1980 for DNAsequencing

14. Rosalyn Yalow and Radioimmunoassay
• Interested to know why higherquantities of insulin are needed forinsulin treated diabetic patients
• Injected 131 I-insulin to patientstreated with insulin
• Expected to have faster metabolismof 131 I-insulin
• Slow metabolism was seen
• 131 I-insulin was bound to antibody
• The antibody was used fordeveloping an assay for insulin.

15. Principle of RIA
• Saturation analysis
• Reagent is used in less concentration than the analyte
• Used for analysis of any molecules that can produce an antibody
• Sensitive and specific
• Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine in the year 1977
• Forerunner of all immunoassays
• Millions of assays are done daily

16. Recombinant DNA: HumanInsulin
• Isolate the gene that contains enough informationto make one protein.
• Scientists were able to move genes from one oganism to another.
• The first commercial application of recombinant DNA technology was in 1982, when reserchers
produced human insulin
• By moving the gene responsible for the productionof insulin to E Coli bacteria human insulin could begen
etically produced.
• Today diabetic patients receive human insulin

17. Activity of insulin{2}

19. 1. Vecchio I, Tornali C, Bragazzi NL, Martini M. The Discovery of Insulin: An
Important Milestone in the History of Medicine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).
2018;9:613. Published 2018 Oct 23. doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00613
2. Vecchio, Ignazio et al. “The Discovery of Insulin: An Important Milestone in the
History of Medicine.” Frontiers in endocrinology vol. 9 613. 23 Oct. 2018,
doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00613
3. Oubre AY, Carlson TJ, King SR, Reaven GM. From plant to patient: an ethnomedical
approach to the identification of new drugs for the treatment of NIDDM. Diabetologia 1997;
40: 6147.
Gemmill CL. The Greek concept of diabetes. Bull N Y Acad Med 1972; 48: 10336.
4. Hirsch I. Insulin Analogues. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 17483
References