Nepal faces frequent natural disasters due to its difficult geological terrain and location in a seismically active zone. The document discusses Nepal's disaster management system and key recent disasters, including the devastating 2015 earthquakes. It outlines Nepal's institutional framework for disaster response, led by the Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee. International assistance is coordinated through clusters and the UN, with areas for improvement around coordination and preventing duplication.

2. Disaster management in
Nepal
Ministry of Home Affairs
Government of Nepal

3. Background
 Nepal is a hot spot of natural disaster.
 Frequently occurrence: Flood, landslide, fire are
the main disasters.
 According to geological studies, Nepal lies on
Seismic Active Zone.
 Earthquake frequently occurs, but large scale
earthquake occurs at times.

4. Nepal is disaster prone due to
4
Difficult Geological Terrain
8848 Meter
70 Meter

5. Koshi Flood 2008
 2008 Big Flood at Koshi
River/River embankment
collapse, living 2.7 million
people affecting (both at
Nepal and India) and
around 200 people death

6. Major Recent Natural Disasters
2012 (May), a big fire in Siraha District,
burning around 1000 houses affecting
2063 people
2012 (May 5) A great avalanches induced
flood at Seti River, near Pokhara, taking life
of 72 people, collasping around 30 small
houses and damaging millions of worth
2014 (August), Sunkoshi Blocked by big landslide, affecting around thousands of people in upper and lower river stream
and Killing or missing 152 people also with main commercial road blocked to China for almost one month.

7. Earthquake 2015
 As a result of the two major earthquakes that struck
Nepal on 25 April and 12 May 2015, nearly 8891 lives
and over one million homes have been destroyed.
 On Saturday, 25 April 2015 at 11:56 local time a 7.6
magnitude earthquake recorded by Nepal’s National
Seismological Centre(NSC) struck Barpak in the district
of Gorkha, about 76 Km northwest of kathmandu .
 Four aftershocks were greater than 6.0 Magnitude.
 8 Million people, one third population of Nepal have
been affected. 31 districts affected and14 districts
declared ‘crisis-hit’ for the purpose of prioritizing
rescue and relief operation.
 The catastrophic earthquake was followed by more
than 400 aftershocks greater than magnitude 4.0

8. Responsibilities for Immediate Search, Rescue and
Relief
Ministries and Agencies Responsibility
 MoHA/ Nepal Army/ Nepal Police/ AFP/ DDRC Search, Rescue and Relief
 MoAD/ WFP/ FAO Food Security
 Ministry of Industry Dry Food Procurement
 Ministry of Commerce and Supply/ Nepal Food
Corporation/ Local Government
Food Supply and Distribution
 MoWCSW/ Human Rights Commission/ UNICEF/
UNHCR
Protection
 MoUD Purchase of Tents and Shelter
 MoEd/ UNICEF/ SC Education
 MoComm/ WFP/UNFPA Emergency communication
 MoHP Health and Medication
 Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport Heavy Equipment Mobilisation
 MoFALG/ UNDP Early recovery

9. Immediate Relief Supports

10. Coordination Structure in Nepal
Name
of
Clusters
Healt
h
WASH Shelter Food
Secur
ity
Logistics CCCM Educatio
n
Protection Telecom
municati
on
Nutriti
on
Early
Recover
y
Networ
k
Cluster
leads
(Govern
ment)
MoH MoUD MoUD MoA
D
MoHA MoUD MoE MoWCSW
/NHRC
MoIC MoH MoFAL
D
Cluster
Co-
leads
WHO UNICEF IFRC(Emergen
cy shelter and
preparedness
)/UNHABITAT(
Recovery)
WFP/
FAO
WFP IOM UNICEF
/SC
UNHCR/U
NICEF/UN
FPA
WFP UNICEF UNDP

11. Humanitarian Coordinator
Members: AIN, FAO, IFRC, IOM, OHCHR,
OCHA, UNMIN, UNDP, UNFPA, UNHCR,
UNICEF, WFP, WHO, Standing Invitees, ICRC
Main Humanitarian Country Team. The Principal
IASC is a strategic decision making body with
representation of Heads of Agency level. Once
in 2 months
RC
Chair: OCHA/RC
Members: Cluster Leads, AIN, FAO, IFRC,
IOM, NRCS, OHCHR, SC, UNDP, UNFPA,
UNHABITAT, UNICEF, WFP, WHO, ICRC
(Obs.) Inter Agency Standing Committee
HUMANITARIAN COORDINATION STRUCTURE
Cluster level
Coordination
1. Camp Coordination & Camp Mgmt
2. Education
3. Shelter
4. Health
5. Nutrition
6. Protection
7. Water, Sanitation & Hygiene
8. Food Security
9. Telecomm
10. Logistics
11. Early Recovery (as a network)
Government
Cluster
Focal
Points
and
DDRC
Central Natural
Disaster Relief
Committee

12. Relief Materials
Non-Food Food
Tent / Tarpauline Rice
Blanket Sugar
Mattress Salt
Solar Lights Noodles
Clothing – Adults / Children Puffed / Beaten Rice
Soap Water
Hygiene Kits Biscuits
Water Purifying Tablets Other Dry Foods
Handy Bags for Delivering and Pregnant Women Dal, Beans, Peas
Baby Kits

13. Disaster Scenario of loss of lives in Nepal( 2000-2015)
Year Flood &
Landslide
Thunder-
bolt
Fire Hailstone Wind-
storm
Avalanche/Sno
w storm
Epidemic Earth-
quake
Total
2000 173 26 37 1 2 - 141 0 380
2001 196 38 26 1 1 - 154 1 417
2002 441 6 11 0 3 - 0 0 461
2003 232 62 16 0 20 - - 0 330
2004 131 10 10 0 0 - 0 151
2005 141 18 28 0 0 21 41 0 249
2006 141 15 3 1 0 - 34 0 194
2007 216 40 9 18 1 6 0 0 290
2008 134 16 11 0 2 0 3 0 166
2009 135 7 35 0 0 2 10 0 189
2010 240 70 69 0 2 2 462 0 845
2011 263 95 46 2 6 0 36 0 448
2012 123 119 77 0 18 9 9 6 361
2013 219 146 59 na 3 7 4 0 438
2014 241 96 62 na 3 38 12 0 452
2015 128 67 40 0 0 0 1 8980 9216
Total 3154 831 539 23 61 85 907 8987 14587

14. Disaster scenario of Nepal 2016
No. of
Events/No.of
district affected
People House Destroyed
S.No. Type of Disaster Death Missing Injured
Affected
Family
Animal
Loss
Comp. Partly
Shed
Destroyed
Estimated Losses
(in Rs.)
1 Avalanche 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 Boat Capsize 4 7 1 8 8 0 0 0 0 0
3 Cold Wave 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 Earthquake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 Epidemic 4 19 0 35 19 0 0 0 0 0
6 Fire 1534 64 0 240 3490 5878 2287 447 845 1812058790
7 Flood 230 101 36 17 7123 934 583 180 18 30711501
8 Landslide 234 148 9 144 1490 982 358 440 107 810442200
9 Heavy Rainfall 114 9 0 24 672 58 110 39 14 18769500
10 Wind Storm 28 2 0 9 191 4 112 103 2 24186000
11 Snow Storm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 Thunderbolt 206 118 0 240 260 298 4 7 7 3321000
13 Asinapani 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
14 High Altitude 10 13 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0
15 Other 15 6 1 43 19 0 1 0 0 20000
TOTAL 2379 487 47 760 13281 8154 3455 1216 993 2699508991
Disaster Data 2016

15. INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE

16. Coordination Framework

17. Institutional Framework (1982 Act)
Cabinet
(Policy, Budget and Emergency Declaration)
Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee
(chaired by Home Minister)
(Coordination, Response, Rescue, Relief)
Regional Natural Disaster
Relief Committee
Chaired by Regional Administrator
District Disaster Relief Committee
Chaired by Chief District Officer
(Execution, Rescue & Relief, Data collection)
Rescue and Treatment
Sub-Committee
Chaired by Minister of Health and
Population
Supply, Shelter and
Rehabilitation
Sub-Committee
Chaired by Minister of PPWTM
Regional EOC 5
District EOC 49
National EOC
Central
Natural
Disaster
Relief
Fund
Prime-Minister
Natural
Disaster
Relief
Fund

18. Normal Phase
(Preparedness)
Alert Phase
(Alerts agencies and
authorities for an
imminent
emergency)
Response
Phase
(leading
coordination and
communication for
response)
Recovery
Phase
(Coordinate Early
Recovery efforts)
National Emergency Operation Centre (NEOC)Nepal
NEOC Premises

19. Emergency Response Mechanism (GoN): Currently practiced
MoHA, / NEOC
Situation Analysis
(CDO, DDRC)
(Search, Rescue,
Immediate Relief)
CNDRC meeting held
UN Resident /
Humanitarian Coordinator
UNDAC / USAR
Teams
International Appeal
Government Line
Agencies
Clusters
Activated
INGOs & others
GON Declares Disaster
(area, time)
Disaster

20. MoHA, / NEOC
Situation Analysis
(CDO, DDRC)
CNDRC meeting held
UN RC & Redcross
UNDAC /
USAR teams
Government
Agencies
Clusters
Activated
INGOs &
others
GON Declares Disaster
(area, time)
Disaster
Local NGO’s
Lesson Learn: Proposed National Mechanism Emer. Response
Bilateral and
Multilateral
support, Coordinat
ed by MoFA
International
Communities
International Appeal

21. Existing Coordination Structure during Mega Disaster
Central Natural
Disaster Relief
Committee (CNDRC)
NEOC/LEMA
Several
Military
Forces coming
from aboard
(MNMCC)
On Site
Operations
Coordination
Center (OSOCC)
IASC/Clusters
International
Responders
UN Agencies
Funds &
Programme
Red Cross
Movement
International Regional
& Sub-regional Co-
operation
Civil/ Private
Sectors
Internationa
l Search &
Rescue
Group

22. Central Natural Disaster
Relief Committee (CNDRC)
NEOC/LEMA
Several Military
Forces coming
from aboard
(MNMCC)
On Site Operations
Coordination
Center (OSOCC)
Bi-liter
Support
International
Responders
UN Agencies
Funds &
Programme
Red Cross
Movement
Regional
Organization
Support
Civil/ Private
Sectors
Coordination Structure during Mega Disaster and proposed now as experience
BOO
REG &DDRC
Relief
Distribution
Center
- Arrival and
departure hall
- HSA
- Relief Facilitation
- Flight Support Co-
ordination Group

23. Purposed International Assistance
Frame

24. Coordinator of the Office of the
United Nations human mamila
Council of Ministers
Declared emergency zone and the time and decided to take international cooperation
Foreign, Home, Defence, Finance and other ministries according to
needs Identification and prioritization of needs
Call for international cooperation
and coordination of the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
Ministry of Home Affairs/
Central Natural Disaster
Relief Committee
Ministry of Home
Affairs/National Emergency
Operation Center
Regional Natural Disaster
Relief Committee
Chief District Officer /
District Natural Disaster
Relief Committee,
bilateral
cooperation
The United Nations and NGO
cooperation anrtarrastraya
Anrtarrastraya come
through the Red
Cross campaign
support
Nepal Red Cross
Society
Nepalese
Embassy
Mission
Non Residential
Nepali Community
Thematic Area Operations
National and international non-
governmental organizations
UNDAC/INSARAG
Regional network with non-
governmental organizations Local non-governmental
organizations

25. Humanitarian Response from Government view
• Contribution to international Resources
mobilization.
• Contribution to PDNA and Recovery Framework.
• Support to activate all Clusters.
• Wider coverage of Humanitarian Relief.
• support to government programs.
• Humanitarian staging area (HSA).

26. Things to be improved
• Majority of new agencies unaware of Nepalese government
provision, acting without coordination.
• Commitment VS Delivery.
• Lack of coordination among agencies created duplication.
• Disaster Tourism, Vested interest.
• OSOCC establishment after 4 days of earthquake.
• unwanted relief items.
• Cash Distribution without getting permission from govt.
creates extra burden to government.
• International Assistance Guideline for Disaster Response.

27. What went right
Preparedness
• National Disaster Response Framework
• Provision of Prime Minister Disaster Relief Fund & Central Natural Disaster Relief
Fund
• Network of Emergency Operation Centres (National Emergency Operation Centre,
District Emergency Operation Centres and Health Emergency Operation Centre)
• PEER program (MFR, CSSR, HoPE training for security and health personnel)
• 83 open space in Kathmandu valley
• Humanitarian Staging Area at Tribhuvan International Airport
• Government led cluster system and cluster contingency plans
• Dead body Management guidelines
• Model Agreement on customs clearance
• Disaster Management Section at various line Ministries
• District Disaster Preparedness and Response Plans in place
• Disaster Management Directorate, Battalion in three security Agencies
• Disaster training centre in APF

28. What went right……
Response
• All higher authorities including Prime Minister presented in NEOC within 1
hour after earthquake despite strong ongoing aftershocks
• Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee and Cabinet meeting was held
within two hours; 14 most affected districts declared Catastrophe Area
and called for international support
• All security forces: Nepal Army, Armed Police Force and Nepal Police –
were immediately mobilized for search and rescue operations
• National disaster response framework and National Emergency Operation
Centre were instrumental in handling such a mega disaster
• MNMCC and OSOCC were more effective in coordinating civil and military
assets for search and rescue
• Cluster system was effectively functional on the leadership of government
entity
• Timely decision was made to demobilize international search and rescue
team

29. What went right……
Response….
• 7000 out of 22,000 injured (40%) rescued by Air Ambulance from the most
difficult terrain of the country and, possibly, the world
• Effective free treatment in both private and public hospitals; Emergency
Rooms in major hospitals were made empty by treating all victims within 72
hrs
• Overall situation of law and order was maintained in spite of 5 million people
in 49 districts camping outside their houses for a month
• Smooth supply of drinking water, restoration of communication, no long
queue in banks and shops, holding of public goods (black marketing)
effectively controlled
• Informed people through multi pronged communication strategy i.e.
Information Centre, Press Release and Press Conference, DRR portal, Twitter

30. What went right……
Response…
• Successfully managed a safe passage for the exodus of
around one million affected people from Kathmandu
within one week
• Successfully managed to deliver immediate relief to all
affected people within one month
• Probable epidemic outbreak was fully controlled
• Day to day life of the people came back to normalcy
within one month
• All dead bodies were properly managed

31. What went right……
• Government provided NPR 15000 to each family to build
temporary shelter; within three months all affected
families built temporary shelters in support of
governmental and non governmental agencies
• Schools reopened within two months after making
temporary learning centers (TLC)
• All governmental services were functional after one
month despite their badly damaged structures
• 6945 families were relocated temporarily from most
vulnerable areas
Early Recovery

32. What went right……
• Post Disaster Need assessment (PDNA) was conducted
within two months
• International conference on Nepal’s Reconstruction was
held after two months
• Earthquake Reconstruction Bill was promulgated with the
provision of Earthquake Reconstruction Authority (ERA)
• Earthquake Reconstruction fund was established
Recovery

33. What were the shortcomings observed
Preparedness
• Lack of prepositioning of relief materials
• No dedicated urban search and rescue teams
• Lack of search and rescue equipments
• Lack of building dismantling and debris removal equipments
• Non-compliance of building codes
• Did not focus on rural housing practices
• Standard Operating Procedure for National Emergency Operation Centre was
yet not endorsed, and guidelines for accepting international relief were not
available
• No priority list for relief and standard for relief materials covering all the life
saving components
• Lack of enough air asset (helicopters)
• Lack of political will and commitment for disaster preparedness
• Lack of community preparedness for disaster response
• Lack of awareness on earthquake risk of the country

34. The shortcomings observed…..
• Difficulties in reaching all affected remote areas due to mountain terrain and lack of
transportation infrastructures
• Challenges in coordinating all national security forces and multinational civil and military
search and rescue teams
• Difficulties in providing relief materials to all affected areas within same time
• Challenges in maintaining one window policy to distribute relief materials
• Challenges in distributing relief material in an equitable manner- people in accessible area
got more relief than people at remote
• Difficulties in controlling disaster politics
• Challenges in controlling rumor in press and social media regarding the possibility of next
big earthquake and aftershocks
• Difficulties in identifying real victims of earthquake. Many fake people also got relief
• Difficulties in controlling the inflow of non priority relief materials i.e. water, used clothes,
cooked food, ready meat, other luxury goods and very expensive family tents etc.
• Challenges in controlling disaster tourism
Response

35. What Needs to be done
• Approve new Disaster Management Act provisioned with dedicated
Disaster Management Agency
• Allocate enough budget for disaster response
• Develop Comprehensive Disaster Response Plan
• Develop Dedicated SAR Team in security agencies with enough
equipment
• Enhance Air Asset capability among security forces
• Preposition enough relief materials in regional warehouses with
relief standard
• Protect and develop all public open spaces
• Develop special guidelines to receive international relief
• Conduct simulation exercise to test guidelines and SOPs
• Enhance inter organizational cooperation and coordination
mechanism

37. Thank You