The document discusses flood management in India. It begins by outlining the rationale for effective flood management strategies given the impacts of flooding. It then covers various topics related to flood management including the types and causes of floods in India, flood risk management strategies, and the evolution of flood risk management approaches. Key flood-prone river basins in India are also identified.
The document discusses key concepts related to disaster management including:
1) It defines terms like hazard, disaster, emergency, vulnerability, and risk.
2) It outlines different phases of disaster management like relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction.
3) It describes different types of disasters like sudden onset, slow onset, natural disasters, and human-made disasters.
Floods are caused by excessive rainfall or coastal hazards that result in overflowing bodies of water onto dry land. They start when erosion along shorelines causes flooding and end when water levels recede. Flooding is the most common natural disaster worldwide. It affects the environment by damaging soils, trees, and crops and can spread chemicals from agricultural or sewage runoff. Flash floods occur quickly in mountainous or desert areas, while river floods develop more slowly over watersheds. Coastal floods are driven by tides, storms or tsunamis. Lakeshore floods impact shoreline communities. Floods cause numerous deaths annually in the US despite most occurring in just a few inches of fast moving water.
Cyclones are areas of closed, circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the Earth. They are known by different names depending on their location. There are three main types of cyclones: tropical cyclones, polar cyclones, and mesocyclones. Cyclones derive their names through a systematic procedure. They form due to differences in air pressure and temperature. The primary hazards of cyclones are strong winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surge, which can cause flooding and other impacts. Mitigation efforts include securing property, listening for warnings, and evacuating if instructed.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of natural and man-made disasters. It discusses natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, droughts and tornadoes. It also covers man-made disasters and technological hazards like industrial accidents, fires and oil spills. The document emphasizes that while hazards may occur naturally, it is the vulnerability of human settlements and lack of emergency management that turns these events into disasters that cause loss of life and property damage. Developing nations are often the most impacted due to greater exposure and fewer resources to build resilience against disasters.
Floods occur when water overflows or breaks levees and causes water to escape its usual boundaries. There are several principal types of floods including areal, riverine, estuarine, coastal, and catastrophic floods. Floods can cause primary effects like physical damage, secondary effects like diseases and food shortages, and long-term economic impacts. Flood control involves defenses like levees, reservoirs, and emergency measures. Major floods throughout history have caused massive loss of life.
Floods are a common natural disaster in India that occur when bodies of water overflow their normal boundaries due to heavy rainfall or snow/ice melt. There are several types of floods including flash floods caused by intense rainfall in mountainous areas, river floods along large rivers, coastal floods due to storm surges and tsunamis, and urban floods when rainfall cannot be absorbed in urban areas. Floods can damage property and infrastructure, spread disease, and disrupt communities but may also provide benefits by recharging groundwater or increasing soil fertility. Prevention methods include coastal defenses, town planning, retaining walls, dams, and increasing vegetation cover. States frequently affected by floods in India include West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh,
This document discusses various types of disasters including natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, volcanoes and forest fires. It also discusses man-made disasters like nuclear accidents, chemical leaks and tsunamis. For each type of disaster, it provides details on causes, effects and precautionary measures that can be taken before, during and after the occurrence of a disaster. It emphasizes the importance of disaster management, which involves preparedness, response and recovery efforts to minimize the impact of disasters. Conducting mock drills is also highlighted as an important aspect of raising awareness and training communities to respond effectively during times of disasters.
The document discusses key concepts related to disaster management including:
1) It defines terms like hazard, disaster, emergency, vulnerability, and risk.
2) It outlines different phases of disaster management like relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction.
3) It describes different types of disasters like sudden onset, slow onset, natural disasters, and human-made disasters.
Floods are caused by excessive rainfall or coastal hazards that result in overflowing bodies of water onto dry land. They start when erosion along shorelines causes flooding and end when water levels recede. Flooding is the most common natural disaster worldwide. It affects the environment by damaging soils, trees, and crops and can spread chemicals from agricultural or sewage runoff. Flash floods occur quickly in mountainous or desert areas, while river floods develop more slowly over watersheds. Coastal floods are driven by tides, storms or tsunamis. Lakeshore floods impact shoreline communities. Floods cause numerous deaths annually in the US despite most occurring in just a few inches of fast moving water.
Cyclones are areas of closed, circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the Earth. They are known by different names depending on their location. There are three main types of cyclones: tropical cyclones, polar cyclones, and mesocyclones. Cyclones derive their names through a systematic procedure. They form due to differences in air pressure and temperature. The primary hazards of cyclones are strong winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surge, which can cause flooding and other impacts. Mitigation efforts include securing property, listening for warnings, and evacuating if instructed.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of natural and man-made disasters. It discusses natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, droughts and tornadoes. It also covers man-made disasters and technological hazards like industrial accidents, fires and oil spills. The document emphasizes that while hazards may occur naturally, it is the vulnerability of human settlements and lack of emergency management that turns these events into disasters that cause loss of life and property damage. Developing nations are often the most impacted due to greater exposure and fewer resources to build resilience against disasters.
Floods occur when water overflows or breaks levees and causes water to escape its usual boundaries. There are several principal types of floods including areal, riverine, estuarine, coastal, and catastrophic floods. Floods can cause primary effects like physical damage, secondary effects like diseases and food shortages, and long-term economic impacts. Flood control involves defenses like levees, reservoirs, and emergency measures. Major floods throughout history have caused massive loss of life.
Floods are a common natural disaster in India that occur when bodies of water overflow their normal boundaries due to heavy rainfall or snow/ice melt. There are several types of floods including flash floods caused by intense rainfall in mountainous areas, river floods along large rivers, coastal floods due to storm surges and tsunamis, and urban floods when rainfall cannot be absorbed in urban areas. Floods can damage property and infrastructure, spread disease, and disrupt communities but may also provide benefits by recharging groundwater or increasing soil fertility. Prevention methods include coastal defenses, town planning, retaining walls, dams, and increasing vegetation cover. States frequently affected by floods in India include West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh,
This document discusses various types of disasters including natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, volcanoes and forest fires. It also discusses man-made disasters like nuclear accidents, chemical leaks and tsunamis. For each type of disaster, it provides details on causes, effects and precautionary measures that can be taken before, during and after the occurrence of a disaster. It emphasizes the importance of disaster management, which involves preparedness, response and recovery efforts to minimize the impact of disasters. Conducting mock drills is also highlighted as an important aspect of raising awareness and training communities to respond effectively during times of disasters.
The document discusses various types of natural disasters commonly occurring in India such as floods, earthquakes, cyclones, and landslides. It describes the causes and effects of these disasters and highlights various structural and non-structural mitigation measures that can help reduce their impacts, such as early warning systems, disaster preparedness training, land use planning, and hazard-resistant infrastructure development. The document emphasizes that while not all natural disasters can be prevented, taking proactive mitigation actions can considerably reduce loss of life and property.
This document provides information about disaster management. It begins by defining a disaster and describing the origins of the term. It then outlines different types of natural and man-made disasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, cyclones, floods, droughts, and more. The disaster management cycle of pre-disaster, during, and post-disaster phases is also explained. Specific examples of India's vulnerability to different types of disasters are given. The document concludes by discussing potential future disasters and emphasizing the importance of disaster preparedness.
This document discusses floods, including definitions, types, causes, impacts, and management. It begins by defining disasters and noting that floods are a common natural phenomenon in parts of India. The objectives are to identify flood causes and impacts. Different types of floods are described like flash floods, river floods, and coastal floods. Causes include heavy rainfall, river obstructions, and dam/levee failures. Impacts involve loss of life, property damage, disease spread, and economic disruption. Flood forecasting, control methods, and the benefits of some floods are also outlined. Statistics on India's flood-prone areas and damages are presented.
Floods are a common natural disaster in India that occur annually, causing widespread damage to lives and property. Some key points about floods and their management in India include:
- The major flood-prone states are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, and West Bengal.
- Floods are caused by heavy rainfall, river overflow, coastal flooding, and sometimes dam/reservoir failures. They impact lives, infrastructure, agriculture, and the economy.
- Flood management involves forecasting, structural measures like dams and levees, and non-structural plans to minimize damage and warn communities. Zoning also directs development away from high risk flood areas.
Learn about floods, its causes and its types. including many pictures to make this a fun learing slide. have fun! please comment and like! hope you love it! kisesssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss!
natural disaster project by mirza ibrahim from greenwich academy199917
This document provides an introduction to disaster management. It discusses that while disasters have always occurred, their frequency and damage has increased significantly in recent decades. It then outlines different types of natural disasters like floods, tornadoes, cyclones, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. For each disaster, it provides examples of management strategies like developing emergency plans and preparing supplies. The document also discusses man-made disasters, fires, and industrial hazards, and strategies for responding to them. Finally, it outlines key aspects of disaster management like preparedness, mitigation, and the full disaster management cycle.
This document discusses tsunamis, which are giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea. Tsunamis can cause massive damage and loss of life by destroying homes and infrastructure. While impossible to prevent, their effects can be minimized through preparation measures like building in safe areas, establishing evacuation routes, and early warning systems. The document outlines dos and don'ts for before, during, and after a tsunami and emphasizes the importance of quickly evacuating coastal areas if a tsunami is detected or warned.
Geography project on disaster and its managementahamed01
The document discusses various natural disasters including earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, droughts, and cyclones. It defines each disaster and describes their causes and effects. For each disaster, it provides examples of past events that caused significant damage and loss of life in India. It also lists precautionary measures that can be taken to reduce risks and prepare for disasters. Key points covered include the definition of an earthquake and tsunami, cyclones developing due to low pressure systems, floods occurring when rivers overflow, drought prone areas of India, and the devastating impact of past events like the 2001 Gujarat earthquake and 1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone.
Floods are caused by overflowing rivers and water bodies due to heavy rainfall or storms. They can be slow onset floods developing over time or rapid onset flash floods. To protect oneself, important measures include proper city planning, knowing early warning signals, evacuating dangerous areas, disinfecting flooded areas, and discarding contaminated food and supplies after a flood.
Drought is defined as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that negatively impacts living conditions and agriculture. It is difficult to determine the exact onset and end of a drought. Drought can be caused by improper rainfall distribution over time and space, as well as an imbalance between precipitation and water usage. There are different types of drought including meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, and socio-economic droughts that have increasingly severe impacts on weather, water resources, crop yields, and the economy. While drought is a natural phenomenon, its effects are exacerbated in developing countries by issues like overpopulation, deforestation, and unsustainable water usage.
Natural disasters can cause major damage and loss of life. Examples include floods, earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. In 2012, there were over 900 natural disasters worldwide resulting in $170 billion in costs. Many of the damages from natural disasters are exacerbated by human activities like population growth in vulnerable areas and lack of adequate disaster preparedness. India must view disasters as preventable tragedies, not just acts of God, to better prepare for their impacts.
Cyclones are areas of closed, circular winds rotating in the same direction as the Earth. They form over low pressure systems and can exist on scales from mesocyclones to extra tropical cyclones. Cyclones develop in tropical regions like northern Australia and Southeast Asia between the months of summer, requiring sea surface temperatures of at least 26°C. Cyclones are responsible for loss of life and property damage within 100km of their centers, mainly through strong winds, heavy rainfall, storm surges and tornadoes.
Over the years, India has witnessed worst floods causing numerous loss of lives and to property.
Here are some causes and its geomorphic effects.
And some measures of flood control.
The document discusses various aspects of disasters including definitions, types, phases of disaster management, and principles of disaster management. It defines a disaster as a sudden accident or natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of life. Disasters are classified as natural disasters, which result from natural hazards like floods, earthquakes or technological/man-made disasters. The phases of disaster management are prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Key principles of disaster management include shared responsibility between different levels of government and recognizing the roles of non-government organizations.
Cyclones are rotating storms that form over warm tropical oceans and are characterized by high winds swirling about a central area of low pressure. They are known by different names in different regions. A tropical cyclone is defined as a circular storm with winds exceeding 64 knots. Cyclones can be predicted days in advance using meteorological records, and hazard maps can illustrate vulnerable areas. Risk reduction measures for cyclones include coastal belt plantation, land use control, engineered structures, flood management, and improving vegetation cover.
The document provides information about various natural disasters including earthquakes, tornadoes, landslides, volcanoes, floods, droughts, hurricanes, famines, tsunamis, forest fires and cyclones. It defines each disaster and provides some key details and examples of significant events for some of the disasters.
Floods can occur when heavy rainfall or snowmelt causes river channels or low-lying areas to become submerged. They are the most common natural disaster worldwide and can be exacerbated by human activities like urbanization. Major river basins in India that experience frequent flooding include the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and rivers in peninsular and northwestern regions. Floods can damage property, infrastructure, and agriculture, while also increasing health risks. Mitigation strategies aim to reduce vulnerability through mapping of flood-prone areas, land use controls, engineered structures, and flood management programs.
Natural disasters are events caused by natural hazards like floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc. that lead to damage and losses. The impact of a natural hazard depends on the vulnerability of the affected population - their ability to resist the hazard. While hazards exist naturally, it is human settlement and involvement that transforms them into disasters. Several types of natural hazards are described in detail, including earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanoes, floods, and thunderstorms. Common causes and effects of each hazard are summarized.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY - 1.4 HU...George Dumitrache
1. The document discusses key terms and definitions related to hydrology and fluvial geomorphology such as abstraction, bankfull stage, channelization, discharge, drainage basin, and floodplain.
2. It also discusses the impact of human activity on various components of the hydrological cycle including precipitation, evaporation, runoff, infiltration and groundwater stores.
3. Large dams and urbanization are highlighted as human activities that can seriously affect floods and river flows by changing infiltration, storage and flow rates.
This document provides information about disaster management and flooding. It discusses:
- The definitions of a disaster and disaster management from the UN and Red Cross.
- The four main types of disasters: natural, environmental, complex emergencies, and pandemics.
- The key aspects of disaster management: prevention, relief, and recovery.
- Causes and impacts of flooding, including damage to infrastructure, health risks, and loss of resources.
- Indicators that flooding may occur like heavy rainfall and changes in water levels.
- Methods to prevent and reduce flooding through drainage system maintenance, rainwater harvesting, and desilting drains.
The document discusses various types of natural disasters commonly occurring in India such as floods, earthquakes, cyclones, and landslides. It describes the causes and effects of these disasters and highlights various structural and non-structural mitigation measures that can help reduce their impacts, such as early warning systems, disaster preparedness training, land use planning, and hazard-resistant infrastructure development. The document emphasizes that while not all natural disasters can be prevented, taking proactive mitigation actions can considerably reduce loss of life and property.
This document provides information about disaster management. It begins by defining a disaster and describing the origins of the term. It then outlines different types of natural and man-made disasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, cyclones, floods, droughts, and more. The disaster management cycle of pre-disaster, during, and post-disaster phases is also explained. Specific examples of India's vulnerability to different types of disasters are given. The document concludes by discussing potential future disasters and emphasizing the importance of disaster preparedness.
This document discusses floods, including definitions, types, causes, impacts, and management. It begins by defining disasters and noting that floods are a common natural phenomenon in parts of India. The objectives are to identify flood causes and impacts. Different types of floods are described like flash floods, river floods, and coastal floods. Causes include heavy rainfall, river obstructions, and dam/levee failures. Impacts involve loss of life, property damage, disease spread, and economic disruption. Flood forecasting, control methods, and the benefits of some floods are also outlined. Statistics on India's flood-prone areas and damages are presented.
Floods are a common natural disaster in India that occur annually, causing widespread damage to lives and property. Some key points about floods and their management in India include:
- The major flood-prone states are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, and West Bengal.
- Floods are caused by heavy rainfall, river overflow, coastal flooding, and sometimes dam/reservoir failures. They impact lives, infrastructure, agriculture, and the economy.
- Flood management involves forecasting, structural measures like dams and levees, and non-structural plans to minimize damage and warn communities. Zoning also directs development away from high risk flood areas.
Learn about floods, its causes and its types. including many pictures to make this a fun learing slide. have fun! please comment and like! hope you love it! kisesssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss!
natural disaster project by mirza ibrahim from greenwich academy199917
This document provides an introduction to disaster management. It discusses that while disasters have always occurred, their frequency and damage has increased significantly in recent decades. It then outlines different types of natural disasters like floods, tornadoes, cyclones, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. For each disaster, it provides examples of management strategies like developing emergency plans and preparing supplies. The document also discusses man-made disasters, fires, and industrial hazards, and strategies for responding to them. Finally, it outlines key aspects of disaster management like preparedness, mitigation, and the full disaster management cycle.
This document discusses tsunamis, which are giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea. Tsunamis can cause massive damage and loss of life by destroying homes and infrastructure. While impossible to prevent, their effects can be minimized through preparation measures like building in safe areas, establishing evacuation routes, and early warning systems. The document outlines dos and don'ts for before, during, and after a tsunami and emphasizes the importance of quickly evacuating coastal areas if a tsunami is detected or warned.
Geography project on disaster and its managementahamed01
The document discusses various natural disasters including earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, droughts, and cyclones. It defines each disaster and describes their causes and effects. For each disaster, it provides examples of past events that caused significant damage and loss of life in India. It also lists precautionary measures that can be taken to reduce risks and prepare for disasters. Key points covered include the definition of an earthquake and tsunami, cyclones developing due to low pressure systems, floods occurring when rivers overflow, drought prone areas of India, and the devastating impact of past events like the 2001 Gujarat earthquake and 1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone.
Floods are caused by overflowing rivers and water bodies due to heavy rainfall or storms. They can be slow onset floods developing over time or rapid onset flash floods. To protect oneself, important measures include proper city planning, knowing early warning signals, evacuating dangerous areas, disinfecting flooded areas, and discarding contaminated food and supplies after a flood.
Drought is defined as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that negatively impacts living conditions and agriculture. It is difficult to determine the exact onset and end of a drought. Drought can be caused by improper rainfall distribution over time and space, as well as an imbalance between precipitation and water usage. There are different types of drought including meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, and socio-economic droughts that have increasingly severe impacts on weather, water resources, crop yields, and the economy. While drought is a natural phenomenon, its effects are exacerbated in developing countries by issues like overpopulation, deforestation, and unsustainable water usage.
Natural disasters can cause major damage and loss of life. Examples include floods, earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. In 2012, there were over 900 natural disasters worldwide resulting in $170 billion in costs. Many of the damages from natural disasters are exacerbated by human activities like population growth in vulnerable areas and lack of adequate disaster preparedness. India must view disasters as preventable tragedies, not just acts of God, to better prepare for their impacts.
Cyclones are areas of closed, circular winds rotating in the same direction as the Earth. They form over low pressure systems and can exist on scales from mesocyclones to extra tropical cyclones. Cyclones develop in tropical regions like northern Australia and Southeast Asia between the months of summer, requiring sea surface temperatures of at least 26°C. Cyclones are responsible for loss of life and property damage within 100km of their centers, mainly through strong winds, heavy rainfall, storm surges and tornadoes.
Over the years, India has witnessed worst floods causing numerous loss of lives and to property.
Here are some causes and its geomorphic effects.
And some measures of flood control.
The document discusses various aspects of disasters including definitions, types, phases of disaster management, and principles of disaster management. It defines a disaster as a sudden accident or natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of life. Disasters are classified as natural disasters, which result from natural hazards like floods, earthquakes or technological/man-made disasters. The phases of disaster management are prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Key principles of disaster management include shared responsibility between different levels of government and recognizing the roles of non-government organizations.
Cyclones are rotating storms that form over warm tropical oceans and are characterized by high winds swirling about a central area of low pressure. They are known by different names in different regions. A tropical cyclone is defined as a circular storm with winds exceeding 64 knots. Cyclones can be predicted days in advance using meteorological records, and hazard maps can illustrate vulnerable areas. Risk reduction measures for cyclones include coastal belt plantation, land use control, engineered structures, flood management, and improving vegetation cover.
The document provides information about various natural disasters including earthquakes, tornadoes, landslides, volcanoes, floods, droughts, hurricanes, famines, tsunamis, forest fires and cyclones. It defines each disaster and provides some key details and examples of significant events for some of the disasters.
Floods can occur when heavy rainfall or snowmelt causes river channels or low-lying areas to become submerged. They are the most common natural disaster worldwide and can be exacerbated by human activities like urbanization. Major river basins in India that experience frequent flooding include the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and rivers in peninsular and northwestern regions. Floods can damage property, infrastructure, and agriculture, while also increasing health risks. Mitigation strategies aim to reduce vulnerability through mapping of flood-prone areas, land use controls, engineered structures, and flood management programs.
Natural disasters are events caused by natural hazards like floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc. that lead to damage and losses. The impact of a natural hazard depends on the vulnerability of the affected population - their ability to resist the hazard. While hazards exist naturally, it is human settlement and involvement that transforms them into disasters. Several types of natural hazards are described in detail, including earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanoes, floods, and thunderstorms. Common causes and effects of each hazard are summarized.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY - 1.4 HU...George Dumitrache
1. The document discusses key terms and definitions related to hydrology and fluvial geomorphology such as abstraction, bankfull stage, channelization, discharge, drainage basin, and floodplain.
2. It also discusses the impact of human activity on various components of the hydrological cycle including precipitation, evaporation, runoff, infiltration and groundwater stores.
3. Large dams and urbanization are highlighted as human activities that can seriously affect floods and river flows by changing infiltration, storage and flow rates.
This document provides information about disaster management and flooding. It discusses:
- The definitions of a disaster and disaster management from the UN and Red Cross.
- The four main types of disasters: natural, environmental, complex emergencies, and pandemics.
- The key aspects of disaster management: prevention, relief, and recovery.
- Causes and impacts of flooding, including damage to infrastructure, health risks, and loss of resources.
- Indicators that flooding may occur like heavy rainfall and changes in water levels.
- Methods to prevent and reduce flooding through drainage system maintenance, rainwater harvesting, and desilting drains.
This document discusses flooding, its causes and types, flood management measures, and methods for estimating design floods. It provides definitions and examples of different types of flooding such as river flooding, flash floods, urban flooding, and flooding from dam failures. Both structural and non-structural flood management measures are described, including embankments, reservoirs, forecasting, and zoning. Methods for estimating design floods include analyzing historical flood data, rainfall-runoff modeling, and storm studies using unit hydrographs. Accurately estimating design floods is important for safely designing hydraulic structures.
This document discusses floods, including their characteristics, causes, impacts, and mitigation measures. It defines a flood as an overflow of water onto dry land. Flooding can be triggered by heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or dam/levee breaks. Impacts include property damage, loss of life, and environmental contamination. Mitigation approaches include both structural methods like levees and non-structural methods like floodplain zoning and education. Overall, the document provides a broad overview of floods and strategies for reducing their harmful effects.
Powerpoint on Drought (Geography) USacademy.inAayushUike
This document discusses drought management and provides information on different types of drought. It defines drought management as dealing with humanitarian aspects of emergencies through preparedness, response, and recovery to lessen disaster impacts. The document describes meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological droughts and their causes such as precipitation deficiencies, temperature increases, human activities like deforestation, and climatic changes. It outlines consequences of drought including environmental, economic, and social impacts. The document concludes by discussing drought protection, mitigation, and relief through dams, cloud seeding, rainwater harvesting, recycled water, and transvasement projects.
Effect of natural disaster on water security and scarcity (palu indonesia case)ChandraTanaka
This document summarizes a student paper about the effect of the 2018 Palu earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia on water security and scarcity. It discusses how natural disasters like tsunamis can directly and indirectly impact water availability, accessibility, and quality. The Palu tsunami contaminated water sources with saltwater, deteriorated water availability and quality, and increased waterborne diseases. It highlights the importance of effective disaster response and water management plans to address water issues after a natural catastrophe.
Flood Disaster, Vulnerability and Flood Resilience_ Prevention and Disaster ...Adedoyin Lasisi
Floods are the most common natural disaster in Nigeria. They can devastate communities and cause massive economic losses. Vulnerability to floods is influenced by location, population density, infrastructure, and land use planning. Building flood resilience requires prevention through measures like flood barriers and drainage systems. It also requires early warning systems, disaster risk reduction, and community preparedness. Success stories demonstrate how measures like raised housing, pumps, and green infrastructure can effectively manage flood risks.
This presentation highlights the occurrence of floods in India as a part of Environmental Studies. A brief idea about traditional methods of water management and the phenomenon of bio-precipitation is also included. Various sources from the internet were referred during this compilation.
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land not normally covered by water. Flooding can occur when a body of water exceeds its normal boundaries, such as a river overflowing its banks, or due to heavy rainfall that causes accumulation of water on saturated ground. While flooding can cause damage, it also provides benefits like replenishing groundwater and making soil more fertile. To mitigate flood risks, defenses like levees and dams are used, and planning includes developing evacuation plans, purchasing flood insurance, and protecting property.
Flood control refers to methods used to reduce flood impacts, such as installing berms, ripraps, sandbags, maintaining slopes with vegetation, and constructing drainage channels and structures like levees, dikes, dams, and detention basins. Floods are caused by heavy precipitation, winds, high tides, tsunamis, or dam/levee failures. Floods occur when water cannot be absorbed or contained and runs off land. Effects include property damage, erosion, habitat destruction, traffic issues, and economic losses of millions annually. Control methods include planting vegetation, terracing, and structures to hold extra water.
Disasters like floods can be caused by both natural hazards like heavy rainfall or snowmelt as well as human factors like infrastructure failure or climate change. A disaster occurs when a hazard impacts a vulnerable population, causing damage, casualties, and disruption. Floods can have both positive effects like enriching soil but also negative consequences like property damage. Prevention methods aim to reduce the impact of hazards through activities like building levees, retaining walls, and educating communities, while response focuses on emergency relief during and after flooding occurs. India experiences frequent flooding in areas along major river systems.
This document discusses disaster management and flood control. It begins with an introduction to disaster management, including definitions of disaster and disaster risk reduction. It then focuses on floods, describing the different types of floods, their causes, and impacts. The document outlines non-structural and structural approaches to flood control, providing examples of each. It concludes with safety tips for preparing for and responding to flooding emergencies.
Magnitude And Frequency And The Flood HazardWill Williams
Managing flood risk involves taking a holistic approach by considering entire river catchments and coastlines. The Environment Agency develops Catchment Flood Management Plans and Shoreline Management Plans to reduce flood risk. Flood risk management aims to reduce both the chance and impact of flooding by managing land use, drainage, building defenses, and discouraging development in flood-prone areas. Climate change is expected to make flood risk management more difficult due to changing rainfall patterns.
This document provides an overview of flood causes, types, effects, and management in India. It discusses various structural and non-structural flood control measures used in the country. The key causes of flooding include heavy rainfall, snowmelt, wind, tidal effects, and infrastructure failures. Floods are classified based on duration as flash floods, slow-onset floods, and rapid-onset floods. They are also classified based on location as coastal, riverine, urban and other types of floods. Flood management involves both structural measures like dams, reservoirs, flood walls and non-structural measures like flood plain zoning, flood proofing and disaster relief. India is highly vulnerable to flooding due to the monsoon climate and flooding has increased
The document discusses integrated flood management and the different types of flooding. It describes flash floods, river floods, coastal floods, and urban floods. It then discusses flood characteristics, damages, causes, and measures to manage floods. Major impacts of flooding include loss of life and property, loss of livelihoods, decreased purchasing power, mass migration, psychosocial effects, and hindering of economic growth and development. Political implications can also arise from ineffective flood responses. The document concludes by discussing why floods frequently occur in Pakistan due to geography of the Indus River.
This document discusses flood management and defines different types of floods. It describes floods as overflow of water beyond normal limits, especially over dry land. It discusses causes of floods such as heavy rainfall and overflowing rivers and oceans. The effects of floods include disrupted transportation, damage to infrastructure, health hazards from contaminated water, and destruction of agricultural land and crops. The document also defines structural and non-structural flood control measures. Structural methods include dams, water gates, and diversion canals to redirect flood waters.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on floods. It begins by defining what a flood is and the different types, including river flooding, flash floods, and ocean flooding caused by storms, tides, tsunamis or landslides. It then discusses important facts about floods such as how rapid rainfall or snowmelt can cause river and flash flooding. It also notes that development and deforestation can exacerbate flooding. The document outlines elements most at risk, such as structures in flood plains and utilities. It concludes by suggesting ways communities can protect themselves, including flood mapping, structural protections, land planning that avoids flood-prone areas, and post-flood recovery assistance.
Floods are the second most common natural disaster and occur when bodies of water overflow their normal boundaries onto dry land. They can be caused by heavy rain, melting snow, broken dams or levees, and more. Floods are destructive - they can damage homes, bridges, and the environment by eroding soil and depositing debris. To reduce flood damage, various structures like levees, reservoirs, and detention basins are used to contain floodwaters. Governments also take steps to prevent floods through reservoir construction, detention basins, and embankments along riverbanks. The overall goal is to create awareness, prepare communities, and minimize the harmful impacts of flooding events.
Disaster management involves responding to and mitigating extreme natural or man-made events that exceed tolerable limits and cause catastrophic losses. Tropical cyclones are among the most powerful and destructive atmospheric storms, with wind speeds up to 400 km/hr and heavy rainfall. Mitigation efforts include tree planting, constructing dams and drainage systems, and evacuation routes. Floods occur when heavy rain or snowmelt causes water to overflow riverbanks for several days. Drought is a prolonged period of dryness that can kill vegetation and change ecosystems. Earthquakes generate seismic waves that cause buildings and infrastructure to collapse, sometimes triggering tsunamis and landslides. Disaster relief includes search and rescue operations, temporary shelter, healthcare, and
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
2. Rationale: Flood events are recurrent phenomena in
India . It create tremendous impacts in terms of
casualties, injuries and huge economic losses. Making
effective flood management strategies is an essential
component of Disaster Risk Management as well as
Development Planning. This module explores the
various facets of Flood Management in India.
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 2
Learning Objectives:
3. Origin of the word flood stems from the old English word Flōd, that is related to the
dutch word vloed and German Flut all of which means “to flow”. Flood is the
overflow of water beyond a normal level that submerges adjoining land areas which
are usually dry. Floods are termed as disasters when submergence in the adjoining
areas affects human beings or animals with associated loss.
Flood is a hydro-meteorological phenomenon having widespread occurrence across
the globe with varied severity and dimensions. Many of the disaster reports have
highlighted the impacts of flood with another high-profile disaster like earthquake
and declares that flood incidences in the world are nearly eight times more than that
of earthquakes and the number of people affected by floods is nearly 12 times more.
There are different perceptions of flood for different stakeholders. For common
people, it means devastation, destructions, damage, starvation, loss of lives, damage
to properties and infrastructures, etc.
Those living in urban areas may treat this phenomenon as disruption in their normal
functioning of society.
The government machinery and policy planners treat this situation as a factor of
retardation in developmental planning with additional overburden on economy and
additional expenditure on rescue, relief, rehabilitation, mitigation, etc.
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 3
Flood and its impacts
4. The International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (1995) has
defined “flood” as “relatively high flow in a river markedly higher than
the usual”.
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO)/UNESCO International
Glossary of Hydrology (WMO 1974) defined flood as “rise, usually brief
in the water level of a stream or water body to a peak from which the
water level recedes at a slower rate” and “relatively high flows as
measured by stage height or discharge.”
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 4
Flood and its impacts
5. Floods are classified in various ways depending upon the nature, severity, and sources of inundation-
Riverine flooding occurs due to various reasons but primarily due to heavy precipitation or glacial melt with resultant
runoff. The increased discharge in river channels with decreasing carrying capacities leads to overflow causing inundation
in the adjoining low-lying areas.
Flash flooding is an unprecedented situation that occurs in hilly regions and sloping lands where torrential heavy
precipitation, thunderstorm, or cloud burst commonly occurred without any prior warning. This sometimes creates huge
loss of lives and damage to properties.
Urban flooding occurs in regions, where developmental planning has not been in tune with the geo-morphological,
ecological, and environmental set up, that results in the increased vulnerability of urban areas. Many urban
agglomerations in India are suffering from the problem of flooding even after moderate rainfall. The situation aggravates
when rainwater mix up with drain water causing additional problems including spread of epidemics.
Coastal flooding occurs due to a number of reasons like cyclones and associated storm surge, high tides, tsunami, etc.,
wherein the low-lying areas in coastal tracts are inundated, as a result of which losses occur on a larger scale. In addition,
salinity increases in the coastal groundwater and wells.
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) occurs in the downstream of glacial regions, where glaciers holding large quantities
of water suddenly release them due to melting of ice jam. Glacial outburst is one of the prime reasons of flash floods in
some of the Himalayan Rivers.
Cloud Burst Flooding is the manifestation of climate change and hydrological imbalance that primarily occurs in the form
of sudden heavy rainfall. Cyclonic circulations in monsoon may also lead to cloud burst. Cyclone and storm surge flooding
mainly occurs in coastal areas due to rainstorms associated with low-pressure systems. Movement of cyclonic storms in
quick succession leads to severe flooding, especially in low-lying coastal areas.
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 5
Types of Floods
6. Floods are affected by many factors which include: Extreme rainfall ; Construction of dams; Rivers
behavior and embankments.
The other significant reasons include congestion in the drainage channels due to roads,
railways, canals, The haphazard growth of industrial and urban establishments may also create
flood in a given location.
Lack of forests (or deforestation), local water systems, landslides, soil erosion, destruction
and/or creation of natural dams, earthquakes, glaciers, sea tides and climate change are some
of the factors aggravating of creating flood situation in the country .
The flood protection in one area could also result in the floods of other areas. For example
construction of embankments in few areas can increase flood occurrences downstream or
upstream. Embankments often act as flood transfer mechanisms as they transfer floods from a
given area to their downstream areas.
The floods that occur in a given area due to breach of embankments therefore are different to
floods in the absence of embankments. During embankment overtopping, the floods are
usually sudden, with greater speed, can have increased quantity of sand and could inundate for
a longer time as compared floods to during the absence of embankments.
Natural dams created by landslides or Glacial Lakes and their outbursts/ overflow may lead to a
large quantity of water flowing in the streams quickly leading to flash floods.
In the Himalayan region, such natural dams/ glacial lake overflows during the rainy season
could also be aggravated by multiple landslides due to decreased stability of soil.
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 6
What affects floods?
7. Earliest civilization regarded floods as uncontrollable and therefore established their
critical infrastructures on highlands. Settlements were built on the artificial mounds.
A system of flood early warning was developed and flood-sensitive land use planning
approaches were adopted.
As the demand for food increased and the need for greater agricultural production
realized, fertile floodplains were used for better farm produce and people began residing
in the flood plains making their permanent settlements.
In due course of time, flood was treated as a challenge rather than inconvenience.
Engineering solutions like dykes and other control measures began taking shape.
Attempts were also made to “deal with floods” through structural protection and
diversion of flood flow, but flood damages continued to rise.
Thus the need of paradigm shift emerged from adopting both structural and non structural
mitigation measures, thus the concept of Flood Risk Management emerged.
In recent years, the flood risk management has continued to evolve into adaptive measures
to manage flood risk, keeping in mind the ecosystem services and the necessity to look
beyond flood management to coastal or integrated basin watershed management.
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 7
Evolution of Flood Risk Management
9. Flood disaster refers to the occurrence of a catastrophic flood that
brings about adverse impact to humans, animals and the economy.
Flood Risk of a particular geographic area or a community refers to the
possible consequences of all flood combinations in that particular area.
Flood risk management denotes the effort taken by various agencies in
managing the risk of floods and the process of reducing the adverse
impacts of the flood events (disaster).
Flood Risk has two main components:
1) Probability of the occurrence of inundation taking into consideration
the intervening mechanisms like levees, floodwalls etc.
2) 2) Impact/ Consequences that reflects the vulnerability (or the
potential to experience harm) and the exposure (quantifying the
number of structures/ people/ area that could be exposed to the flood
event)
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 9
Flood Risk Management
10. In order to have an effective flood risk management in place, there is a need to adopt Flood
Risk Management Strategies, that consist of the following components:
Flood Risk Prevention aims to decrease consequences of flood event by decreasing
exposure of property and people by measures that discourage or prohibit development in
flood prone/ high flood risk areas. The focus of this strategy is to “keep people away from
water” (Raadgever, et al., 2016) by restricting the construction of buildings in flood prone
areas.
Flood Defense mechanism includes measures to decrease probability of flooding
incidents. The measures could be structural or a blende of structural and non structural
measures such as dykes, embankments, or increasing capacity of existing water channels,
increasing up-stream water retention and focusing on “keeping water away from
people”(Raadgever, et al., 2016).
Flood Risk Mitigation mechanisms decrease the magnitude or severity of impacts through
measures in the vulnerable areas that includes flood zonation, regulations for flood proof
buildings etc.
Flood Preparation and Response measures involve the development of early warning
systems, flood disaster management and response plans and effective preparedness and
utilization of resources to respond to floods to alleviate suffering during the flood event
(disaster)
Flood Recovery includes the reconstruction activities, compensation of losses through
public or private insurance schemes integrating flood risk prevention, defense and
mitigation into the activities.
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 10
11. Flood risk Management involves various processes in the four facets
of Disaster Management.
In the mitigation stage, measures like assessment of flood risk,
incorporating flood risk in land use planning, planning and
constructing measures like levees, embankments, reservoirs etc.
and adopting non structural measures (flood zonation) for flood
prevention and enhancing the natural water retaining capacity of
the flood plains/ urban area can be undertaken.
The preparedness activities include the strengthening of
communities to deal the emergent situations of floods as well as
behavioral changes to adhere to flood zones as well as awareness
generation towards Do’s and Don’ts during floods.
The response activities include undertaking rescue and relief
activities to alleviate sufferings of flood affected communities.
The recovery after flood incident must ensure resilient
reconstruction and planning for budgeting reconstruction
activities.
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 11
13. 1) Monitor, Review and Adapt -Flood risk management activities are
implemented in such a way that new knowledge is incorporated and the
capacity addition and infrastructure/ strategies have scope for
modification.
2) Understand whole system Behavior and societal goals- so that the
development in the geographical area and the possible changes in land
use/ land planning patterns are considered in a participatory method for
setting short-term and long-term goals
3) Use knowledge of risk and uncertainty to prioritize strategies and
activities, and ensuring that investments are proportionate to the
intended societal risk reduction with structured evaluation process
4) Implement the portfolio of activities and institutions to deliver
objectives to reduce flood risk and innovative strategies are planned and
implemented in order to achieve flood risk reduction.
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 13
Characteristics of Better Flood Risk
Management
14. It is also essential that a proper system must be in place to analyze the
effectiveness of any intervention planned. For example, Embankments
remain the main structural risk reduction technique. Without embankments,
the floodwater may spread over a larger area and sediments build up over
time, but stay more or less constant beyond a certain time.
However in the case of embankments, population may settle close to the
embankment due to the perception of safety under the structures.
Further, the embankment needs continuous maintenance including
dredging and repair.
In sediment-laden rivers, sediment build up would be significant and would
need to be raised over time on a regular basis.
The sediment also rapidly builds up within the embankment and raises
water levels within the embankment above the altitude of the surrounding
land.
Any breach in this case would result in significant potential energy getting
converted into kinetic energy increasing the speed of the water discharge
due to breach.
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 14
15. Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 15
Figure 3 Schematic of embankments in Sediment Laden Rivers
Source: (Sadoff, et al., 2013)
Sometimes dam itself may cause disasters especially due to sudden release of high
quantity of water. Therefore, development and disaster management both must
be utilized and visualized to understand and work towards flood risk management.
16. In the entire Indian subcontinent, the flood gains the status of disaster, when normal
channels of rivers are breached or flow in excess of their carrying capacity.
Flood is a recurrent phenomenon in India that normally starts with the onset of
monsoon; however, due to localized hydro-meteorological aberrations, specific
flooding occurs in the localized areas.
The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) Report
2015 observed that out of the average annual loss of 9.8 billion USD in India, about 7.4
billion USD are accounted by the damage caused by floods.
Rashtriya Barh Ayog (RBA) constituted in India to assess the flood situation in the
country has listed the flowing situations for flooding:
Streams flowing in excess of the transporting capacity
Backing up of water in tributaries
Heavy rainfall
Ice jams or landslides blocking stream courses
Heavy localized rainfall
Cyclones and typhoons
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 16
Floods in India
17. Out of the total geographical area of 329 million hectares, about
40 million hectares is liable to floods in India as estimated by RBA
in 1980.
Subsequently, the 11th five-year plan working group has compiled
the area liable to flood as 45.64 million hectare.
It is estimated that about 25 out of 36 states and union territories
are flood prone in the country.
The areas stretching north to south from the extra peninsular
regions to the tip of the peninsula and from extreme desert
regions of the west to the east coastal regions and northeastern
regions are all prone to floods in varying magnitude and nature.
There are about 22 major river basins in India, out of which four
major river basins are typically known as flood-prone basins:
1. Brahmaputra and Barak basin
2. Ganga basin
3. North West River basins
4. Central India and Deccan river basins
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 17
18. The Brahmaputra basin covering northeastern states,
northern part of West Bengal, and Sikkim is affected by
severe and recurrent floods.
The entire catchment area of this basin receives heavy
rainfall from June to September.
The frequently occurring earthquakes and landslides in hills
upset the flow regime of rivers causing imbalance in flow
dynamics.
In addition, spilling of rivers, drainage congestion and
tendency of some of the rivers to change courses also cause
flooding.
In Assam and Tripura, flooding primarily occurs due to
inundation by spilling of Brahmaputra and tributaries as well
as bank erosion along the Brahmaputra
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 18
19. Flood as a disaster has long been a matter of concern for policy planners
in India as it brings benefit as well as losses for communities.
The annual floods in the Indo-gangetic plains maintain the fertility of soil
by depositing silt containing different minerals carried out from
different parts of the mountains.
They bring additional water for irrigation, thereby contributing to
enhanced fertility in the region, whereas the same flood in larger
dimension or in unprecedented situation seriously affects communities
living in the floodplain or low-lying areas.
In other parts of the country, the flooding occurs due to heavy torrential
rainfall combined with poor drainage, that causes disasters in the
society resulting in the loss of lives populations and infrastructures.
The recent examples are Uttarakhand flood (2013) and J&K flood (2014).
In order to prevent this hydro-meteorological phenomenon attaining
the status of disasters, there is a need to adopt a comprehensive,
integrated, and scientific approach.
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 19
Flood Management Initiatives –
20. Flood disaster management approach is essentially required in India because it
affects the normal functioning of societies or communities, but above all, the optimal
utilization of land and water resources is of vital importance to bring prosperity in the
country.
On the account of unique and varied geo-climatic condition right from the extra
peninsula in the north to peninsular tip in the south and from Arunachal Pradesh in
the east to the extreme western Thar Desert, the nature and scope of flood risk
varies greatly; therefore the risk management strategies and disaster management
plan during the flood disaster must address all the topographical, geographical, and
climatic conditions to effectively combat the potential threats.
The “National Water Policy” has suggested that there should be a master plan for
flood control and management, for each flood-prone basin. It is essential to promote
watershed management practices through water management, soil conservation,
catchment area development, etc. to reduce the intensity of floods.
The systematic approach of flood management and mitigation in India at the policy
level was started by the Government of India in the year 1954 after the
unprecedented floods in different parts of the country.
A policy statement by the Ministry of Planning, Irrigation, and Power was placed
before the parliament under two separate categories – “floods in India (problems
and remedies)” and “the floods in the country.”
The objective was to suggest a comprehensive framework for the management of
flood disasters in the country. Since then, various committees have been constituted
from time to time to suggest recommendations, strategies, and policies on various
flood management and mitigation issues.
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 20
21. Though several good policy initiatives were taken by the government of India to minimize
the menace of floods in the country, the one which is of greater significance was the
constitution of Rashtriya Barh Ayog राष्ट्रीय बाढ़ आयोग.
In 1976, the government constituted RBA under the chairmanship of Mr. Jaisukhlal Hathi,
the then governor of Punjab/Haryana, to look into the contemporary situation of floods in
the country and to carry out in-depth study of the long term flood management approach.
This was the most comprehensive study of flood carried out by any committee since
independence. It looked into various flood problems and submitted its report in 1980 with
207 recommendations covering almost all the aspects of flood management.
However, the implementation of recommendations by different states remained mostly
under the slow pace. In order to review the progress of implementation of RBA, few
committees were further constituted including an expert committee setup in 2001 by the
Ministry of Water Resources under the chairmanship of Sri R. Rangachari.
The committee reviewed each of the recommendations of RBA and opined that its
implementation has been slow which requires more attention by the concerned
stakeholders. The committee further suggested 40 out of 207 recommendations to be
taken up on priority basis.
In many of the recommendations listed in previous pages by different committees/
commissions, it was strongly felt that practically it is not possible to protect all areas
against high flood and structural mitigation measures alone cannot be considered as
appropriate for flood management, there should be a combination of both structural and
nonstructural measures on flood mitigation, so that overall losses could be minimized.
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 21
22. The case of flood management in the river Ganga and the Brahmaputra is complex due to the geo-
morphological set up of the two major basins.
The water flows into these two rivers from the himalayan mountain ranges. This water basin
consists of a lot of sediments.
In addition, the ongoing tectonic processes leading to seismic activity make it difficult to
undertake watershed management interventions. Traditional soil conservation mechanisms like
increase in forest cover becomes difficult as the source of sediments are in the higher ranges,
sometimes above the tree line.
The high rate of sedimentation also makes it difficult to utilize reservoirs for capturing and
storing sediments/ excess discharge of water and would require sophisticated systems for
downstream sediment flushing.
In the downstream, continued raising of embankments produce excess risk of overtopping due to
excess sedimentation. The force of water and the occurrence of silt, leads to scouring of
embankments and generally result in the breaching of embankments well before the designed
lifetime of the embankments.
The geomorphological make of the upstream also leads to occasional cloudburst that bring
significant downpour of rainfall in short durations which may lead to multiple landslides thereby
increasing the silt contents of flood waters.
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 22
Indian Riverine Flood Management-
Ganges and Brahmaputra
23. Flood is the overflow of water beyond a normal level that submerges
land areas which are usually dry.
Floods are affected by many factors apart from rainfall, dams, rivers,
and embankments.
Earliest civilization regarded floods as uncontrollable and located critical
infrastructures on high land.
In recent years, the flood risk management has continued to evolve into
adaptive measures to manage flood risk, keeping in mind the ecosystem
services and the necessity to look beyond flood management to coastal
or integrated basin watershed management.
Flood risk management denotes the efforts by various agencies in
managing the flood risk and the process of reducing the adverse
impacts of the flood event (disaster).
Flood Risk Management Strategies consist of Flood Risk Prevention,
Flood Defense mechanism, Flood Risk Mitigation, Flood Preparation and
Response, Flood Recovery.
Indian government has taken various steps towards flood risk
management through policy measures and institutional mechanisms.
Kuldeep Manu, DIS-IIHS, HPU SHIMLA 23
Summary